Residential Enclaves Research Articles

ASO Visual Abstract: The Prognostic Significance of Nativity, Enclave Residence, and Socioeconomic Status Among Hispanics with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

ASO Visual Abstract: The Prognostic Significance of Nativity, Enclave Residence, and Socioeconomic Status Among Hispanics with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Enclave urbanism and urban growth complications in sub-Saharan Africa: The Lagos scenario of enclave infrastructure provision and management

ABSTRACT In the last few decades, cities in sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) have experienced a rise in the construction of premium residential enclaves in response to infrastructure deficits, perceived insecurity, overcrowding and “chaos.” Residential enclaves represent an urban ideal that is very distant from existing towns and cities in the Global South, aiming to match the Global North’s urban conditions. Splintering infrastructure and service provision are some of the main features of this development. A perspective from within these urban enclaves is so far mainly missing. In particular, the intricacies of infrastructure provision and management in urban enclaves in the Global South have not been examined in-depth and in context-specific ways. This paper analyses electricity, transport and sewage infrastructure provision and management in three qualitative case studies of urban enclaves in Lagos, focusing on a stakeholder perspective. The findings show scenarios and outcomes of largely self-provisioning of infrastructure across the enclaves, depending on the local governance/management arrangements. Achieving autonomy from infrastructure deficits appears as an ongoing process linked to residents increasingly questioning their relationship with the rest of the city.

Protective effects of ethnic enclaves: Testing pathways to alcohol use and use disorders in Mexican American young adults.

Ethnic enclave residence is associated with decreased risk for drinking and related problems, but less is known about the mechanisms that explain this association. Informed by theories of social control, we used a multilevel framework to examine whether negative attitudes toward drinking mediated associations between ethnic enclave residence (i.e., neighborhood linguistic isolation) and alcohol outcomes among Mexican American young adults (N = 628) in Southern California. Model 1 assessed mediation effects in the pathways from linguistic isolation to current drinking and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Model 2 adjusted for parental drinking attitudes and neighborhood alcohol availability. There were differential associations by gender in direct effects of linguistic isolation and negative drinking attitudes on both drinking and AUD. Among women only, linguistic isolation was related to greater abstinence and decreased AUD after accounting for social control proxies of parent attitudes and alcohol availability. Young adults' own drinking attitudes did not mediate relationships between linguistic isolation and alcohol outcomes. This study offers evidence on the importance of disaggregating Hispanic national groups by gender to uncover social mechanisms within ethnic enclave settings for tailored supports in reducing risk of drinking and alcohol-related harms.

Unfolding the entangled geosemiotics of technologically-mediated gated communities: Mountain View’s (2021) advertisement as a case study

Gated Communities (GCs), as residential enclaves in urban and suburban environments that offer exclusive housing and a multitude of onsite amenities, are burgeoning in many fast-growing Egyptian cities. In the past few years, several upscale Egyptian GCs have received unequivocal attention in high-profile TV advertisements and campaigns which package and technologically mediate social spaces overlaid with aesthetics of unique architectural character, distinctive leisure amenities, social exclusiveness, and prestigious lifestyles. Set against this backdrop, this paper takes up a postphenomenological-geosemiotic approach toward the examination of the affects of elitism that transpire in one upmarket urban enclave’s advertisement, namely Mountain View. Arguably, in the filmic narrative of the promoted social spaces, the technological mediation and intentionality of the camera shot scale modulate multi-sensory and multi-spatio-temporal relationships between viewers and the GC lifeworld/residents that are worthy of scrutiny. Key findings include how POV camera shots are employed and appropriated to mitigate (and mediate) the representation of transnational elite semiotic landscapes and the pertinent affective intersubjectivities of doing eliteness. The systematic analysis of MV’s semiotic aggregate unravels an affective aggregate that is, in essence, a concrete instantiation of Foucault’s notions of heterotopia and (post)-panopticism.

Fortified horizontal residential enclaves and the new urban segregation in cities in the interior of the state of São Paulo

The brazilian urbanization was marked by the center-periphery cleavage; however, changed from end the 20th century XX due to the spread of gated communities. These are closed spaces for housing, work, leisure, consumption and business, which are characterized by a defensive architecture, are walled and turned inwards, with sophisticated security systems that separate two social universes: the internal, restricted to the richest, and the external, associated with the violence and the poor population. This paper analyzes the gated communities in countryside cities of São Paulo, addressing the reasons that led to their diffusion – from the effects of the fear narrative to the dynamics of the real estate market – and their harmful urban and social consequences. The gated communities contradict the ideals of modern urban life, marked by diversity, anonymous encounters and the appreciation of public space as a sphere of exercise of citizenship rights. The analysis demonstrates that in the selected cities (Ribeirão Preto, Jundiaí and Bauru) the spread of closed urbanizations for residential use increased socio-spatial segregation, delimiting fragmented territories that obstruct free movement and increase social inequalities, in open contradiction with the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda (New Urban Agenda) of the United Nations (UN).

Abstract B093: Residence within Hispanic ethnic enclaves is associated with later stage breast cancer diagnosis among Hispanic women in four U.S. states

Abstract Background/Objective: Many Hispanic or Latino/a individuals (hereafter Hispanic) reside in ethnic enclaves. Hispanic enclaves are places characterized by high prevalence of Hispanic individuals, immigrants, individuals who speak Spanish, and/or ethnic-specific businesses. This population-based study of Hispanic women with breast cancer examines how residence in Hispanic enclaves is associated with late stage diagnosis. Methods: We used data from population-based cancer registries in four states (CA, NJ, NY, TX) to identify Hispanic women with breast cancer diagnosed between 2000-2017. Hispanic enclaves were defined using principal components analysis of four census tract-level variables: percent Hispanic, percent foreign-born Hispanic residents, percent with limited English and percent linguistically isolated and speaking Spanish. All census tracts in the four states were classified into quintiles of ethnic enclave score (pooled across all four states). Using log binomial regression with clustering by census tract, we examined associations of enclave residence (in quintiles) on late stage (regional or distant) compared to early stage (in-situ or localized) diagnosis; we fit unadjusted and adjusted models with age, year of diagnosis, insurance type, state, metropolitan/non-metropolitan census tract residence, and census tract percent poverty as covariates. Results: Among 165,226 Hispanic women, 35.1% were diagnosed at late stage. Two-thirds of women resided in census tracts with the highest ethnic enclave scores: 25.3% in Q4 and 43.6% in Q5. The percent late stage varied by ethnic enclave quintile (29.5% in Q1 to 37.9% in Q5; Chi-square across all quintiles p<0.01. Residence in the highest (Q5) compared to lowest (Q1) enclave quintile was associated with increased risk of late-stage diagnosis in the unadjusted model (RR=1.28 95% CI: 1.24-1.33) and in the fully adjusted model (RR=1.11; 95% CI: 1.07-1.15). Conclusions: Enhanced understanding of the features of ethnic enclaves that may contribute to later stage at breast cancer diagnosis among Hispanic women is important to inform future outreach and intervention. Additional analyses will assess potential for moderation by poverty and will examine whether results vary by enclave characteristics such as the predominant ethnic group (e.g., Mexican, Puerto Rican) or enclave transitions between 2000-2010 (never, former, persistent, emerging enclave). Citation Format: Sandi L. Pruitt, Aniruddha B. Rathod, Kathryn L. Shahan, Alison J. Canchola, Francis P. Boscoe, Kevin A. Henry, Robert A. Hiatt, Amy E. Hughes, Katherine Lin, Dan Meltzer, Paulo S. Pinheiro, Antoinette M. Stroup, Hong Zhu, Scarlett L. Gomez, Salma Shariff-Marco. Residence within Hispanic ethnic enclaves is associated with later stage breast cancer diagnosis among Hispanic women in four U.S. states [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B093.

Traditionalist Jews and the Question of Whiteness

Abstract: This article has two main purposes. First, it aims to unpack the question "Are Jews white?" by insisting that the assignment of even ambiguous racial identities to "Jews" as an undifferentiated collective is a categorical mistake. It argues instead for a highly contextualized approach to the racialization of certain Jews or groups of Jews in certain times and places for certain purposes and from certain perspectives—which need not imply any lessening of the import of such racialization. Second, and more specifically, it aims to provoke a careful discussion of the racialization of traditionalist Jews in the particular context of growing and recently established residential enclaves in the suburbs of New York City, and suggests that legal or scholarly understanding of their difference as primarily "religious" is also mistaken.

Traditionalist Jews and the Question of Whiteness

Abstract: This article has two main purposes. First, it aims to unpack the question "Are Jews white?" by insisting that the assignment of even ambiguous racial identities to "Jews" as an undifferentiated collective is a categorical mistake. It argues instead for a highly contextualized approach to the racialization of certain Jews or groups of Jews in certain times and places for certain purposes and from certain perspectives—which need not imply any lessening of the import of such racialization. Second, and more specifically, it aims to provoke a careful discussion of the racialization of traditionalist Jews in the particular context of growing and recently established residential enclaves in the suburbs of New York City, and suggests that legal or scholarly understanding of their difference as primarily "religious" is also mistaken.

Social connectedness in the gated residential enclaves of Mumbai Suburban District: A case study approach

ABSTRACT The nature of social relations has been changing drastically in recent times. It is more so in the urban areas where lifestyles are getting more and more secluded day by day. However, social connectedness is essential for social and individual well-being. Therefore, the present study explores the level of social connectedness in the gated residential enclaves of the Mumbai Suburban District by conducting a case study of Mulund. The data for the study is collected using a questionnaire survey conducted at the household level (n = 243) in the gated residential enclaves of Mulund. The data thus collected were analyzed through statistical measures such as frequency distribution, composite measure, and chi-square test, etc. The data analysis was carried out in SPSS 26 and ArcMap 10.8 software. The results of the study reveal that a vast majority of the households in gated residential enclaves of Mulund have a medium level (76.3%) of social connectedness. This is followed by households with low (17.3%), and high levels (6.2%) of social connectedness respectively. Locality-wise variations in social connectedness were also found in the study area with the households in Mulund West depicting greater connectedness than their counterparts in Mulund East. The study concludes that social connectedness in the gated residential enclaves of Mulund is not up to the mark and further studies are required to identify the determinants of social connectedness and to assess their role to formulate ways for improving the status of social connectedness in the study area.

Women, Marriage and Migration in the Bangladeshi Enclaves in the India–Bangladesh Borderland

Based on an ethnographic study of former Bangladeshi enclaves in India, the article explores how the India–Bangladesh border is negotiated and reproduced in the everyday spaces of people living in the borderland that is often overlooked by the usual representation of geopolitical nationalism and hard realities of the barbed wire. Enclaves are fragmented territories surrounded by another state, such as Bangladeshi enclaves surrounded by Indian land and vice versa. Being abandoned by the home state, the former enclave residents were deprived of identity documents, and as a result, precluded from judicial and citizenship rights. The article focuses on marriage-related migration of women that was often used as a way out to overcome the vulnerabilities associated with living in the enclaves. Marriage proposal inside the host country promises access to public goods like a ‘Ration Card’, or identity documents like an ‘Aadhaar card’, thus determining the possible migration of women—their life paths and destinations across the enclaves and the host country. The latitudes of such migratory life courses of women along the border are determined by their religion and economic status. The study shows that these practices, although often necessary for survival, subsequently compromise the agency of the women in the process.

Abstract A048: Pandemic effects on social capital and loneliness in residents and non-residents of Chinese immigrant enclaves in Philadelphia

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly affected cancer prevention behaviors and cancer care. Social capital is also thought to affect cancer prevention and care, with some observed improvements in well being and survival among cancer patients. Residents of immigrant enclaves are thought to have more social capital than non-residents, potentially buffering against negative effects of the pandemic. We compared residents and non-residents of Chinese immigrant enclaves in Philadelphia with respect to their social capital and loneliness and change in these factors from before to during the pandemic. Participants were 520 Chinese immigrant men and women aged 35-65 y. Baseline interviews conducted 9/18-01/20 included questions on residence and demographics, structural and cognitive social capital (short version of the Adapted Social Capital Assessment Tool (SASCAT)), and a validated 3-item loneliness scale. The SASCAT includes questions on membership in neighborhood groups, receiving support from specific individuals (e.g., family, neighbors, friends), and cognitive social capital representing perceived levels of trust and belonging in the neighborhood. In May-July 2020, 419 participants completed a follow-up interview that included the SASCAT and loneliness scales. Participants were categorized as residing in a traditional, emerging, or non-enclave neighborhood depending on the ethnic density of their census tract and adjacent tracts. At baseline there were no significant differences in social capital or loneliness across neighborhood types. During the pandemic, participants regardless of neighborhood type reported declines in group membership (18% baseline vs. 11% pandemic) and loneliness (25% vs. 12%), and increases in cognitive social capital (85% vs. 99%) and receiving support from individuals (35% vs. 69%) (all p<0.001). However, extent of change differed by neighborhood, resulting in significantly less loneliness among residents of traditional enclaves (5%) than in emerging (14%) and non-enclave (16%) residents (p=0.02) during the pandemic. Multivariate analyses using generalized estimating equation models indicated that residents of traditional enclaves experienced a larger decrease in loneliness than other participants (interaction p=0.009), and that residents of traditional and emerging enclaves experienced a larger increase in cognitive social capital than residents of non-enclaves (interaction p=0.03). Our findings provide evidence that while the pandemic may have effected declines in group membership in this sample of Chinese immigrants, it was associated with increases in other forms of social capital and with a decrease in loneliness, particularly among enclave residents. These findings suggest the importance of clarifying how social capital derived from interacting within an immigrant enclave might be leveraged to counter the effects of a community stressor such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and used towards positive cancer outcomes in these communities. Citation Format: Marilyn Tseng, Brian Egleston, Julia Zhong, Minzi Li, Carolyn Fang. Pandemic effects on social capital and loneliness in residents and non-residents of Chinese immigrant enclaves in Philadelphia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A048.

Abstract A013: Patterns of heterolocalism among Chinese immigrants in Philadelphia

Abstract Residence in an immigrant enclave has been linked to lower risk for some cancers but higher risk of late-stage diagnosis. In part, these patterns may be explained by the cultural, institutional, and social resources in immigrant enclaves that protect against ill health. Modern communication and transportation can facilitate “exposure” to immigrant enclaves as resource hubs, while individuals may reside in more racially integrated neighborhoods. This process of heterolocalism is underexplored in its relationship to cancer risk. The current study compares residents and non-residents of Chinese immigrant enclaves in Philadelphia with respect to distances traveled for various activities. Participants were 520 Chinese immigrant men and women aged 35-65 y. Interviews conducted 9/18-01/20 included questions on residence and usual locations of five types of activities: employment, grocery shopping, religious services, healthcare, and leisure. Participants were categorized as residing in a traditional (n=167), emerging (n=202), or non-enclave (n=151) neighborhood depending on the co-ethnic density of their census tract and adjacent tracts. We used ArcGIS to geocode participants’ residences and activity locations and conducted spatial analyses to examine distances traveled to these activities. Results indicated that residents of traditional enclaves stayed within or near their residential neighborhoods for grocery shopping, religious services, and leisure activities (median distances all <1 mi), although they traveled further for employment (median 2.5 mi) and healthcare (median 1.9 mi). Based on non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests, traditional enclave residents traveled the shortest median distances to all activities (all p<0.001). In contrast, non-enclave residents traveled the furthest for groceries (median 2.9 mi), religious services (median 8.2 mi), and leisure (median 3.2 mi) (all p<0.001). Mapped travel patterns indicate that many non-enclave residents travelled to enclave areas for these activities. Our findings suggest that heterolocalism is a means by which immigrants maintain co-ethnic connections. They also suggest the importance of understanding enclave ‘exposure’ beyond place of residence to clarify the relationships between immigrant enclaves and cancer outcomes. Citation Format: Ella Batterson, Marilyn Tseng, Emily C. Walton, Brian Egleston, Julia Zhong, Minzi Li, Carolyn Fang. Patterns of heterolocalism among Chinese immigrants in Philadelphia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A013.

Settlement Patterns and Residential Choices of the Chinese-Born Immigrants of Paris and Seine-Saint-Denis Department

This article uses 2015 census data to describe and analyse the settlement and residential practices of the Chinese-born in the Île-de-France region, particularly in Paris and Seine-Saint-Denis, where the majority of them live. It first shows that their habitat now extends beyond the previously identified residential enclaves and highlights the neighbourhoods in which they are most overrepresented. It then examines the rationale for their location. Three main results emerge from the analyses. On the one hand, more Chinese-born people now live outside areas of commercial centrality characterised by social marking of space than within their boundaries. On the other hand, the places where they work are not confined to these areas of commercial centrality. Finally, the workers’ residential locations respond to rational logic, favouring the acquisition of housing in areas close to their workplaces.

Big houses on a small island: legislating Singapore’s ‘good class’ bungalows

Land reform in post-independent Singapore was led by compulsory purchase predominantly in the 1960s–70s and resulted in numerous kampungs or villages being demolished. With efficient assembly of land, high-rise public flats were built to accommodate the country’s burgeoning population. Today, 95 per cent of residents reside in high-rise dwellings and Singapore is the 3rd most densely populated country globally. Remarkably, planning regulations protect a housing typology known as ‘good class bungalows’ (GCBs). Though housing less than 0.2 per cent of Singapore households, GCBs collectively take up 7 per cent of the available land for housing. Numbering less than three thousand, GCBs have statutorily required large minimum lot sizes and are situated in Singapore’s choiciest residential enclaves. Development of GCB land to more intensive use is strictly prohibited. In this article, I examine the legal policies and socioeconomic rationale for maintaining this uniquely Singaporean institution, concluding that there are indeed cogent justifications for its existence.

Comparative Lessons in Sectional Title Laws: Mitigating Urban Inequality in South Africa.

Urban inequality in South Africa is a formidable problem that is linked to the injustices of its historical apartheid past. This paper identifies sectional titles, a form of property ownership where proprietors wholly own their apartment unit while co-owning the land and common property, as critical to providing more affordable housing. Sectional title schemes mitigate urban inequality by giving a greater proportion of the country the opportunity to own legally secure, well-located dwellings while serving as a platform where communal living could take place. Two suggestions how sectional title legislation can further alleviate aspects of urban inequality are made (1) Permitting a supermajority of sectional owners to terminate a sectional scheme prevents holdout and allows urban land to be redeveloped, providing an increase in housing. (2) Municipalities could consider mandating ethnic integration in sectional schemes to counter the organic formation of mono-racial residential enclaves which remain in present-day South Africa.

Wellbeing in local areas: how trust, happiness, social distance and experience of discrimination differ in the perceived ethnic enclave

ABSTRACT Using data from the 2002 and 2014 waves of the European Social Survey, enriched with contextual data, we examine the impact of perceived ethnic enclaves upon several social outcomes of their residents. Diversity studies usually find a strong negative relationship between social trust and increasing ethnic heterogeneity for majority members. What happens however in residential areas such as ethnic enclaves that offer more opportunities for bridging contacts for majority members and for bonding among migrants and minorities? Our results show that majority, 1st and 2nd generation residents of enclaves have on average poorer social outcomes than non-residents. Nevertheless, residential sorting forms a large part of the enclave penalty story when it comes to the well-being of all groups in the study and the levels of trust and perceived discrimination of the 2nd generation. Importantly, our study suggests that enclaves are not necessarily areas in which people are doomed to chronic unhappiness, and we do not find conclusive evidence that lack of exposure to outgroupers is to blame for lack of trust across ethnic boundaries. Poorer personal and regional economic conditions exacerbate the negative association of the enclave residents with trust, happiness and social distance.

Immigration-Related Factors and Depression Help-Seeking Among Older Chinese Americans

Asian Americans have the lowest mental health service utilization rate among all racial/ethnic groups. One important yet understudied aspect of this group’s mental health service use is its potential associations with immigration-related factors such as migration reasons, years in U.S., acculturation, and ethnic enclave residence. Using data from the Population-based Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (collected 2013-2015, N=3,123), this study investigates whether and how immigration-related factors shape mental health service utilization. Four categories of help-seeking behaviors for depressive symptoms were examined, including not seeking help (23.5%), seeking help from informal source(s) only (40%), seeking help from both informal and formal sources (28.7%), and seeking help from formal source(s) only (8.8%). Results of logistic regressions showed that U.S. Chinese older adults who migrated for family reasons were less likely to seek help from informal sources only than those who migrated for other reasons [Odds Ratio (OR)=0.64, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=0.42-0.99). Less acculturated older immigrants (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.79-0.97) and those who lived in Chinatown (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.21-4.52) were more likely to seek help from formal sources only (relative to not seeking any help). Our findings showed that majority of the older Chinese Americans with depressive symptoms either did not seek help or sought help from informal sources only. Their help-seeking behaviors were shaped by their migration and acculturation experiences. Leveraging informal support networks and ethnicity-specific resources in Chinatown represent a culturally appropriate approach to facilitate mental health help-seeking among U.S. Chinese older adults.

Conceptual contours of migration studies in and from Asia

Conceptual contours of migration studies in and from Asia

Residence in a Hispanic Enclave Is Associated with Inferior Overall Survival among Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Hispanic children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) experience poorer overall survival (OS) than non-Hispanic White children; however, few studies have investigated the social determinants of this disparity. In Texas, many Hispanic individuals reside in ethnic enclaves—areas with high concentrations of immigrants, ethnic-specific businesses, and language isolation, which are often socioeconomically deprived. We determined whether enclave residence was associated with ALL survival, overall and among Hispanic children. We computed Hispanic enclave index scores for Texas census tracts, and classified children (N = 4083) as residing in enclaves if their residential tracts scored in the highest statewide quintile. We used Cox regression to evaluate the association between enclave residence and OS. Five-year OS was 78.6% for children in enclaves, and 77.8% for Hispanic children in enclaves, both significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the 85.8% observed among children not in enclaves. Children in enclaves had increased risk of death (hazard ratio (HR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.49) after adjustment for sex, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, metropolitan residence and neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and after further adjustment for child race/ethnicity (HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.97–1.45). We observed increased risk of death when analyses were restricted to Hispanic children specifically (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.03–1.65). Observations suggest that children with ALL residing in Hispanic enclaves experience inferior OS.

Place Attachment and Alienation from Place: Cultural Displacement in Gentrifying Ethnic Enclaves

Commercial gentrification often accompanies residential gentrification. Both processes contribute to the real or perceived threat of displacement for longtime residents of ethnic enclaves experiencing gentrification. Cultural displacement is a related concern among residents who may experience a declining sense of ownership, control, or belonging as newer residents and commercial establishments move into their communities. Yet, other longtime residents experience an increased sense of safety as their neighborhoods gentrify and they may appreciate the new amenities gentrification brings. I highlight the symbolic significance of local businesses in gentrifying neighborhoods and identify two different patterns of longtime residents experiencing their communities as something alien to them—a phenomenon I call alienation from place. Alienation from place may be a product of social and cultural displacement or may be alleviated by changes to a neighborhood accompanying gentrification processes, a posteriori alienation from place and a priori alienation from place, respectively.