Enamel Opacities Research Articles

Prematurity and Dental Outcomes: A Short Communication Study

Background: The development of the teeth is affected by gestational age, and premature neonates are at greater risk for developing dental problems. In the present study, the deleterious effects of preterm birth on orodental tissues and structures were reviewed. Methods: A detailed research was carried out on MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. English articles up to June 2019 were included and the search process was performed using the following keywords: “Dental outcomes”, “Tooth”, “Preterm”, “Prematurity”, and “Neonate”. Results: Literature review has revealed that alteration of tooth crown sizes, quantitative loss of enamel (i.e., enamel hypoplasia), and qualitative change in the enamel opacity (i.e., translucence appearance), or a combination of all are common in premature newborns. Delayed eruption of the first deciduous tooth is frequent among preterm neonates. Prematurity may also influence dental occlusion development, asymmetry in the jaws, and lateralization. Neonates with immature organs and enzymes are at greater risk for some complications, such as hemolytic jaundice and cholestasis. These complications, in addition to hyperbilirubinemia, may result in yellow, brown, or dark green discoloration in the primary teeth. Conclusion: Some measures can be adopted to improve dental outcomes in premature neonates, including prevention of preterm birth, avoiding problems associated with oral intubation, gentle passing and moistening oral tube feeding, and oral care with colostrum and soft swabs.

The impact of environmental air pollution on the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization in schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study.

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a common condition that causes considerable pain to children and distress to their parents. Clinically it is manifested by demarcated opacities of tooth enamel with reduced mineralization. The mean global incidence of this disorder has been estimated at around 13-14%. Environmental pollution is one of the suspected etiological factors, but the impact of air pollutant components on MIH has yet to be studied. To assess whether the level of air pollution components has an impact on the prevalence of MIH. This cross-sectional study included 2354 children, aged 6-12 years, attending schools in 2 voivodeships (regions) of Poland with best and worst air quality. Smog alarms are announced more than 50 times a year in the Silesian voivodeship, while in the Pomeranian voivodeship, consistently low levels of air pollution are observed. Our air quality assessment was carried out on the basis of average annual results from measuring stations located in the 2 voivodeships. Dental examinations of teeth were conducted using the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria for the diagnosis of MIH. Levels of air pollution components over time were notably higher in the Silesian voivodeship, especially sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM10) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The MIH was diagnosed more often in children in the Silesian voivodeship (13.7%) than in the Pomeranian (6.4%). In the Pomeranian voivodeship, MIH was most often diagnosed in children aged 6 (14.53%). This study shows a correlation between higher concentrations of air pollutants and the occurrence of enamel developmental disorder in the form of MIH. Future research is required to assess whether this is related to the presence of a specific component or to the more frequent occurrence and treatment of air pollution-related general diseases, such as respiratory illnesses.

Enamel opacities in all other than Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation index teeth of adolescents

There are scarce data on the hypomineralisation of other permanent teeth (HOPT) than the index teeth of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH). To report on the prevalence and surface pattern of HOPT and seek associations with MIH. Representative samples of urban Greek 14-year-olds were examined in classroom with a dental mirror. Their enamel defects were recorded using EAPD criteria for MIH. Descriptive statistics and correlation tests for HOPT vs previously reported MIH findings in the same samples were applied. HOPT prevalence in 1156 consented adolescents was 22.9%. 148 (16.2%) of 912 no-MIH children had HOPT; 117 (48.1%) of the 244 MIH children had HOPT too (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.4-3.6). There were more HOPT teeth per child in the MIH vs no-MIH children (P<.001). HOPT tooth frequency was as follows: second molar 33.7%, canine 25.7%, first premolar 23.6%, and second premolar 17.0%. Enamel breakdown was seen in 5.3% HOPT children. Vestibular to intraoral surface defect ratio differed between jaws (maxilla 187/88, mandible 149/17, P<.05). Hypomineralisation defects in the MIH non-index teeth collectively had comparable prevalence and tooth surface patterns to MIH, but much lower severity. MIH was predictor for HOPT.

Evaluation of oral health status of children with special health care needs in Lucknow district

To assess the prevalence of dental caries, oral hygiene status, deft and oral hygiene habits in special health care needs in Lucknow district.An epidemiological study was conducted including 1041 children to assess the prevalence of dental caries, oral hygiene status, deft, enamel opacities and oral hygiene habits of which data was retrieved. Descriptive statistics that included mean, standard deviation and percentages were calculated for each of the categories. Data were analyzed using Chi- square test and ANOVA test.Caries prevalence was higher in male handicapped children 24.45% (256) than females 21.49% (225) and the difference was statistically significant (P&amp;#60;0.05). Based on the mode of cleaning teeth, those who clean their teeth by themselves, with other’s help and under supervision have got prevalence dental caries 413(85.86%), 34(7.07%) and 34(7.07%) respectively. Dental caries prevalence of 54.22% was observed in children having good oral hygiene, 50% caries prevalence observed in children having fair oral hygiene, 57.85% prevalence among children having poor oral hygiene. The differences between oral hygiene status and caries prevalence was not significant, χ2= 3.69, P&amp;#62;0.05.The dental profession should be aware of its responsibilities and be prepared to play its part in improving the dental health of handicapped children. Doctors, health visitors, teachers, caretakers and parents play a vital role in maintenance of good oral health of handicapped children. School dental health programs should be undertaken including school dental health education, school dental health services and school health environment.

Pathogenesis of Molar Hypomineralisation: Hypomineralised 6-Year Molars Contain Traces of Fetal Serum Albumin.

Molar Hypomineralisation (MH) is gaining cross-sector attention as a global health problem, making deeper enquiry into its prevention a research priority. However, causation and pathogenesis of MH remain unclear despite 100 years of investigation into “chalky” dental enamel. Contradicting aetiological dogma involving disrupted enamel-forming cells (ameloblasts), our earlier biochemical analysis of chalky enamel opacities implicated extracellular serum albumin in enamel hypomineralisation. This study sought evidence that the albumin found in chalky enamel reflected causal events during enamel development rather than later association with pre-existing enamel porosity. Hypothesising that blood-derived albumin infiltrates immature enamel and directly blocks its hardening, we developed a “molecular timestamping” method that quantifies the adult and fetal isoforms of serum albumin ratiometrically. Applying this novel approach to 6-year molars, both isoforms of albumin were detectable in 6 of 8 chalky opacities examined (corresponding to 4 of 5 cases), indicating developmental acquisition during early infancy. Addressing protein survival, in vitro analysis showed that, like adult albumin, the fetal isoform (alpha-fetoprotein) bound hydroxyapatite avidly and was resistant to kallikrein-4, the pivotal protease involved in enamel hardening. These results shift primary attention from ameloblast injury and indicate instead that an extracellular mechanism involving localised exposure of immature enamel to serum albumin constitutes the crux of MH pathogenesis. Together, our pathomechanistic findings plus the biomarker approach for onset timing open a new direction for aetiological investigations into the medical prevention of MH.

Determinants of children’s oral health-related quality of life following aesthetic treatment of enamel opacities

ObjectivesTo identify clinical and psychosocial predictors of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children with molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) following aesthetic treatment of incisor opacities. MethodsParticipants were 7- to 16-year-old children referred to a UK Dental Hospital for management of incisor opacities. Prior to treatment (To), participants completed validated questionnaires to assess OHRQoL and overall health status (C−OHIP-SF19), and self-concept (Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Children [SPPC]). Interventions for MIH included microabrasion, resin infiltration, tooth whitening or composite resin restoration. Children were reviewed after six months (T1) when they re-completed the C−OHIP-SF19 and SPPC questionnaires. The relationships of predictors with improvement of children’s OHRQoL (T1-To) and children’s overall health status at T1 were assessed using linear and ordinal logistic regression respectively, guided by the Wilson and Cleary’s theoretical model. ResultsOf 103 participants, 86 were reviewed at T1 (83.5 % completion rate). Their mean age was 11-years (range = 7−16) and 60 % were female. Total and domain OHRQoL scores significantly increased (improved OHRQoL) following MIH treatment. There was a significant positive change in SPPC physical appearance subscale score between To and T1. A higher number of anterior teeth requiring aesthetic treatment were associated with poor improvement of socio-emotional wellbeing at T1 (Coef =-0.43). Higher self-concept at To was associated with greater improvement of socio-emotional wellbeing at T1 (ß = 3.44). Greater orthodontic treatment need (i.e. higher IOTN-AC score) at T0 was linked to worse overall oral health at T1 (OR = 0.43). ConclusionsPsychosocial factors and dental clinical characteristics were associated with change in children’s OHRQoL following minimal interventions for incisor opacities. Clinical significanceMIH is a common condition and clinicians should be aware of the negative impacts some children experience, particularly those with multiple anterior opacities, poor tooth alignment and low self-concept. However, simple, minimally invasive treatments can provide good clinical and psychosocial outcomes and should be offered to children reporting negative effects.

Current Trends towards Diagnosis of Enamel Opacities and its associated Aetiologies among Paediatric Dentists across India: A Questionnaire Based Survey

Current Trends towards Diagnosis of Enamel Opacities and its associated Aetiologies among Paediatric Dentists across India: A Questionnaire Based Survey

Aesthetic perceptions and social judgments about different enamel opacities.

This study aimed to evaluate adolescents' aesthetic perceptions and their social judgments regarding different enamel opacities. Sample size was calculated and resulted in the inclusion of 100 adolescents (aged 10 to 15 years) from a public school in Jequié, Bahia, Brazil. Images of enamel opacities were manipulated to create aesthetic enamel defects, such as enamel color changes (unilateral and bilateral white opacity, unilateral and bilateral yellowish opacity, and unilateral and bilateral yellowish opacity with loss of structure). The images of the opacities were based on Fédération Dentaire Internationale's Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) Index. Aesthetic perception and social judgments were evaluated using a validated questionnaire with 12 questions (six positive and six negative points) on social aspects, considering the six manipulated images and the control. The photographic analyses were projected one-by-one by computer to adolescents individually in a classroom. Participants had one minute to observe each image and answer the questionnaire. The data were analyzed by descriptions, and the Friedman Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05). The results indicate that all opacities negatively impacted social judgment (p < 0.001). The enamel aesthetic defects most affecting an individual's perception were bilateral yellow opacity with or without loss of structure (p < 0.001). Regarding social judgment, all participants showed a negative perception of all the tested opacity types (p < 0.001). In conclusion, even opacities presenting only a color change caused aesthetic dissatisfaction to the individuals and changes in their social judgment toward others. Color changes in dental enamel have several aesthetic consequences.

Assessment of Structural Changes in Translucency and Opacity of Tooth Enamel against a Direct Demineralization Process: An In Vitro Study.

ABSTRACTObjective:The objective of this study was to assess in vitro the structural changes in translucency and opacity of tooth enamel following a direct demineralization process.Materials and Methods:This experimental in vitro study evaluated 45 thirds (cervical, middle, and occlusal) of the tooth enamel surface of premolar teeth extracted from young adults divided into three groups of 15 specimens each: Group 1 (solution based on calcium, phosphorus, and fluorine), Group 2 (orthophosphoric acid 37%), and control group (distilled water). All underwent optical macroscopic examination with ×3 magnification to determine the initial translucency according to the variation of the medium in their intercrystalline spaces, and Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index was used. The experimental groups were then subjected to an artificial caries process during which the specimens were placed in an inorganic and organic solution of calcium, phosphorus, and fluorine at 37°C for 90 days with the acidic solution at pH 5 and the neutral solution at pH 7. The control specimens were placed in distilled water. Finally, all the specimens were assessed by polarization microscopy.Results:In relation to the occlusal third, the highest proportion in Groups 1 and 2 was in Grades 2 and 3 (80%). A significant association was only observed between the experimental groups in the degree of translucency in the occlusal third (P = 0.002), whereas no association was found in relation to the degree of opacity in the middle and cervical thirds in either study group (P > 0.05).Conclusion:The resistance of enamel hydroxyapatite crystals increases from occlusal to cervical due to the greater presence of aprismatic enamel in the cervical horizontal third.

A trilogy of tragedies - paediatric dental tooth whitening.

Dental tooth whitening is used throughout the United Kingdom for patients who have aesthetic concerns regarding the colour of their teeth. Up until recent months it was also frequently used for paediatric patients with enamel opacities of cosmetic concern and discoloured non-vital anterior teeth. This safe and effective treatment option is now not available to paediatric dental patients due to changes in indemnity cover, and we demonstrate three cases from our department where dental whitening was the most appropriate treatment option. By removing this treatment option for selected paediatric patients, we are concerned that more destructive and less effective treatments may be performed with short- and long-term detriment to their oral health. Furthermore, failure to provide any treatment may negatively affect children's quality of life and psychological well-being.

What children say and clinicians hear: accounts relating to incisor hypomineralisation of cosmetic concern.

To explore the range of impacts relating to incisor opacities as described by children, their general dental practitioners and paediatric dentists. Participants included 50 children, aged 7-16years, referred to a UK hospital paediatric dentistry service for management of incisor opacities. All children were subsequently diagnosed with molar incisor hypomineralisation. Following ethical approval, data were recorded as follows: patient demographics, distance travelled, waiting times, nature of any impacts relating to incisor opacities documented in referral letters and/or in subsequent paediatric dentistry assessment records. Additionally, children completed the short form Child Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire (COHIP-SF19) as a self-report measure of their oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Nearly, half (48%, n = 24) of the referral letters mentioned that the child was experiencing one or more negative social and/or functional impacts. Mean COHIP score was significantly lower (indicating poorer OHRQoL) for children whose referring dentist had identified a negative impact (COHIP = 42.9) compared to those with no documented impact (COHIP = 50.5; p = 0.018, independent t test). At the hospital consultation, negative impacts were elicited by a paediatric dentist in 86% (n = 43) of cases. Again, mean COHIP score was significantly lower for children whose assessment records noted a negative impact (COHIP = 44.5) compared to those with no recorded impact (COHIP = 60.2; p = 0.001). Families travelled a mean distance of 57km (range 3-218km) to the hospital service, with an average waiting time of 75days from referral. It is encouraging that dental professionals seem to be aware of the negative psychosocial impacts experienced by some children with enamel opacities, and that children feel able to describe them.

Differential diagnoses of enamel hypomineralisation in an archaeological context: A postmedieval skeletal collection reassessment

AbstractDevelopmental enamel defects (DDE) are often used as indicators of general health in past archaeological populations. DDE include three common types of lesions: hypoplasia, diffuse, and demarcated opacities. Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) was defined in 2001 as a qualitative enamel defect affecting first permanent molars and often permanent incisors. The European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry established criteria to diagnose MIH in current populations as demarcated white or yellow‐brown opacities of enamel with or without posteruptive breakdown. MIH is prevalent in current populations (average 14.2%) and may cause important damage to first permanent molars. Aetiological factors are uncertain. The discovery of MIH in archaeological skeletal collections based on macroscopic examination has been reported previously, in particular by Ogden and colleagues (2008). If MIH exists in past populations, there are profound implications regarding current aetiological hypotheses. Aims of the present study were to (a) reassess the London postmedieval archaeological collection from which the first cases of MIH were reported and evaluate the reliability of MIH diagnosis criteria in past populations and (b) differentially diagnose developmental defects of enamel and post mortem discoloration in the teeth. Contrary to the reported prevalence in the original study (93.2%), among 47 subadult (&gt;18 years) individuals, a low MIH prevalence was determined (27%). Reliability of MIH diagnosis was tested with three MIH experts who were also physical anthropologists. Our study highlighted that the reliability of a macroscopic diagnosis of MIH in past populations is fair (Cohen's kappa = 0.35 ± 0.11; Fleiss's kappa = 0.3). It could explain the large differential in prevalence values in studies performed in archaeological collections. Pathological and taphonomic agents can produce enamel modifications indistinguishable from one another, even to an “experienced eye.” Here, we examined the literature to highlight potential differential diagnoses of MIH (taphonomic discoloration, amelogenesis imperfecta, fluorosis, rachitic teeth, etc.). Employing nondestructive analyses to characterise and diagnose tooth discoloration in past populations is highly recommended.

The use of transillumination in detecting subclinical extensions of enamel opacities.

Accurate detection of enamel opacities in reflected light is limited in terms of discriminating between affected and unaffected enamel. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of transilluminated photography in distinction between healthy and unhealthy enamel in comparison with reflected photography. Patients presenting enamel opacities were selected during their regular dental visits and for each tooth, standardized photographs were taken in transmitted and reflected light. For each lighting condition, the ratio of the opacity surface area to the entire buccal enamel area was calculated. The difference in the ratio of the opacity surface area to the entire buccal enamel area was compared using the Wilcoxon paired test. The results of this study showed that the ratio of the opacity surface area to the entire buccal enamel area calculated in transilluminated photography is significantly higher in comparison with its calculation in reflected photography. The means ratios (SD) of the opacity to the entire buccal enamel area are in transmitted light and reflected light respectively 18% (12) and 15% (11). In comparison with reflected photography, transilluminated photography significantly increases the ratio of the opacity surface area to the entire buccal enamel area. Transilluminated photography allows better detection of enamel opacities on anterior teeth by aiding clinical discrimination between healthy an unhealthy enamel. Being simple, noninvasive, painless and without any risk to the patient, transillumination represents a promising imaging method for detecting enamel opacities and for discriminating healthy and unhealthy enamel.

Molar-incisor hypomineralization

Hypocalcification of the enamel is the most common developmental disorder observed in teeth. The prevalence of this kind of hypomineralisation is about 10-19%. These molars are often referred to as cheese molars, because the lesions clinically resemble cheese in color and consistency. Other descriptions are: idiopathic enamel hypomineralisation in the permanent first molars, idiopathic enamel opacities in the permanent first molars, non fluoride enamel hypomineralisation in the permanent first molars, non-endemic mottling of enamel in the permanent first molars. Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation is today the proposed expression for this disease. Occlusal surfaces of the first permanent molar are most commonly affected. The lesions are more frequent in the upper jaw than in the lower jaw. The incisors are affected to a lesser degree than the molars. Several aetiological factors can cause these defects. Some studies show a relation between intake of dioxins via mother's milk after prolonged breast feeding and developmental defects of the child's teeth. Because the ameloblasts are very sensitive to oxygen supply, complications involving oxygen shortages during birth or respiratory diseases such as asthma or bronchitis and pneumonia are discussed as further aetiological factors. Renal insufficiency, hypoparothyroidism, diarrhoea, malabsorption and malnutrition and high-fever diseases can be other reasons for the occurrence of these defects. Defective enamel can be a locus of lowered resistance for caries. Histologically there are areas of porosity of varying degrees. The affected teeth can be very sensitive to air, cold, warm and mechanical stimuli. Toothbrushing may create toothache in these teeth. We therefore suggest that these patients receive intensified prevention with fluoride varnish, a fissure sealing, GIZ, composits, stainless steel crowns or implants. In some cases an interdisciplinary approach with an orthodontist can result in the extraction of the molars in the age of 8 to 10 years.

Enamel microabrasion: achieving aesthetic success to dental fluorosis in a single session – one-year follow-up

OBJECTIVE: To describe the enamel microabrasion technique used to treat the patient with white stains due dental fluorosis, highlighting the importance of complete anamnesis and clinical examination to achieve the clinical success.CASE DESCRIPTION: patient’s complains, aesthetic self-perception, age, general health, history of excessive intake of fluoride and time of teeth development were considered to the diagnosis and treatment plan. Also, dental trans illumination was used to evaluate the white spots diffusion and estimate the lesion’s length. An abrasive paste mixture of equal parts 37% phosphoric acid and pumice was applied with a wooden spatula in order to perform enamel microabrasion. After the last application, the teeth were polished with finishing discs and a neutral sodium fluoride gel was applied to enamel remineralization. Satisfactory results in the aesthetic improvement were possible with a minimally invasive and cost-effective technique. The dental trans illumination after treatment showed the disappearance of the enamel opacities, preserved on the one-year follow-up.CONCLUSION: Cosmetic dentistry has been increasingly practiced today. However, a correct aesthetic planning should be based on current restorative dentistry concept. For any type of procedure, the dentist should opt for sound tooth structure preservation. This technique might be an efficient alternative to restorative treatments and can be considered a successful procedure. In cases of esthetic alterations due fluorosis, non-invasive methods such enamel microabrasion should be considered before invasive restorative treatments.

Change in Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Following Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Treatment for Children with Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation: A Prospective Study.

Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a common enamel condition, presenting with incisor opacities, which may be of psychosocial concern to children. This clinical study sought to determine whether minimally invasive treatment, aiming to improve incisor aesthetics, would also improve children’s oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). 111 MIH patients, aged 7–16 years, referred to a UK Dental Hospital, were invited to complete the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (C-OHIP-SF19) prior to any intervention (T0) and again at one-month following the intervention (T1) for MIH. Treatment regimens included one or more of the following: Microabrasion; resin infiltration; tooth whitening; resin composite restoration. Data were obtained for 93 children with a mean age of 11 years. Mean total C-OHIP-SF19 score at T0 was 47.00 (SD = 9.29; range = 0–76) and this increased significantly at T1 to 58.24 (SD = 9.42; range = 0–76; p < 0.001, paired t-test), indicating a marked improvement in self-reported OHRQoL. There were no statistically significant differences according to gender. This is the first study to show that simple, minimally invasive dental treatment, to reduce the visibility of enamel opacities, in MIH, can have a positive impact on children’s wellbeing.

BASIC METHODS OF THE COLOR DETERMINATION IN DENTISTRY

Determining the color of the teeth is a complicated process. Scientific research has shown that 75% of dental medicine doctors are struggling when visually determining the color of the teeth with the help of shade master. Factors like light condition, timeframe, age, sex, clothing, visual perception, redistribution of enamel masses, shine, transparency, opacity, and color of the gingiva make it harder to determine the right color of the teeth. Contemporary dentistry uses different methods and mechanisms, which can ease the work of the dentists. The uses of spectrophotometers, colorimeters, and digital images are useful instruments when analyzing the colors. These instruments are useful methods for analyzing the colors for direct and indirect restorations, procedures before and after teeth whitening, communication with indirect restorations, recreation and shade checking, as well as quality control of color recreation. In articles the authors recommend when available to combine the visual method as well as the instrumental method of color determination, because they complement each other and lead to predictable results.

Enamel defects and dental caries among children attending primary schools in Poznań, Poland.

Both positive and negative associations between developmental enamel defects (DED) and dental caries have been reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of DED of permanent dentition and its association with dental caries in schoolchildren living in Poznań (Wielkopolskie Voivodeship, Poland). A total of 2,522 6th grade children and 3,112 1st grade children were examined. Developmental enamel defects were described using the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index. Dental caries experience was assessed in accordance with the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT). The study revealed 475 children (9.6%) to have at least 1 enamel defect of permanent dentition. In 6th-graders, statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between DMFT, DT (decayed teeth) and FT (filled teeth) numbers of various DED groups with subjects affected by diffuse opacities having generally the lowest caries indices and subjects with enamel hypoplasia and/or demarcated opacities having the highest caries indices. In both age groups, dental caries prevalence was statistically significantly higher in subjects with hypoplasia and/or demarcated opacities as compared to subjects without DED or with diffuse opacities (p < 0.05). The prevalence of DED in the examined population was low and comparable to those reported in regions without fluoridated water. The study confirmed that children affected by diffuse enamel opacities were less susceptible to dental caries, while demarcated opacities and hypoplasia should be considered important dental caries risk factors.

Dental Findings in Patients With Non-surgical Hypoparathyroidism and Pseudohypoparathyroidism: A Systematic Review.

Background: Dental aberrations have been mentioned in relation to non-surgical hypoparathyroidism (Ns-HypoPT) and pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP). However, a systematic review of dental characteristics have not been performed. The present systematic review describes the dental findings in patients with Ns-HypoPT and PHP.Methods: Studies on Ns-HypoPT and PHP reporting dental features were eligible. A systematic literature search was conducted using four bibliographic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed, and Embase) and was limited to studies written in English. Reviews, meta-analyses and letters were excluded. Both the research and reporting of results were based on PRISMA (preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines.Results: Of 88 studies included, nine were cross-sectional, one was a prospective cohort study, 26 were case series, and 52 were case reports. The most frequently reported findings in patients with Ns-HypoPT were enamel opacities, enamel hypoplasia, hypodontia, and eruption disturbances. In patients with PHP, enamel hypoplasia, eruption disturbance, and deviation of the root morphology were the most frequently reported findings.Conclusion: An association between enamel hypoplasia and Ns-HypoPT and PHP is likely. The results should, however, be interpreted cautiously due to the limited number of high-quality studies. The present review confirms the need of further well-designed studies, such as large-scale studies, e.g., multicenter studies, to conclude on the reported associations between Ns-HypoPT/PHP and enamel hypoplasia.

Molar Incisor Hypomineralization and Its Prevalence.

Background:Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is the hypomineralization of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars, frequently associated with affected incisors. It is presented as demarcated enamel opacities of different colors, occasionally undergoing posteruptive breakdown. The characteristic feature of MIH is the clear demarcation between the affected and sound enamel. There is asymmetry of defects present in the molars and incisors where one molar or incisor can be severely affected, while the contralateral tooth may be clinically sound or have only minor defects.Aim and Objective:The aim of this study is to evaluate schoolchildren of 7–12 years of age with at least one of the first permanent molars fully or partially erupted from randomly selected government and private schools in Chennai using the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria for MIH, to determine the prevalence and characteristics of MIH.Materials and Methods:The dental examinations were performed in the classroom using a mouth mirror and explorer under a headlight. Teeth were wiped with gauze when necessary to remove plaque or the food accumulations. Surfaces that were examined were the buccal, lingual, palatal, and occlusal surfaces of permanent first molars and labial surfaces of upper and lower incisors. A single examiner was involved to avoid interexaminer bias. All the data were collected and scored using the EAPD criteria for MIH.Results:A total of 22 (12.9%) children out of the examined 170 had MIH.Conclusion:Distribution of MIH was more in males, more in 9 years of age. A total of 13 children had first molars affected and 9 children had both incisors and molars affected. Molars were affected more than the incisors. Mandible was affected more in comparison with the maxilla. Right side was affected more than the left side. The distribution of MIH was more in government schools compared to private schools.