Enamel Fluoride Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ НЕИНВАЗИВНЫХ МЕТОДОВ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ НАЧАЛЬНОГО КАРИЕСА ЗУБОВ

The issue of treatment and prevention of dental caries doesn’t lose its relevance in the modern world since its prevalence reaches almost 100%. Basically treatment of dental caries is carried out by removal of affected tissues with further filling of the formed cavity with filling material. However, initial caries can be cured using non-invasive methods such as remineralization therapy, dental fluoridation and infiltration method. The purpose of the study is to compare the effectiveness of treating initial caries. Materials and methods: there were 46 patients 18-24 years old with a diagnosis K02.0 Caries limited to enamel (initial caries) under our supervision. The subjects were divided into 3 groups depending on the chosen non-invasive treatment method. Patients of group 1 (16 people) were prescribed a course of remineralizing therapy, group 2 (18 people) – application of fluoride-containing gel to demineralized areas of the teeth, and patients of group 3 (12 people) were treated with the infiltration method for initial caries. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed by the presence of external changes in the surface of the teeth, probing and duration of treatment. Results and discussion: after patients of group 1 completed the course of remineralizing therapy with gel “GC Tooth Mousse” there were no visual changes in the demineralized areas of the teeth; in some subjects roughness during probing disappeared. Patients of group 2 underwent fluoridation of enamel – no therapeutic effect was noted. Subjects of group 3 were treated with the infiltration method for initial caries; high efficiency was demonstrated. Conclusion: the most effective non-invasive method of treating initial caries is the infiltration method; remineralization therapy and fluoridation are recommended for the prevention of dental caries but not for its treatment.

Impact of Calcium Lactate Pretreatment on Enamel Fluoride Uptake: A Comparative In Vitro Study of Different Fluoride Types and Concentrations.

(1) Background: This study aimed to establish the effect of calcium lactate enamel pretreatment related to different fluoride types and concentrations on the enamel uptake of alkali-soluble fluorides. (2) Materials: In a blind and randomized in vitro study, a total of 60 teeth are used. The first 30 teeth were cut and randomly allocated into one of the following treatments: (A) calcium lactate pretreatment followed by three different fluoride solutions; (B) the "Fluoride only" group, with slabs treated with three different fluoride solutions; (C) the "Calcium only" group, with slabs treated with calcium lactate solution; (D) slabs treated with deionized water (negative control group). The next 30 teeth underwent all the above described group procedures but were treated with lower fluoride concentrations. Fluoride was extracted from enamel using 1 M KOH solution and analyzed using a fluoride ion-specific electrode. (3) Results: The findings revealed that slabs treated with NaF following calcium lactate pretreatment exhibited significantly greater enamel uptake of alkali-soluble fluoride compared to other substrates. This significant effect was not observed at lower fluoride concentrations. (4) Conclusion: The study demonstrates that pretreatment with calcium lactate followed by treatment with NaF at 226 ppm F significantly enhances the uptake of alkali-soluble fluoride in enamel compared to other fluoride types.

Concentration of some macronutrients of tooth enamel in patients living in areas with different concentrations of fluoride in drinking water

BACKGROUND: This article examines the effect of fluoride concentration in drinking water on the concentration of certain macronutrients of tooth enamel in patients living in areas with different levels of fluoride. AIM: To determine the relationship between the concentration of fluoride in drinking water and the content of macronutrients in tooth enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information was collected on the concentration of fluoride in drinking water in various areas. Then a sample of patients living in these areas was collected and the content of trace elements in the enamel of their teeth was analyzed. RESULTS: The data obtained demonstrate the presence of a significant correlation between the concentration of fluoride in drinking water and the content of certain macronutrients in the enamel of patients’ teeth. A high concentration of fluoride in drinking water was associated with an increased content of certain trace elements, while a low concentration of fluoride was associated with their low levels. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the importance of fluoride content in drinking water for dental health. They also provide additional data for the development of recommendations on the optimal level of fluoride in drinking water, which can help in maintaining dental health of the population in various areas. Further research in this area may help refine these results and advance our understanding of the relationship between fluoride and macronutrients in tooth enamel.

The chemistry of a fossilised elephant tooth: Domenico Morichini and the discovery of dental fluoride.

On the occasion of the 250th anniversary of the birth of the Italian physician, Domenico Morichini (1773-1836), this study aims to commemorate this illustrious figure, who made a great contribution to the history of dentistry through his discovery of the presence of fluoride in dental enamel. Starting from a chemical analysis of the components of the enamel and osseous part of a fossilised elephant tooth discovered in Rome in 1802, Morichini demonstrated the presence of high amounts of fluoride, not only in these remains, but also in samples of human teeth. The Italian doctor, a Professor of Chemistry at the Sapienza University of Rome, also affirmed the importance of his discovery from a clinical perspective, as it enabled a better understanding of the chemical composition of enamel, changes in which he saw as the cause of most dental diseases. Morichini was a talented clinician and scientist, who also made contributions in other medical-scientific fields, as one of the first to suggest the electromagnetic nature of solar radiation based on experiments that were replicated internationally.

In vitro effect of low-fluoride toothpaste supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate, xylitol, and erythritol on enamel demineralization.

Regular use of toothpaste with fluoride (F) concentrations of ≥ 1000 ppm has been shown to contribute to reducing caries increment. However, when used by children during the period of dental development, it can lead to dental fluorosis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of a toothpaste formulation with reduced fluoride (F) concentration (200 ppm) supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP: 0.2%), Xylitol (X:16%), and Erythritol (E: 4%) on dental enamel demineralization. Bovine enamel blocks were selected according to initial surface hardness (SHi) and then divided into seven experimental toothpaste groups (n=12). These groups included 1) no F-TMP-X-E (Placebo); 2) 16% Xylitol and 4% Erythritol (X-E); 3) 16% Xylitol, 4% Erythritol and 0.2%TMP (X-E-TMP); 4) 200 ppm F (no X-E-TMP: (200F)); 5) 200 ppm F and 0.2% TMP (200F-TMP); 200 ppm F, 16% Xylitol, 4% Erythritol, and 0.2% TMP (200F-X-E-TMP); and 7) 1,100 ppm F (1100F). Blocks were individually treated 2×/day with slurries of toothpastes and subjected to a pH cycling regimen for five days (DES: 6 hours and RE: 18 hours). Then, the percentage of surface hardness loss (%SH), integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN), fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) in enamel were determined. The data were analyzed by ANOVA (1-criterion) and the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.001). We found that the 200F-X-E-TMP treatment reduced %SH by 43% compared to the 1100F treatments (p<0.001). The ΔKHN was ~ 65% higher with 200F-X-E-TMP compared to 1100F (p<0.001). The highest concentration of F in enamel was observed on the 1100F treatment (p<0.001). The 200F-X-E-TMP treatment promote higher increase of Ca and P concentration in the enamel (p<0.001). The association of 200F-X-E-TMP led to a significant increase of the protective effect on enamel demineralization compared to the 1100F toothpaste.

ASSESSMENT OF THE PREVENTION MEASURES EFFECTIVENESS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARIOUS DENTAL LESIONS IN MILITARY PERSONNEL OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE

Introduction. The prevalence and severity of diseases of the teeth and oral cavity are directly dependent on the level of dental care. The specific living conditions and combat activities of the personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, associated with the characteristics of the military profession, influence the course of pathological processes of the dentofacial apparatus and require appropriate methods of prevention and treatment. The purpose of the research: to evaluate the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of dental caries in military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Materials and methods. To conduct the study, 348 military personnel of the Ternopil zonal department of the Military Law Enforcement Service (TZDMLES) were examined; they underwent a clinical examination in order to identify carious dental damage. The intensity of caries was determined according to the CFE index, and the acid resistance of enamel was studied using the TER test. After the initial examination, military personnel of all ages underwent complete sanitation of the oral cavity. According to indications, fissures were also opened and sealed. When enamel resistance was found to be decreased and initial forms of caries were present, patients underwent deep fluoridation of enamel and dentin. In order to optimize primary prevention measures for the development of major dental diseases for military personnel, we have developed an oral care program for the period of stay in the combat zone. Results. When studying the prevalence of the carious process during the initial examination among military personnel of the TZDMLES, it was found that the prevalence of the carious process in this category of people was high: from 83.08% in the age group of 20 to 25 years to 100% in the age groups of 36 to 40 and 41 to 45 years. Indicators of the intensity of the carious process tend to increase among men and women in all age groups. After 12 months of observation, a decrease in the increase in the “C” index and a significant increase in the acid resistance of enamel was noted in all age groups examined. Conclusions. When planning measures for the primary prevention of the development of carious lesions, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the life of patients, which is especially reasonable for military personnel who are in the combat zone, and carry out preventive measures together with therapeutic ones in order to reduce the risk of developing major dental diseases and increase their combat effectiveness.

Acidic Microenvironment-Sensitive Core-Shell Microcubes: The Self-assembled and the Therapeutic Effects for Caries Prevention.

The aim of this study was to develop a new material with integrated interface design that could achieve the purpose of environmental-sensing controlled release against cariogenic bacteria. Furthermore, this material can rebalance oral flora and serve as a preventive and reparative measure of dental caries. NaF@PAA@HA@polyelectrolytes@HA@PAA particles were synthesized using the method of two-solution phases precipitation followed by biocompatible polymers coating layer by layer. The structure of the particles was confirmed by transmission electron microscope. The fluoride release profile was measured by fluoride ion electrode. Antimicrobial activity against the cariogenic microorganisms was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrum. The efficacy experiments were conducted on tooth enamel slides to evaluated fluoride absorption and antibacterial activity of the prototype toothpaste containing microcube particles RESULTS: The structure of NaF@PAA@HA@polyelectrolytes@HA@PAA particles showed a core surrounded by tooth-adhesion polymer layers in thin fin or filament structure. The loaded concentration of fluoride in the particles' core was 148,996 ± 28,484 ppm. NaF@PAA@HA@polyelectrolytes@HA@PAA particles showed selective inhibition of cariogenic microorganisms over probiotic strains and stronger fluoride adhesion on tooth enamel. A burst release (over 80%) of fluoride from the particle-containing toothpaste was observed under cariogenic acidic environment (pH < 5), while it remained extremely low under neutral environment. Compared with the best results of commercial toothpastes, our prototype toothpaste increased enamel fluoride uptake by 8-fold in normal enamel slides and by 11-fold in the slides with induced white spot lesions after either 1- or 7-day treatment. The prototype toothpaste also showed better inhibition of cariogenic microorganisms than the commercial brands. The coverage area of cariogenic bacteria under our toothpaste treatment was 73% on normal enamel slides compared with the commercial brands, while it was 69% in the induced white spot lesions. In our study, an intelligent toothpaste was developed that selectively inhibits cariogenic bacteria by microenvironment proton-triggered fluoride release. Such novel design would accomplish a favorable flora balance for optimal long-term oral health.

Synbiotic-fluoride synergism on enamel remineralization, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity

Objective(s)The objectives of the present study were to examine the – a) enamel remineralization potential of synbiotic-fluoride (SF) therapy using a multi-species bacterial pH-cycling model; and b) cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of SF therapy extracts. Materials and methodsThe SF therapy group comprised of 2% arginine (Arg), 0.2% NaF, and a probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LRG). The intervention groups studied were: 1) No treatment; 2) 2% Arg; 3) 0.2% NaF; 4) LRG; 5) 2% Arg+0.2% NaF; 6) 2% Arg+LRG; 7) 0.2% NaF+LRG; and 8) 2% Arg+0.2% NaF+LRG (SF therapy). The enamel remineralization potential of SF therapy was investigated under cariogenic biofilm challenge; while the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of SF therapy extracts were examined on HGF-1 and Chinese hamster fibroblast V79, respectively. To determine the remineralization effect, the specimens were subjected to mineral density (MD) assessment using micro-CT, Ca/P molar ratio with SEM-EDX, and enamel fluoride uptake (EFU) estimates. The HGF-1 proliferation assessment was quantified using MTT/CCK-8 assays with qualitative analysis by nuclei staining Hoechst-based fluorescence imaging. The genotoxicity was determined by micronuclei formation test. ResultsMineral gain and %remineralization derived from MD assessment for the SF therapy were significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05). The %ΔCa/P for the SF and 2% Arg+0.2% NaF were significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05). The SF and 2% Arg+0.2% NaF groups had the highest EFU compared to the other groups (p<0.05). No significant difference in the %viable HGF-1 cells were observed between the treatment interventions and no treatment group (p>0.05). Compared to the EMS-positive control, the micronuclei formation for all the intervention groups was significantly lower (p<0.05), with no significant difference among the treatment groups (p>0.05). ConclusionThe SF therapy enhanced enamel remineralization with no biocompatibility concerns. Clinical significanceWith the enhanced enamel remineralization potential discerned in the present study, the SF therapy can be used as a promising caries-preventive agent targeted for high caries-risk individuals.

Effect of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, a protease inhibitor, on enamel surface remineralization

Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) is a protease inhibitor widely used in research, but fluoride is released during its action and this knowledge has been neglected in dental research. Aim: to evaluate if fluoride released by salivary protease action on PMSF affects enamel remineralization and fluoride uptake. Methods: Groups of 10 enamel slabs, with caries-like lesions and known surface hardness (SH), were subjected to one of the following treatment groups: Stimulated human saliva (SHS), negative control; SHS containing 1.0 μg F/mL (NaF), positive control; and SHS containing 10, 50 or 100 μM PMSF. The slabs were subjected to a pH-cycling regimen consisting of 22 h/day in each treatment solution and 2 h/day in a demineralizing solution. After 12 days, SH was again measured to calculate the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR), followed by enamel fluoride uptake determination. The time-related fluoride release from 100.0 μM PMSF by SHS action was also determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test. Results: The release of fluoride from PMSF by SHS was rapid, reaching a maximum value after 10 min. Fluoride released from PMSF was more effective in enhancing %SHR and increasing fluoride uptake in enamel compared with SHS alone (p &lt; 0.05); furthermore, it was equivalent to the positive control (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, fluoride released by saliva from PMSF is available to react with enamel and needs to be taken into account in research using this protease inhibitor.

Silver nanoparticles associated with a polyphosphate and fluoride enhance the prevention of enamel demineralization and impact on dual-biofilm adhesion

ObjectivesThe aim of this study were to produce a multifunctional nanocomposite combining silver nanoaparticles (Ag), sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) and fluoride (F), to investigate its effect on dental enamel demineralization and on biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. MethodsBovine enamel blocks were submitted to five pH cycles and treated 2x/day with 100 ppm F, 225 ppm F, 100 ppm F + 0.2%TMP or 100 ppm F + 0.2%TMP+10% Ag (100F/TMP/Ag). Next, surface hardness loss (%SH), integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN), enamel fluoride (F) and calcium (Ca) concentration were determined. Biofilms from single and dual species of S. mutans and C. albicans were treated with 100F/TMP/Ag, Ag or chlorhexidine gluconate for 24 h. The antibiofilm effect was evaluated by colony-forming unit counting and Scanning Electron Microscopy. ResultsThe nanocomposite reduced 43.0% of %SH and was similar with samples treated with 225F, 100F/TMP and 100/TMP/Ag. The attribute of F and/or TMP in reducing ΔKHN in 5–20 μm was not affected by the addiction of Ag (110F = 225F = 100F/TMP = 100F/TMP/Ag > Negative Control). Further, 100F/TMP/Ag strongly reduced viable cells of S. mutans in dual biofilms (∼5 log10cm2) and structurally affected the biofilms. ConclusionThe 100F/TMP/F promoted a protective effect against enamel demineralization and was able to significantly inhibit the growth of biofilms of S. mutans and C. albicans. Clinical significanceThe focus on prevention and non-invasive dental treatment is the most effective and least costly way to improve the population's oral health conditions. We present a nanocomposite for a multiple approach in prevention of caries.

Effectiveness of Nanoparticle-Based Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride (APF) Gel on Surface Enamel Fluoride Uptake: an Interventional Study.

Statement of the Problem: Despite topical fluoride being used for over 50 years in caries prevention, its complete potential in terms of formation of fluorapatite enamel and prolonged surface retention has not been harnessed.Purpose: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of nanoparticle based acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel on surface enamel fluoride uptake through split mouth design over a period of six months, on patients undergoing orthodontic treatment and indicated for bilateral extraction of premolars on at least one of the arch.Materials and Method: A split mouth non randomized clinical trial was performed. Each of the 30 participants received one application of 4 minutes duration of both the intervention: Right half of the mouth received nanoparticle based APF gel, and left half of the mouth received conventional APF gel (16 Oz Pascal Corp.; strawberry flavor). Bilateral acid etch biopsy of enamel surface was take at 3 intervals- baseline,24 hours and 30 days. Using 1ml of 0.5M perchloric acid, acid etch enamel biopsy was taken for all the study subjects at 3 intervals of time (baseline, 24 hours and 30 days), bilaterally on the buccal and palatal/lingual surface of maxillary or mandibular premolars indicated for extraction, using 1 (l of 0.5M perchloric acid. After the premolars were extracted, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was done to determine the surface characteristics of enamel in both groups.Results: Overall, both fluoride uptake and depth of biopsy remained significant even after controlling for the covariates (time, group) individually and simultaneously (p< 0.05). Further analysis showed that fluoride uptake was significantly increased and biopsy depth significantly decreased in the nanoparticle based APF gel group at 24 hour and 30 day evaluation respectively.Conclusion: By reducing the size of sodium fluoride to increase the surface enamel uptake, our results support the use of this top down approach as a promising strategy for effective delivery of topical fluorides. This highlights that the top down approach of nanoscience to reduce the size active compound sodium fluoride has increased the uptake and retention of surface enamel fluoride.

Fluoride and calcium release from peppermint-flavored fluoride varnish containing dicalcium-phosphate-dihydrate coated with xylitol

Bakground: Fluoride varnish with high initial fluoride and calcium release can help patients with high-risk caries. Ample quantities of free fluoride and calcium ions in the oral cavity can enhance enamel remineralization. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate coated with xylitol (DCPD-xylitol), in fluoride varnish, on the release of fluoride and calcium ions in the oral cavity. Materials and methodsDCPD powder with xylitol was synthesized by preparing a 60% xylitol solution and mixed it with DCPD solution. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature and dried at 80 °C for 18 h to reduce the water content. Then, the powder was used in the formulation of peppermint-flavored fluoride varnish as an active agent. The amounts of fluoride and calcium ion released in deionized water at 37 °C for 6 h were assessed with an ion-selective electrode. The cumulative fluoride and calcium ion release data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Tukey test with α = 0.05. ResultsThe results showed that the addition of DCPD coated with xylitol provided better bioavailability of the ions than DCPD without coating. Peppermint-flavored fluoride varnish (PFFV) with DCPD-xylitol 1% gave the highest fluoride ion release (296.90 mg/L) compared to the varnishes with other xylitol concentrations and the positive control. In contrast, PFFV DCPD-xylitol 5% afforded the highest calcium ion release at 111.20 mg/L. ConclusionsThis study concluded that xylitol affects the bioavailability of free fluoride and calcium ions in varnishes. However, the efficacy of fluoride and calcium uptake in enamel and under different in vitro media conditions requires further investigation.

Fluoride bioavailability on demineralized enamel by commercial mouth rinses.

The ability of mouth rinses, available in the international market, to form reaction products on demineralized enamel (bioavailability test) was evaluated in vitro. Nine mouth rinses purchased in Chile were evaluated; eight formulated with NaF (one containing 100 µg F/mL and seven containing 226) and one with Na2FPO3 (226 µg F/mL as ion F). Demineralized enamel slabs (n=15 per mouth rinse) were sectioned; one half was subjected to the assigned mouth rinse treatment for 10 min and the other half was used to obtain baseline data. Loosely bound and firmly bound fluoride formed on enamel were determined with an ion-specific electrode and the values were expressed in µg F/cm2. The concentration of fluoride and the pH of the mouth rinses were previously determined. Concentrations of loosely bound and firmly bound fluoride formed on enamel were independently analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=5%). The loosely bound and firmly bound fluoride concentrations (µg F/cm2) formed ranged from 3.2 to 36.2 and 0.4 to 1.7, respectively. Loosely bound fluoride formed on enamel was significantly more effective in discriminating the effect of different commercial mouth rinses than firmly bound fluoride. Mouth rinses with 226 ppm F as NaF and low pH presented significantly greater bioavailability of fluoride on enamel than those with higher pH or lower NaF concentration. The mouth rinse with Na2FPO3 showed low reactivity. Although further studies are necessary, the findings showed that commercial fluoride-containing mouth rinses have important variations in enamel fluoride bioavailability, which may result in differences on anticaries efficacy.

THE EFFECT OF AVERRHOA BILIMBI L (BELIMBING WULUH) GEL EXTRACT ON INCREASING THE DEGREE OF THE TEETH BRIGHTNESS (IN VIVO)

Discoloration (extrinsic and intrinsic) reduce the beauty of someone's appearance and confidence. Discoloration affected the increased aesthetic treatment needs in dentistry. Discoloration can be treated by teeth whitening procedures. Teeth whitening can be done with dental bleaching from the application of chemicals on the surface of the teeth. However, dental bleaching has side effects such as reduce the amount of calcium, phosphate and fluoride in tooth enamel, reduce enamel hardness, enamel surface roughness, and dental hypersensitivity. Belimbing wuluh is one of the herbal ingredients to minimise the risk; it contains oxalic acid, a natural peroxide compound. This study purposed to determine the effect of belimbing wuluh gel extract in increasing the degree of teeth brightness colour by in vivo in rabbits. This study used an experimental analytic method with 27 rabbits' incisors, divided into three groups: 50% belimbing wuluh gel, 40% oxalic acid gel, and negative control group. Rabbits' incisors were previously coated in a transparent varnish on the specified area. Teeth bleaching is done for 4 hours in 14 days. Colour measurements used camera and ring-light, which MATLAB will convert. The data were analysed statistically with One way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc NSK test (p &lt;0.05). The result showed that belimbing wuluh gel extract caused an increase in the teeth colour's brightness (p = 0.0030). So, it can be concluded that belimbing wuluh gel extract affects increasing the degree of teeth brightness.

Fluoride bioavailability on demineralized enamel by commercial mouthrinses.

The ability of mouthrinses, available in the international market, to form reaction products on demineralized enamel (bioavailability test) was evaluated in vitro. Nine mouthrinses purchased in Chile were evaluated; eight formulated with NaF (one containing 100 µg F/mL and seven containing 226) and one with Na2FPO3 (226 µg F/mL as ion FPO3 ). Demineralized enamel slabs (n=15 per mouthrinse) were sectioned; one half was subjected to the assigned mouthrinse treatment for 10 min and the other half was used to obtain baseline data. Loosely bound and firmly bound fluoride formed on enamel were determined with an ion-specific electrode and the values were expressed in µg F/cm2. The concentration of fluoride and the pH of the mouthrinses were previously determined. Concentrations of loosely bound and firmly bound fluoride formed on enamel were independently analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=5%). The loosely bound and firmly bound fluoride concentrations formed ranged from 3.2 to 36.2 and 0.4 to 1.7, respectively. Loosely bound fluoride formed on enamel was significantly more effective in discriminating the effect of different commercial mouthrinses than firmly bound fluoride. Mouthrinses with 226 ppm F as NaF and low pH presented significantly greater bioavailability of fluoride on enamel than those with higher pH or lower NaF concentration. The mouthrinse with Na2FPO3 showed low reactivity. Although further studies are necessary, the findings showed that commercial fluoride-containing mouthrinses have important variations in enamel fluoride bioavailability, which may result in differences on anticaries efficacy.

Influence of fluoride preparations for the prevention of dental caries on the enamel solubility

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of popular fluorine-containing caries prophylactic drugs by determining the level of solubility of tooth enamel in laboratory conditions. For testing fluorine-containing preparations, three observation groups were formed: Group I - using the preparation with the content of fluorides 4%; Group II - with a preparation for deep fluoridation of enamel, consisting of a liquid saturated with fluorine, copper and magnesium, as well as a suspension of calcium hydroxide; Group III - with a three-component gel based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) the content of fluorides 1.5%. The study was carried out by using the method of «enamel windows» and modeling in the laboratory the processes of both natural and pathological solubility of tooth enamel and determining the level of its solubility by analyzing the decalcifying solution of the oral fluid for the content of calcium and phosphorus ions in it. In the course of the study of fluorinated karyoprophylactic preparations on the enamel surface, according to the observation group, the most active karyoprophylactic fluorinated compositions were identified. The data obtained from laboratory studies allow us to formulate clear recommendations for practical health care for the most effective use of the properties of the tested fluorine-containing drugs for prophylactic purposes or in relation to the therapy of focal demineralization of enamel: to obtain the most effective result of the prevention of dental caries in the conditions of practical dental treatment, we recommend applying gel fluoride preparations, and in the treatment of initial caries of the enamel of the teeth, give preference to systems for deep fluoridation of the enamel of the teeth.

Enamel remineralization potential of arginine-fluoride varnish in a multi-species bacterial pH-cycling model

ObjectivesTo examine the enamel fluoride uptake and remineralization potential of arginine-fluoride (Arg-NaF) varnishes in a simulated clinical condition using a multi-species bacterial pH-cycling model. MethodsL-Arginine (at 1 %, 2 %, and 4 % by wt.) was incorporated in a 5 % NaF varnish. Experimental and control groups were: 1 % Arg-NaF; 2 % Arg-NaF; 4 % Arg-NaF; NaF and no treatment. Artificial incipient caries-like lesions were formed on 30 enamel specimen blocks (n = 6). The specimens underwent multi-species bacterial pH-cycling in an artificial mouth system using oral biofilm reactor for 72 h after treatment. The specimens were evaluated for mineral density using micro-CT, Ca/P ratio with SEM-EDX, enamel fluoride uptake (EFU) and plaque fluoride uptake (PFU). ResultsIncreasing concentrations of Arg in NaF varnish significantly increased the EFU of incipient caries-like lesions (p < 0.001). The PFU for 1 % Arg-NaF was significantly higher than 4 % Arg-NaF and the control NaF (p < 0.05). Post pH-cycling, Ca/P ratio with 1 %/2 % Arg-NaF was closest to hydroxyapatite (1.67). Mineral gain and % remineralization of 1 %/2 % Arg-NaF was significantly higher than the control NaF varnish (p < 0.05). ConclusionThe prebiotic L-arginine (at 1 %/2 % by wt.) in a 5 % NaF varnish enhanced the enamel fluoride uptake and remineralization potential of the conventional 5 % NaF varnish. Clinical significanceThe Arg-NaF varnish addresses the limitations of fluorides on cariogenic biofilms. The Arg-NaF varnish appears a promising caries-preventive regimen that counters the pathogenic biofilms by Arg and promotes remineralization with fluorides. In high caries-risk patients, professional application of Arg-NaF varnish might aid to alleviate the global burden of dental caries.

Comparison of Enamel Fluoride Uptake from Five Fluoride-Containing Topical Treatment Products

Topical fluoride treatments have been established to reduce caries in children by as much as 25 percent [1]. Alongside fluoridated water supplies and fluoride-containing toothpaste, products specifically designed for fluoride delivery including varnishes, gels, and foams have become widespread. By introducing fluoride into outer layers of enamel (that is, 6-8% replacement of OH- by F - in hydroxyapatite) [2], the fluoridated apatite (fluorapatite) has been shown to be more resistant to acid attack than untreated enamel and inhibit bacterial enzymes [3]. Furthermore, 5% NaF varnishes have been demonstrated to improve surface micro-hardness of enamel by incorporating fluoride and phosphate into the mineral structure [4]. Fluoride varnishes have been found to be as cariostatically efficacious as other preventive agents across numerous laboratory and clinical studies [5].

Effectiveness of a Novel Dentifrice Containing Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide, Sarkosyl, and Sodium Fluoride.

This in vitro study evaluated the effectiveness of a novel dentifrice containing stabilized chlorine dioxide, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (sarkosyl), and sodium fluoride in enhancing enamel fluoride uptake, remineralization, pellicle cleaning and inhibiting biofilm regrowth. Remineralization was measured by fluoride uptake and surface microhardness assessment tests. Artificial stains were removed and scored based on pellicle cleaning ratio. Biofilm regrowth was measured by counting colonies on the agar plates. All studies were conducted using bovine teeth specimens. The efficacy of Toothpaste C (CloSYS anticavity toothpaste) was compared with United States Pharmacopoeia Reference Dentifrice, Toothpaste B (discontinued CloSYS anticavity toothpaste formulation) and leading commercial toothpastes. The enamel fluoride uptake and remineralization by Toothpaste C was 96.1% to 303.3% and 38.0% to 102.4% higher than the tested toothpastes, respectively. The mean pellicle cleaning ratio of Toothpaste C was similar to American Dental Association Reference Material. Toothpaste C had a significant reduction in regrowth of the oral polymicrobial biofilm compared to the control. All tested toothpastes contained 0.24% sodium fluoride. Toothpaste C exhibited significantly superior performance towards fluoride uptake and remineralization compared to the tested toothpastes. Therefore, toothpaste ingredients other than sodium fluoride accounted for the enhanced fluoride uptake and remineralization.

Time-dependent effects after enamel fluoride application on an acid etching system in orthodontic bracket bonding.

This study investigated the effectiveness of acid etching and bond strength in an orthodontic bonding system in accordance with various time periods after 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel applications. APF gel was applied on the enamel surface of bovine teeth, which were assigned to group F0. The tooth specimens were then immersed in distilled water for 1 (F1), 7 (F7), 14 (F14), 21 (F21) and 28 (F28) days. A group without fluoride pretreatment was a control group. All groups were etched with 35% phosphoric acid and evaluated using a surface hardness tester and scanning electron microscope (SEM). A shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed using a universal testing machine, and the bond failure modes were also examined. After the 1.23% APF gel treatment, the hardness of the acid-etched enamel surface decreased as the immersion period increased. SEM images of the test groups showed etched patterns similar to control group as the immersion period increased. The SBS increased with increasing immersion period, whereas group F21 was not significantly different from the control group. Relatively high adhesive remnant index scores were identified as the ageing period increased. The present study indicated that in order to obtain suitable bond strength, it is recommended to use an acid etching-based bonding system for the fixation of orthodontic appliances on the enamel surface 21days after the use of APF gel. Fluoride pre-treatment interferes with the acid etching effects on enamel, causing a reduction in the bond strength with orthodontic brackets.