Encapsulation Of Essential Oils Research Articles

Preparation and evaluation of w/o/w-type emulsions for encapsulation of citronella essential oil by inverse ionic gelation

Preparation and evaluation of w/o/w-type emulsions for encapsulation of citronella essential oil by inverse ionic gelation

Formulation of encapsulating material for packing ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale Rosc) in soft capsules

Essential oil encapsulation has great potential applications and valuable development prospects in food, functional food and pharmaceutical industries. This study has shown the results of the chemical composition of ginger essential oil (GEO) (Zingiber officinale Rosc) and the best formula to encapsulate ginger essential oil without heating. The optimal formula was determined based on the parameters including the amount, external diameter, strength, encapsulation efficiency and oil-packed volume of ginger essential oil beadlets. Ginger essential oil was extracted by the steam distillation and its chemical composition was analyzed by GC–MS. The method of creating beadlets was manually carried out by single core droplets extrusion device. The main constituents of ginger essential oil were: eucalyptol 29.66%, camphene 15.33% and α – zingiberene 8.91%. The optimal encapsuling formula was a mixture of sodium alginate of 1.4%, iodine carrageenan of 0.5%, xanthan gum of 0.3% and agar of 0.1%. This formula gives the expected beadlets of ginger essential oil with an average external diameter of 5.3 ± 0.1 cm and the encapsulation efficiency of 33 ± 2.56% after 13 hours of drying at 35°C.

Encapsulation of Heracleum persicum essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles and its application in yogurt.

Heracleum percicum essential oil (HEO) at various levels was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles and its potential application in yogurt was investigated. The values obtained for encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, mean particle size, and zeta potential of nanoparticles were 39.12-70.22%, 9.14-14.26%, 201.23-336.17 nm, and + 20.19-46.37 mV, respectively. The nanoparticles had spherical shape with some holes as a result of drying process. In vitro release studies in acidic solution and phosphate buffer solution indicated an initial burst effect followed by slow release with higher release rate in acidic medium. Results of antibacterial activity revealed that Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium with inhibition zones of 21.04-38.10 and 9.39-20.56 mm were the most sensitive and resistant bacteria to HEO, respectively. Incorporation of encapsulated HEO into yogurt decreased pH and increased titratable acidity due to stimulation of starters' activity. Interaction of nanoparticles with proteins decreased syneresis in yogurt. Regarding antioxidant activity, a higher value was observed in yogurt containing encapsulated HEO after 14 days of storage due to degradation and release of essential oil from nanoparticles. In conclusion, application of HEO nanoparticles in yogurt could be a promising approach for development of functional food products such as yogurt with enhanced antioxidant properties.

Application of yellow mustard mucilage in encapsulation of essential oils and polyphenols using spray drying

The current study has investigated the application of water-soluble yellow mustard mucilage (WSM) as a novel wall material in microencapsulation of essential oils (EO), thymol and carvacrol, and polyphenols (PP). Thymol (25%, w/w), carvacrol (25%, w/w) and PP (50%, w/w) were encapsulated in WSM, maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA) at various mass ratios (e.g. 1:2:6, 2:2:5, 0:3:6) and core to wall ratios (e.g. 4:9 and 1:5, w/w) by spray drying. Results confirmed that the addition of WSM into the wall formula improved the emulsion stability, encapsulation efficiency, and assisted in modulating the release pattern of the bioactive compounds. Overall, the formula with the WSM/MD/GA ratio of 2/2/5 (w/w/w) and the core to wall ratio of 1:5 showed the best releasing performance. The emulsion has maximum stability with zeta potential of −41.5 ± 1.7 mV and highest viscosity 0.032 ± 0.04 mPa s at the shear rate 100 s−1. The Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer indicates that bioactive compounds have been entrapped physically without adverse reaction with wall materials. The scanning electron microscopy results show that microparticles are spherical with less dents and have an average particle size of 3.11 μm. The highest encapsulation efficiency of 91% and prolonged releasing time were achieved, where 72.7% of EOs and PP were delivered to the lower section of the intestinal tract. The release kinetic of EOs and PP fitted well to the Rigter Peppas model (R2 = 0.991), of which erosion is the dominant mechanism. WSM could be utilized as a superior wall material to exert synergistic effects on the encapsulation of bioactive ingredients for related food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries.

Nanoencapsulation of oregano essential oil using cellulose nanocrystals extracted from hazelnut shell to enhance shelf life of fruits: Case study: Pears

This study aimed to investigate the potential application of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from an agricultural waste for encapsulation of oregano essential oil (OEO) and subsequently their use for coating to improve the shelf life of pears as a model. By hydrolyzing hazelnut shell cellulose under the optimum conditions, high crystalline CNCs with a zeta potential of −67.8 ± 4.4 mV and a diameter of 157 ± 10 nm were produced. Different concentrations of OEO (10–50 % w/w) were incorporated into CNCs and characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM and TEM. OEO containing 50 % CNC with the highest EE and LC was selected for coating. Pears were coated with gluten containing 0.5, 1.5 and 2 % encapsulated OEO (EOEO) and pure OEO and stored for 28 days. Physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties of the pears were examined. Microbial analysis showed that EOEO2% was more effective in controlling microbial growth than controls and pure OEO, and a 1.09 Log reduction in bacterial count was recorded on day 28 of storage when compared to control. It was concluded that CNCs produced from an agricultural waste and loaded on an essential oil could be used to extend the shelf life of pear and potentially other fruits.

Development of Persian gum-based microcapsules to speed up the release of cinnamon essential oil in the simulated saliva conditions

In this study, spray-drying technique was used to develop Persian gum-based microcapsules having cinnamon essential oil (CEO) where, using a simple centroid mixture design, the proportion of maltodextrin to Persian gum was optimized. The response factors which were optimized included powder recovery, encapsulation efficiency, and the release of CEO. Based on the formulation optimization, 8.25% maltodextrin and 1.74% Persian gum were required to achieve the optimum microcapsules having the highest powder recovery, encapsulation efficiency and CEO release. The evaluation of the optimum microcapsules was carried out based on particle size, moisture content, solubility, in vitro release, antioxidant activity, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and chemical compositions through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Physical interaction between CEO and the wall materials was proved by the results of FTIR. Enhanced water solubility of the CEO and guarding impact on antioxidant activity were observed in the optimum microcapsules. The pattern of the release of encapsulated CEO from simulated saliva is best described as the Fickian diffusion mechanism where immediate release (80%) of the encapsulated CEO was observed. Based on the findings of this study, efficient and novel carriers for the encapsulation of essential oils could be developed through Persian gum microcapsules.

Encapsulation of Nepeta hormozganica and Nepeta dschuprensis essential oils in shrimp chitosan NPs: Enhanced antifungal activity

This study investigated the encapsulation of Nepeta hormozganica (NHEO) and Nepeta Dschuprensis (NDEO) essential oils into chitosan nanoparticles (CSN) via a simple ionic gelation method with tripolyphosphate (TPP). Chitosan (CS) is prepared by demineralizing, deproteinizing, and deacetylating shrimp shells waste in high yield (70.2 %). SEM, TEM, FT-IR, TGA, and XRD techniques were employed to characterize the encapsulated essential oils ((NHEO-CSN) and (NDEO-CSN)). The prepared EOs-CSN and CSN are found with particle sizes of 100–150 nm and 400–500 nm, respectively, and regular distribution. The encapsulation efficiency of encapsulated Nepeta hormozganica and Dschuprensis essential oils were found to be 73.64 % and 75.91 %, respectively. The synthesized nanocapsules were evaluated for antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporium, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Alternaria alternata, Rhizactonia Solani, and Botrytis cinerea. Antifungal studies show that encapsulated essential oils increased antifungal efficiency by up to 100 %.

Enhancing the targeting performance and prolonging the antibacterial effects of clove essential oil liposomes to Campylobacter jejuni by antibody modification

The application of plant essential oil liposomes to prevent and control food safety risks caused by Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) still faces challenges such as lack of targeting and low release rate. Here, a bacteria-targeted and protease-activated antibacterial liposome (ACCLPs) was successfully synthesized through encapsulation of clove essential oil (CEO) by film dispersion method, embedding of casein by freeze–thaw method, and conjugation of C. jejuni antibody on the liposome membrane by post-insertion method. The average particle size, the essential oil encapsulation rate, the casein mosaic rate, and the antibody coupling efficiency of ACCLPs were determined as185.87 nm,16.9%,70.1% and 87.5%, respectively. The modification with C. jejuni antibody could significantly improve the targeting of ACCLPs to C. jejuni. Controlled release experiments showed that the exocrine protease from C. jejuni could hydrolyze the embedded casein and perforation on the ACCLPs, thus leading to a bacteria-dependent CEO release and significant prolonging the antibacterial effects of ACCLPs. Application results of ACCLPs on C. jejuni-contaminated foods showed that ACCLPs could effectively inhibit C. jejuni in a variety of meat products, fruits and vegetables and extend their shelf life without significantly affecting food quality. The results above in this work would provide a new view for the development of high efficient liposome-based antibacterial system of plant essential oil.

Microencapsulation enhances the antifungal activity of cinnamaldehyde during the period of peanut storage

Cinnamaldehyde is one of the most effective anti-fungal and anti-aflatoxigenic plant extracts. However, the high volatility, irritating odor and instability under adverse abiotic factors restrict its direct application in food industry. Previous studies indicated that the encapsulation of essential oils with calcium alginate could protect their active compounds from environmental conditions and increase their functional capabilities. Herein, the cinnamaldehyde microcapsules (Cin-Mc) were developed on the basis of calcium alginate polymer, and its physico-chemical properties and bio-efficacies were characterized. Cinnamaldehyde was embedded in calcium alginate and the Cin-Mc was successfully made. Compared with free cinnamaldehyde, the thermal stability was enhanced, and irritating odor was decreased in Cin-Mc. Most importantly, Cin-Mc exhibited sustained release of cinnamaldehyde for 20 days at 25 °C, which leads to substantially enhanced anti-fungal and anti-aflatoxigenic effect against Aspergillus flavus during 4-month storage of unshelled peanut kernels, as compared to free cinnamaldehyde. Due to Cin-Mc's potent antioxidant and antifungal properties, stored peanuts could be effectively preserved against from lipid peroxidation and fungal contamination. Taken together, Cin-Mc displayed better application prospects in food storage than free cinnamaldehyde.

Essential Oils and Chitosan Applications to Protect Apples against Postharvest Diseases and to Extend Shelf Life

Apple fruits are susceptible to pathogenic fungi such as Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum which are responsible for significant pre- and postharvest fruit losses. Given the strong restriction in the use of synthetic agrochemicals, especially during the postharvest phase, alternatives are currently sought for a more sustainable management of apple storage. The antifungal activity of thyme, clove, anise, camphor, and juniper essential oils (EOs) was evaluated with in vitro tests and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. Thyme and anise EOs showed a MIC value of 0.5 and 1 mL L−1 against B. cinerea, respectively. A MIC of 0.5 mL L−1 was found for clove EO against P. expansum. Camphor and juniper EOs were found to be less effective. Although in those experiments the antifungal activity of EOs was proven, when EOs were applied in in vivo conditions they did not demonstrate the same effectiveness. In order to preserve EO inhibitory performances, edible coatings combining polysaccharide matrices (chitosan, arabic gum, and xanthan gum) with EOs were tested. After considering consistency, uniform coverage of the fruit surface, and antifungal properties of the matrix, chitosan was identified as the most suitable component for EO encapsulation. Treatments with chitosan in combination with thyme EO on apple fruits (cv. ‘Braeburn’) showed inhibitory effects on infection caused by B. cinerea (−48% of infected wounds compared to untreated). Similarly, clove EO combined with chitosan reduced the Penicillium infections in apple cv. ‘Golden Delicious’ by 62%. These results therefore suggest the effectiveness of the use of EOs encapsulated with chitosan for the control of postharvest diseases of apple fruits during storage.

Nanoencapsulation of Chavir (Ferulago angulata) essential oil in chitosan carrier: Investigating physicochemical, morphological, thermal, antimicrobial and release profile of obtained nanoparticles

The essential oil obtained by steam-distillation from Ferulago angulata (FA) was stabilized by ionic-gelation technique within chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs). The aim of this study was to investigate different properties of CSNPs loaded with FA essential oil (FAEO). GC–MS analysis detected the major components of FAEO as α-pinene (21.85 %), β-ocimene (19.37 %), bornyl acetate (10.50 %) and thymol (6.80 %). Due to presence of these components, FAEO showed stronger antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with MIC values of 0.45 and 2.12 mg/mL, respectively. Chitosan to FAEO ratio of 1: 1.25 exhibited a maximum encapsulation efficiency (60.20 %) and loading capacity (24.5 %) values. By increasing loading ratio from 1:0 to 1:1.25, mean particle size and polydispersity index were significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 175 to 350 nm and 0.184 to 0.32, respectively, while zeta potential was decreased from +43.5 to +19.2 mV, indicating the physical instability of CSNPs at higher FAEO loading concentrations. SEM observation proved successful formation of spherical CSNPs during the nanoencapsulation of EO. FTIR spectroscopy indicated successful physical entrapment of EO within CSNPs. Differential scanning calorimetry also proved the physical entrapment of FAEO into polymeric matrix of chitosan. XRD exhibited a broad peak at 2θ = 19° – 25° in loaded-CSNPs as indication of successful entrapment of FAEO within CSNPs. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that encapsulated essential oil was decomposed at higher temperature than its free from, indicating the success of encapsulation technique in stabilizing FAEO within CSNPs.

Encapsulation of Ruta essential oil in chitosan and alginate matrices as an ecological alternative for the control of nematodes

Controlled release formulations of Ruta essential oil obtained by ionic gelation were developed. The presence of rue essential oil in the alginate and chitosan capsules was evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Release studies revealed that in acidic conditions (pH 4.2), the CHS-REO particles reached a Sw of 240% (w/w) in 30 days and 101% (w/w) for ALG-REO particles, generating a RR of 23.7% for CHS-REO and 20.4% for ALG-REO. On the other hand, at pH 6.8 it favored the Sw for ALG-REO 840% (w/w) and therefore the RR (45.6%) and disfavored the Sw of CHS-REO generating low RR (16.9%). Encapsulated rue essential oil showed equal or superior nematicidal activity against the nematode Melodogyne ssp., compared to free oil and a synthetic nematicide such as Carbofuran, without having a phytotoxic effect on the plant. This study revealed that REO encapsulated in biopolymeric matrices can be used as new nematicide formulations.

Yeast Particles for Encapsulation of Terpenes and Essential Oils.

Terpenes and essential oils are materials of great commercial use due to their broad spectra of antibacterial, antifungal, membrane permeation enhancement and antioxidant biological properties, as well as for their use as flavors and fragrances. Yeast particles (YPs) are 3-5 µm hollow and porous microspheres, a byproduct of some food-grade yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) extract manufacturing processes, that have been used for the encapsulation of terpenes and essential oils with high payload loading capacity (up to 500% weight) and efficiency, providing stability and sustained-release properties. This review focuses on encapsulation approaches for the preparation of YP-terpene and essential oil materials that have a wide range of potential agricultural, food and pharmaceutical applications.

Spray-drying encapsulation and in-package release of cinnamon leaf essential oil in arabic gum to reduce microbial growth of fresh-cut kiwifruit

Spray-drying encapsulation and in-package release of cinnamon leaf essential oil in arabic gum to reduce microbial growth of fresh-cut kiwifruit

Anti-cancer ability of chitosan nanoparticles loaded plant essential oil evaluated against A549 human lung cancer cells through invitro approaches

Based on the recent research, the natural polysaccharide rich biopolymer of chitosan is an important carrier molecule for drug loading. In addition, the plant essential oils were another important material that frequently used to treat various infectious diseases. In addition, the chitosan loaded essential oils were heightened recent years due to the excellent biomedical properties. In this regard, the current study result was concentrated with encapsulation of plant essential oils into the chitosan nanoparticles for inhibit against A549 human lung cancer cells. In result, the unique and uniform size morphology of chitosan was clearly shown in scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Further, the IC50 dose of the chitosan loaded essential oils at 1000 µg/mL concentration against A549 lung cancer cells was confirmed using cytotoxicity assay and this concentration was very effective than chitosan and essential oils alone. At 1000 µg/mL concentration, the high proliferation efficiency with unclear morphological evidence of A549 lung cancer cells was shown in phase contrast microscope. In addition, the AO/EB stain result was indicated more death cells with belbing formation of the treated cells were observed. At 1000 µg/mL of IC50 concentration of chitosan loaded essential oils was damaged the A549 lung cancer cells with high necrotic cells, chromatin condensation, and decreased cell division. Therefore, all the invitro experiments results were clearly stated that the chitosan loaded essential oils as more efficient alternative option to inhibit the cancer cells.

Polymeric encapsulation of anti-larval essential oil nanoemulsion for controlled release of bioactive compounds

In the present study, polymeric encapsulation of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion was done for the controlled release of bioactive compounds. O/W nanoemulsion was prepared from lemongrass essential oil, non-ionic surfactant polysorbate80 and water by spontaneous emulsification method. Geranial and neral were found to be the major bioactive compounds, constituting 45.1 % and 31.1 % of total lemongrass essential oil. The optimized lemongrass oil nanoemulsion was formulated with the droplet diameter of 14.4 nm and polydispersity index of 0.111. Transmission electron micrographs revealed that the nanoemulsion droplets were spherical in morphology and were in the size range of 10–100 nm. The optimized nanoemulsion was encapsulated with chitosan polymer by using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Encapsulation of essential oil nanoemulsion was optimized for the process parameters such as chitosan concentration and nanoemulsion concentration in order to obtain applicable encapsulation with enhanced release of lemongrass oil. The essential oil-loaded microcapsules were spherical and smooth in shape as revealed by phase contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the diameter of 0.53 ± 0.02 mm. Mosquito larvicidal activity of encapsulated essential oil nanoemulsion was better against malaria vectors Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles culicifacies when compared to non-encapsulated nanoemulsion, due to the controlled release of the bioactive components. The results of this study will be helpful for future vector control strategies as we provided a practical combined technique of nanoemulsion formulation and polymeric encapsulation as potential delivery system of hydrophobic bioactive compounds against mosquito vector.

Hybrid Microcapsules for Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Rosemary Essential Oil.

The foremost objective of this work is to assess the microcapsules composition (polymer-based and polymer/clay-based) effect, on the release of rosemary essential oil into w/o medium and evaluate their antioxidant activity. Calcium alginate (CA) and calcium alginate/montmorillonite hybrid (CA-MTN) microcapsules were developed following an ionotropic crosslinking gelation and were used as host materials for the encapsulation of rosemary essential oil. The unloaded/loaded CA and hybrid CA-MTN microcapsules were characterized by Fourier transform infra-red (FT-ATR) spectroscopy, thermal analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and DPPH assay. The evaluation of the microcapsule's physicochemical properties has shown that the clay filling with montmorillonite improved the microcapsule's properties. The encapsulation efficiency improved significantly in hybrid CA-MTN microcapsules and exhibited higher values ranging from 81 for CA to 83% for hybrid CA-MTN and a loading capacity of 71 for CA and 73% for hybrid CA-MTN, owing to the large adsorption capacity of the sodic clay. Moreover, the hybrid CA-MTN microcapsules showed a time-extended release of rosemary essential oil compared to CA microcapsules. Finally, the DPPH assay displayed a higher reduction of free radicals in hybrid CA-MNT-REO (12.8%) than CA-REO (10%) loaded microcapsules. These results proved that the clay-alginate combination provides microcapsules with enhanced properties compared to the polymer-based microcapsules.

ENCAPSULATION OF EUCALYPTUS LEAVES PHYTOPRODUCTS INTO LIPOSOMAL NANOPARTICLES AND STUDY OF THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN VIVO

Plant oils are high effective active pharmaceutical ingredients, but the extremely low bioavailability of lipophilic compounds limits their use in drugs. The encapsulation of essential oils into nanoparticles are actively studied. The aim of the research was to prepare liposomal forms of eucalyptus leaves extract and Chlorophyllipt and to study their antibacterial activity. Liposomal forms of Chlorophyllipt and eucalyptus oil extract was prepared using egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol by high pressure homogenization and sonication method. The average particle sizes of liposomal Chlorophyllipt and liposomal eucalyptus extract were 156.5 and 210.4 nm, respectively. Active pharmaceutical ingredient encapsulation in liposomal Chlorophyllipt and liposomal eucalyptus extract were at least 85% and at least 90%, respectively. Antibacterial activity of liposomal drugs was studied in white mice with model of staphylococcal infection, initiated by Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 209. The use of liposomal eucalyptus oil and liposomal Chlorophyllipt demonstrates no toxicity in mice. Both investigated drugs demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in mice. A single administration of the liposomal drugs increased the survival rate up to 30-40% compared with model animals. Double administration of liposomal drugs both in liquid form and in lyophilized form increased the survival rate by at least 70 %. Moreover, in the group of animals treated liposomal eucalyptus oil, the number of surviving animals was 100%, while in a group of liposomal Chlorophyllipt it was 80%.

Current Trends for Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) Crops and Products with Emphasis on Essential Oil Quality

Lavender is in the research spotlight due to its increasing economic importance, while market demand is expected to continue to grow. Among the hundreds of essential-oil-bearing plants, Lavandula angustifolia Mill. remains one of the most valuable. This paper explores the lavender chain timeline from crop to products, examining the expanding knowledge on the characteristics, phytochemical profile and functional potential of lavender that could lead to new products and uses. Lavender crops can be expanded without competing for productive land, instead using marginal, contaminated or unproductive land. A novel cultivation trend proposes leveraging agri-background biodiversity, arbuscular mycorrhiza and the natural enemies of pests for healthy crops. Together with breeding efforts targeting highly performant genotypes with complex volatile profiles coupled with resistance to specific biotic (particularly Phytoplasma) and abiotic (salt, heavy metals) stressors, industry could have a steady supply of high-quality raw material. Besides the expansion of the uses of essential oil in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food and environmental and agri-applications, novel channels have appeared for the use of the solid by-product, which is rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides; these channels have the potential to create additional streams of value. The stabilization and optimization of techno-functional delivery systems through the encapsulation of essential oil can extend shelf-life and enhance biological activity efficiency.

Chemical Composition, Microencapsulation and Comparative Antimicrobial Studies of Unencapsulated and Encapsulated Carrot Seed Essential Oil

The present study aimed to isolate and encapsulate carrot seed essential oil (CSEO) and to compare the antimicrobial potential of unencapsulated and encapsulated essential oil. Hydrodistilled CSEO was colourless to yellowish in colour with yield of 1.6% w/w. Chemical characterization by GC/MS revealed Carotol, Daucol and Daucene as major components. Microencapsulation was carried out employing a complex coacervation technique. The influence of gelatin and carrot seed essential oil concentration on the various parameters such as size, morphology, thermal properties, encapsulation and loading efficiency of the microcapsules were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy displayed quasi-spherical microcapsules. The pyrolysis behavior under thermal properties was divided into three stages. The highest encapsulation efficiency was achieved with 4: 6 ratio of gelatin: CSEO. The encapsulated and unencapsulated CSEO showed moderate bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus whereas minimal action against Escherichia coli. This study suggested the potential utilization of encapsulated essential oil for the long preservation of food stuff.