EN ISO Research Articles

Evaluation of a novel polymer solar collector using numerical and experimental methods

The presented research deals with an experimental and numerical evaluation of the thermal characteristics of a novel prototype polymer solar collector design. The experimental part comprises an alternative approach for determining the optical characteristics of polymer materials and measurements of thermal efficiency. Functional dependency of thermal efficiency on solar radiation, working fluid and air temperature is computed. In order to validate the numerical model built in the ANSYS FLUENT software package, simulations are performed on a segment of the polymer solar collector, and the findings are correlated with the experimental ones. The efficiency curve is determined for a whole collector consisting of eight analysed segments. The obtained efficiency of the proposed polymer collector design is 20% lower relative to the state-of-the-art flat plate collector during the typical summer operating regime. A parametric numerical analysis of a polymer solar collector is carried out to evaluate the influence of design and operating parameters on thermal performances and to provide design improvement guidelines. In addition, stagnation temperature measurements are conducted in accordance with EN ISO 9806:2017 when a stagnation temperature of 125.1 °C is recorded after the application of overheating protection measures.

Fluorination of PVC medical devices to prevent plasticizers migration

Medical devices (MD) are often made of plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC). However, plasticizers may leach out into infused solutions and expose the patients to a toxic risk. The aim of the present work is to fluorinate plasticized PVC tubular MDs to create a barrier layer on their internal surface, and to study the impact of such a chemical treatment on the migration of the plasticizers. Following fluorination by pure molecular fluorine, the physico-chemical characterization of these modified MDs was carried out using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques or tensile tests, evidencing the formation of covalent C-F bonds on the surface of the treated samples without modification of their mechanical and optical properties. The migration of plasticizers from fluorinated MDs was assessed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and was found considerably decreased in comparison with the pristine MDs. After 24 h, the amount of tri-octyltrimellitate plasticizer (TOTM) detected in migrates from fluorinated MDs was even lower than the limit of quantification. Complementary cytotoxicity assays were performed according to the ISO EN 10993-5 standard, showing that the new fluorinated material does not cause a cytotoxic effect on L929 cells.

Development- and Validation-Improved Metrological Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Impurities and Ash Content from Biofuels

In this study, five laboratories, namely, BRML (Romania), TUBITAK UME (Turkey), IMBIH (Bosnia and Herzegovina), BAM (Germany), and DTI (Denmark), developed and validated analytical procedures by ICP-MS, ICP-OES, MWP-AES, WD-XRF, and ID-MS for the determination of inorganic impurities in solid and liquid biofuels, established the budget of uncertainties, and developed the method for determining the amount of ash in the measurement range 0–1.2% with absolute repeatability less than 0.1% and absolute reproducibility of 0.2% (according to EN ISO 18122). In order to create homogeneous certified reference materials, improved methodologies for the measurement and characterization of solid and liquid biofuels were developed. Thus, information regarding the precision, accuracy, and bias of the method, and identifying the factors that intervened in the measurement of uncertainty were experimentally determined, supplementing the information from the existing standards in the field.

Selection of Parameters for Optimized WAAM Structures for Civil Engineering Applications.

Using the CMT (Cold Metal Transfer, F. Fronius, Upper Austria) welding process, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) enables companies to fabricate steel components in a resource-saving manner (additive vs. subtractive) by properly reinforcing existing steel components. Two fundamental questions are discussed in the current work. The first focus is on the general geometric possibilities offered by this process. The influence of various parameters, such as wire feed speed, travel speed, and torch inclination on the seam shape and build-up rate are presented. The microstructure of the manufactured components is evaluated through metallography and hardness testing. Based on the first results, print strategies are developed for different requirements. Moreover, suitable process parameter sets are recommended in terms of energy input per unit length, weld integrity and hardness distribution. The second focus is on testing and determining joint properties by analyzing the microhardness of the welded structures. The chosen parameter sets will be investigated, and steel quality equivalents according to ÖNORM EN ISO 18265 will be defined.

ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF HIGHLY ELASTIC POLYURETHANE FOAM VAPEN HR 3744

Within this research, testing of the acoustic properties of polyurethane foam samples was conducted. The measurement of the absorption coefficient was performed using the transfer function method in an impedance tube, according to the SRPS EN ISO 10534-2:2008 standard. The tested samples represent highly elastic polyurethane foam of low density, with sample thickness ranging from 10 mm to 100 mm. The research results indicate the potential application of polyurethane foam in areas that require efficient sound insulation or noise control, particularly in the mid-frequency range. Therefore, polyurethane foam can be considered an excellent material with acoustic properties that exceed expectations within the given frequency range.

Application of grape seed coating for antibacterial cotton fabric

Microorganisms can reproduce rapidly on textile surfaces. It is known that textile surfaces used especially in hospitals cause the spread of infections and pose a danger. In recent years, instead of synthetic and heavy metal applications, the interest in obtaining environmentally friendly and natural plant-based antibacterial materials and textile applications has been increasing day by day. Grape skins and seeds, rich in polyphenolic compounds, are waste products from winemaking. The evaluation of such waste products is of great importance. In this study, grape seed, which is stated to have antibacterial activity in many studies, was applied to cotton textile material with the coating method and it was aimed to gain antibacterial properties to the fabric. As a result of the colour fastness tests performed according to the ISO 105-C06 standard, it was not observed that the coating process had a negative effect on the washing fastness of the fabrics. The wash fastness value of all coated fabrics is 5. As a result of the washing fastness test, it was seen that the coated fabrics were resistant to washing. As a result of the friction fastness tests performed according to the TS EN ISO 105-X12 standard, it was observed that the coated fabrics were resistant to friction. When the breaking strength and breaking elongation values of the coated fabrics were examined as a result of the strength test performed according to the TS EN ISO 13934-1 standard, it was observed that the tensile strength and elongation at break of the coated fabrics increased. Antibacterial tests against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria were performed on treated fabrics according to the AATCC 100 antibacterial test method. It is obtained as a result of the coating process for 60% coverage. As a result of the coating process, better results were obtained against E.coli bacteria. It was observed that the antibacterial properties improved as the coating rate increased. As a result of the tests, antibacterial activity was provided against both bacteria. An acceptable level of antibacterial activity was detected in the antibacterial tests of the washed fabrics.

Особености на материалите, участващи в кално-каменните порои в Кресненското дефиле, ЮЗ България

Debris flow events periodically occur in the northern part of the Kresna Gorge, SW Bulgaria. Most of them damage the infrastructure and block the traffic along the National Route E79. In the present paper, we analyze the physical properties of the materials involved in debris flow transportation and sedimentation. Samples taken from events in 2017 and 2021 were studied. Plasticity properties were found in the materials deposited in and near the alluvial fan. The plasticity index is up to 23.4% according to BDS EN ISO 17892-12. The particle size composition of the samples shows a predominance of gravelly sand and sandy gravel materials according to the BDS EN ISO 14688-2 standard. The samples taken from the transport zone are defined as gravel and less commonly as sandy gravel. The sand content in them is lower – from 5.3 to 48.5% (average 21.5%) than in the samples taken from the source area and accumulation zone, where the average values are 43.8% and 47.4%, respectively. In the accumulation zone, the quantity of sand content also increases – the average value is 14.1%, while in the source and transport zones it is 6.6% and 8.2%, respectively. The debris flows materials are polydisperse, with dominantly angular and subangular roundness. The coarser grains are accumulated within the stream channel. The finer grains (silty and clayey) are more common in the periphery of the accumulation zone (alluvial fan).

Токсиколого-гігієнічна оцінка сучасних засобів захисту органів дихання від респіраторних інфекцій

One of the leading places among medical products in terms of application is occupied by surgical and protective, disposable masks, designed for protection and prevention of diseases that are transmitted by air. Aim. Conduct an analysis of samples of protective and surgical masks to determine the possibility of their use as intended. Materials and Мethods. Examination of medical and surgical masks of various manufacturers in accordance with the requirements of the Technical Regulations on medical products (Cabinet Resolution No. 753 dated 02.10.2013). Results. Modern methodological approaches to assessing the degree of potential risk of medical products are based on the study of toxicological characteristics and sanitary-chemical indicators in accordance with the requirements of DSTU ISO 10993-1:2015, namely: determination of the spectrum of potential biological risk factors (cytotoxicity, skin-irritating and sensitizing effects), bactericidal filtration; determination of the qualitative and quantitative composition of chemicals (phenol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde) in accordance with the requirements of DSTU EN ISO 10993-12:2015 and DSTU EN ISO 10993-13:2015; determination of breathability, durability against splashes, in accordance with the requirements (DSTU EN 14683:2014 "Surgical masks. Requirements and test methods"). The specified indicators make it possible to determine the possibilities of using medical products ‒ medical masks, are mandatory and are measured by the institutions of the Derzhspozhivstandard of Ukraine. Conclusions. Modern methods of sanitary and chemical research make it possible to study the processes of migration of components and degradation products from the materials of medical masks into simulated environments, to identify the composition of migrating chemical compounds, to study the degradation products of polymers, and to determine the scope of further toxicological studies. Keywords: biological safety, means of individual protection of respiratory organs, surgical and protective masks.

Investigation of the Manufacturing Orientation Impact on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Elements in the Fused Filament Fabrication Process.

This article examines the mechanical properties and compatibility of selected composite materials produced with RP technology and the FFF-fused filament fabrication process. The article scales sophisticated modern materials based on PLA-polylactic acid-plastic and its composite variants. The research is carried out on the 3D FFF printer Felix 3.1 with a dual extruder, which works on the "open-source" principle. In this research, elements of the paradigm and methodology of the processing technology for RP were applied; they were implemented according to EN ISO 527 and ISO 2602 standards. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of 3D-printing strategy on the mechanical properties of 5 types of PLA composites. The results of this research solve the material compatibility problem, primarily through experimental testing of different combinations of filaments in different printing directions. Analysis of the experimental data showed correlations between the choice of printing strategy and mechanical properties, mainly tensile strength of the selected filaments. The research results show the influence of the printing orientation on mechanical properties of 3D printed samples: parts extruded in length orientation showed higher values of tensile strength compared to parts made in width and height. The CarbonPLA material exhibited 10 times higher tensile strength when printed in length compared to samples.

VERIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY OF THE HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF HISTAMINE IN FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS

The aim of the study is to present the experimental results obtained during the verification of the HPLC method for determining the histamine content in fish and fishery products for three types of fish and fishery products and to estimate measurement uncertainty of the method. The method for determining the amount of histamine in fish and fishery products is verified according to BAS EN ISO 19343:2017. The following parameters of the verification method were evaluated: influence of the matrix/linearity, limit of quantification, accuracy and precision. Measurement uncertainty of the method was estimated for three types of fish (tuna, mackerel and sardines). Linearity was confirmed in the concentrations range from 0 mg kg-1 to 500 mg kg-1 with correlation coefficients from 0.9925 to 0.9999. The limit of quantification for all three types of fish is 10 mg kg-1. The accuracy was evaluated by analyzing the control materials through recovery and the average value is 96.61%. The precision was evaluated in terms of repeatability and reproducibility at three concentration levels for three types of fish and was expressed as the repeatability limit r and the reproducibility limit R. The reproducibility limits R for tuna are 15.96 to 24.89%, for mackerel 12.80 to 23.04%, and for sardines from 10.25 to 32.17%. The measurement uncertainty was estimated at three concentration levels 25 mg kg-1, 100 mg kg-1 and 220 mg kg-1 and was 17.78 mg kg-1, 11.40 mg kg-1 and 13.88 mg kg-1 for tuna, 16.46 mg kg-1, 12.56 mg kg-1 and 9.14 mg kg-1 for mackerel and 22.98 mg kg-1, 12.70 mg kg-1 and 7.32 mg kg-1 for sardines. The obtained results of the verification parameters are in accordance with the prescribed and recommended acceptance criteria, and confirm that the test method is sufficiently reliable and the laboratory can use it in routine work.

MICROBIOLOGICAL PURITY IN FOOD CHAIN

In addition to microbiological criteria for food (food safety criteria and hygiene criteria in the production process), microbiological purity criteria are a very important link in the microbiology of the food chain. Swab samples of equipment, devices, accessories, work surfaces, work clothes and hands of workers engaged in production, processing and traffic in facilities and vehicles that come into contact with food, and where there is a risk of the appearance and spread of an infectious disease, were used for testing. The examined samples originated from facilities for the production, processing and distribution of food, restaurants and other catering facilities where food is served, educational and social protection facilities (accommodation facilities) and vehicles that come into contact with food. The study was carried out during year 2020 and included 2,958 samples. Laboratory analysis of swab samples was performed using BAS EN ISO 4833-1:2014, BAS EN ISO 21528-2:2018, BAS EN ISO 11290-1:2018 and BAS EN ISO 6579-1:2018 methods. The aim of the study is to assess the microbiological purity in the food chain. Of the total number of analyzed swab samples, 94.22% were satisfactory, and 5.78% were unsatisfactory. Observed in relation to the total number of analyzed samples, 77.19% of the samples were unsatisfactory due to the increased number of aerobic microorganisms at 30°C, and 22.81% due to the increased number of Enterobacteriaceae. Pathogens Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not isolated in any swab sample. The obtained results indicate that the general level of hygiene in the production and distribution of food is at a high level, especially due to the absence of pathogens Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes, but that there is still a risk of contamination by Enterobacteriaceae, which are indicators of the hygiene of the production process.

The Stability of the Chitosan Coating on Polyester Fabric in the Washing Process

The sensitivity of chitosan to environmental conditions and processing conditions can stress its structure and cause degradation of this polymer on various application carriers. The stability of chitosan in a designed textile structure of standard polyester fabric with chitosan was analysed in a multiple washing process with a standard detergent by studying the properties before and after 10 washing cycles. The chitosan was coated on standard and alkali treated polyester fabrics. Washing was performed with an ECE A reference detergent at 60 °C according to the Standard protocol HRN EN ISO 6330 in 10 cycles. The washing stability of chitosan onto polyester fabrics was monitored by a staining test, zeta potential, breaking force, breaking elongation, pilling propensity, touch, whiteness, moisture transport, antimicrobial activity and morphological features. The staining test confirmed the wash stability of chitosan coated on alkali hydrolised polyester fabrics, while the chitosan coated on standard polyester fabric disappeared. Zeta potential proved to be the significant parameter for determining chitosan` stability. The tensile properties of fabric samples were harmonised with other characterisation parameters. Coating of polyester fabric with chitosan increased the elasticity of all samples. The antimicrobial activity of polyester fabrics coated with chitosan against Staphylococcus aureus was reduced by 20% after 10 washing cycles. All the characterisation parameters proved that polyester fabric as a chitosan carrier should be surface modified for designing a stable bioactive textile structure of chitosan and polyester.

WATER IN FOOD INDUSTRY – MICROBIOLOGICAL REVIEW

Water is used in different ways in the production of food, thus becoming a part of food. Washing water in the food industry can be a source of bacterial contamination and further endanger the quality and safety of food. The research included samples of water used in the food industry. The study includes 192 samples, of which 75% are from water supply and 25% from wells. Laboratory testing of water was carried out using BAS EN ISO 6222, BAS EN ISO 9308 and BAS EN ISO 7899-2 methods. The aim of the study is to determine the microbiological status of water in the food industry. The study determined 79.69% satisfactory samples and 20.31% unsatisfactory water samples. In relation to the tested parameters, in 12.50% of the samples, an increased number of microorganisms was found at 22°C, while in 10.42% of the samples, an increased number of microorganisms was found at 37°C. When it comes to hygiene indicators, 8.85% of unsatisfactory samples were due to the presence of intestinal enterococci, and 5.73% of unsatisfactory samples were due to the presence of Escherichia coli and coliforms. Considering the presence of coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci in water used in the food industry, there is a risk of microbiological contamination of food through water. This is particularly significant considering the share of well water in relation to the total water used in the food industry.

Mechanical Characterisation and Simulation of the Tensile Behaviour of Polymeric Additively Manufactured Lattice Structures

BackgroundThe mechanical properties of lattice structures have been primarily investigated using uniaxial compression loads. Particularly for polymers, tensile properties are rarely considered because of the difficulties of defining a suitable specimen design in which the fracture occurs within the gauge length.ObjectiveThis work proposes a novel formulation to obtain a specimen for the tensile test with a gradation of the lattice density at the interface with the bulk portion, which realises a uniform stress distribution. The aim is to combine a localisation of the fracture in the gauge length with a specimen geometry accomplishing the EN ISO 527 standard and analyse the correlation between the mechanical performance and the defects induced by the process on such thin structures.MethodsThe formulation is experimentally and numerically (FEM) tested by designed specimens with different cell topology, cell size, strut diameter, and number of cells in the sample thickness. Also, results from uniaxial compression tests are used to validate the tensile properties. The specimens are manufactured in different orientations in the building volume by laser powder bed fusion with Polyamide 12. The effects of the pores morphology, distribution, and inherent anisotropy are investigated using X-ray computed tomography analysis. This data is also used to tune a numerical model.ResultsThe numerical analysis showed a uniform stress distribution; experimentally, the fracture is localised inside the gauge length in respect of the ISO standard. Remarkably, among the different strut-based architectures, the elongation at break is, in the best case, 50% of the corresponding bulk material, while the tensile strengths are comparable. Vertical printed specimens exhibited a slight decrease in tensile strength, and the elongation at break was lower than 50% compared to the counterparts built along the horizontal orientation. Modifying the numerical model according to process-related dimensional deviations between the actual and the nominal structures significantly improved the numerical results. The remaining deviation highlighted the incorrectness of modelling the lattice material from the bulk properties.ConclusionDensity gradation is a reliable approach for describing the tensile behaviour of polymeric lattice structures. However, the lower amount of porosity and the different shape in the lattice led to a different material mechanical performance with respect to the corresponding bulk counterpart. Therefore, for polymeric lattice structures, the relationship between process-design-material appears crucial for correctly representing the structure behaviour.

Regarding the possibility of using the SEVNB method to determine the fracture resistance of glass

Background. Today, methods have been developed that take into account the of the feature initiation and development of cracks in the material during fracture, and the corresponding calculation equations have been proposed. However, the problem of reliably determining the fracture resistance of glass is relevant and requires attention when creating responsible elements of constructions. Objective. Solving the problem of the possibility of determining the fracture resistance of glass of different chemical composition by the SEVNB method, checking the reliability of the obtained results by comparing them with data from literary sources. Methods. The SEVNB method consisted in testing of the standard sample with an applied stress concentrator in the form of a V-notch under three or four-point bending. Results. The values of the critical stress intensity factor of the studied glasses were determined within 0.5...1.0 MPa·m1/2. The subject of research was silicate float glass for technical purposes (soda-lime glass), quartz (fused silica glass) and optical (heavy flint SF5) glass. Conclusions. The obtained values of the fracture resistance of the glasses were conformed with the known literary data of its determination according to the IF method common in practice. It has been shown that the SEVNB method can be used to determine the fracture resistance of glasses provided that all the testing requirements specified in BS EN ISO 23146:2016 are met. The research method allows obtaining results with tolerable accuracy and can be considered open and relatively simple for its using in scientific research and production spheres.

Prospects of thermal comfort management process automation

Purpose. Increasing the efficiency of the building's energy system by taking into account the interrelationship of energy sources, thermal protection, indicators of thermal comfort and microclimate parameters of the premises. Taking into account the changes in the requirements of the European Union for indoor temperature and modern economic challenges, the main goal is to develop a system for automatic control of thermal comfort in a given temperature range with minimization of energy costs. Today, there are already many installed heating and cooling air systems. Based on this, the development of a universal device for maintaining thermal comfort in the room is promising. The methods. To conduct an analysis of the developed approaches to increase the efficiency of the energy system of the building in terms of thermal comfort, to determine the features and possibilities of the energy analysis of heat and taking into account the limitations of human thermal comfort. Findings. The proposed structure of the thermal comfort regulator will make it possible to develop a universal regulator that can be used in heating and air cooling systems, or in combined systems. Improving the quality of indoor temperature control can be achieved by directly managing thermal comfort based on the predicted average PMV score and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied PDD. The originality. Typical approaches to managing indoor comfort based on temperature do not take into account radiation, humidity, air speed, clothing and user load, which leads to both the creation of uncomfortable conditions and excessive use of energy resources. For the first time, in accordance with DSTU B EN ISO 7730:2011, the structure of the thermal comfort control system was proposed, its input and output parameters and ways of obtaining non-measurable parameters were defined. The control system based on the predicted average PMV score and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied PDD determines the level of thermal comfort in the room and reduces the number of dissatisfied users. Management based on the predicted average PMV score ensures a reduction in the use of energy resources while maintaining the minimum acceptable thermal comfort indicators. Practical implementation. The resulting structure can be used in the development of new thermal comfort control systems. Taking into account the presence of a large number of already existing heating and air cooling systems, it is proposed to use thermal comfort regulators to improve the quality of their functioning. The proposed approach through the use of the thermal comfort model will make it possible to determine the heating needs under different comfort conditions, reduce the energy consumption of the building without harming human health, and assess the possibility of increasing energy efficiency by changing the comfort conditions, thermal protection parameters and the microclimate of the premises.

BIO31: Novel Size-Variable Dedicated Rodent Oxygenator for ECLS Animal Models – Introduction of the “Ratox” Oxygenator and Preliminary In-Vitro Results

Introduction: Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) grows in relevance. However, the survival rate of ECLS remains low, overall at around 60 %, mostly due to hemocompatibility issues. Research and development in the field is slow due to several factors, including the lack of sophisticated experimental platforms and models. This publication introduces a rodent–sized oxygenator module (“RatOx”) to enable early and large–scale in–vitro and in–vivo studies, followed by preliminary in–vitro classification tests on gas transfer performance. The oxygenator is designed to allow extensive in–vitro testing with donated human blood as well as economic and reproducible in–vivo testing for fundamental research. Materials and Methods: The novel RatOx’ main feature is the adaptable fiber module size suitable for various rodents like mice, rats, or hamsters. The effective membrane surface area is variable between approximately 10 cm2 and 600 cm2. The priming volume, and hence the hemodilution of the supported small animal, is kept at a minimum. Any type of semipermeable hollow fiber with any surface modification or coating can be mounted. The housing is transparent, hemocompatible, sterilizable and reusable. Oxygen transfer and carbon dioxide transfer over the oxygenator membrane were tested for different blood flows and fiber module sizes according to DIN EN ISO 7199. Similar experiments were conducted by an independent laboratory to test the transferability of the system to other institutions. Results: At the maximum possible amount of effective fiber surface and a blood flow of 100 ml/min, the oxygenator performance has been tested to a maximum of 5.5 ml O2/min and –5.5 ml CO2/min, respectively. For the same operating point, results from the independent laboratory showed transfer rates of 6.27 ml O2/min and –8.2 ml CO2/min, respectively. The priming volume for this the largest fiber module is 5.4 ml, while the smallest possible configuration with a single fiber mat layer has 1.1 ml of priming volume. Discussion, conclusion and outlook: The novel RatOx ECLS system has been evaluated in–vitro to comply to a high degree with all predefined functionality criteria for rodent–sized animal models. The maximum gas transfer efficacy for full-support-scenarios was measured to be approximately 70–80 % of the intended value pre–defined as the demand of a resting Sprague–Dawley rat. The priming volume translates into an oxygenator–caused hemodilution of approximately 25 %. We intend for the RatOx to become a standard testing platform for scientific studies on ECLS therapy and technology. This presentation includes evidence that this system is variable, yet very robust, allowing cross–lab and cross–model testing.

Toward zero-emission buildings: a case study on a non-residential building in Germany using life cycle assessment and carbon sequestration of green infrastructure

Regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and further environmental impacts, such as acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and pollutants, the building sector plays an essential role in the global transformation toward a climate and environmentally friendly industry. In this paper, a non-residential building in Germany is analyzed regarding various emissions (GHG, AP, EP, pollutants, acoustic, light, and radiation) and the primary energy demand (PERT, PENRT) during its life cycle of 70 years. Life cycle assessment (LCA) according to DIN EN ISO 14040/14044 and DIN EN 15978 is used to determine and allocate the environmental impacts of the building. Building emissions are compared to the compensation potential of the green infrastructure onsite. Based on scenario analysis, recommendations to reduce the building emissions are given. The results show that there are emissions in every life cycle stage of the building. Using green instead of conventional electricity for operational energy reduces GHG emissions, AP, and EP by more than 90%. Emissions that already occurred can only be reduced or compensated slightly: the carbon sequestration of the building’s green infrastructure and its outdoor facilities can compensate nearly 6% of the total GHG emissions. Therefore, the authors claim that strategies to avoid, reduce and compensate emissions should take place in early planning phases to realize zero-emission buildings.

0953 A Novel Active Humidifier for Non-Invasive Ventilated Patients

Abstract Introduction The RespirAq® humidifier is a novel, active heated humidifier that humidifies without the need for additional water. Within milliseconds, the humidifier switches between a super-hydrophilic state to capture moisture during expiration, and a super-hydrophobic state, returning moisture during inspiration. The device delivers gases at 37°C/100% relative humidity to individuals requiring humidification, including those with tracheostomies. We demonstrated the device meets EN ISO 80601 2 74:2020 during bench testing. This study aimed to compare the performance of the novel humidifier with a heated humidifier - HH (MR850™ Fisher & Paykel Healthcare) and a heat and moisture exchanger - HME (DAR™ Covidien) in healthy volunteers during non-invasive ventilation (NIV) using a non-vented full face mask. Methods Ten healthy volunteers were recruited. NIV was performed at different settings (inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) range 5-20cmH20, expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) = 5cmH20) over a one-hour period. Humidity and temperature were collected continuously during the study. Results Sixty per cent of participants were female. Mean age of 35.6 ± 5.89 years (M±SD, n=10). Absolute humidity inside the face mask increased from 22.55 ± 2.41 mg/L without humidification to 30.18 ± 2.07 mg/L with an HME, and 39.09 ± 1.05 mg/L and 38.23 ± 1.78 mg/L when using a water-based heated humidifier and the novel humidifier, respectively. When comparing the performance of the humidification devices head-to-head, the two heated humidifiers significantly outperformed the HME (HME vs Novel = P < 0.0001, HME vs HH = p < 0.0001) and there was no significant difference seen between the two active humidifiers (p =0.2047). Conclusion Results show that the device meets the 12 mg/L absolute humidity established by the EN ISO 80601-2-74:2020 standards and that there is no significant difference in performance compared to traditional heated humidification. This suggests that the novel device can deliver the performance of a heater humidifier at the size, reliability and ease of use of a heat and moisture exchanger. Due to the mechanism of action, droplet/aerosol transmission of COVID-19 may also be mitigated. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings. Support (if any) This research was supported by Tier 2 KiwiNet funding.

Analysis of the Adhesion of the Surface Layer Formed due to Cataphoresis Coating

The paper focuses on the cross-cut test, which serves as a basis for determining the adhesion test on the surface of aluminium parts. The coating adhesion test was performed according to the ISO 2409 standard where. Before carrying out the actual measurement, the tools necessary for making those individual measurements were prepared. A knife, an adhesive tape and a grid were used. The result was evaluated on the basis of the ISO 2409 standard. Spacing of a grid was 2mm apart. Grid exam cut test was carried out on 32 samples. The classification of the samples ranged from 0 to 1. At 1, we found that the surface of the material was slightly damaged. At the scale of 0, a smooth cut was made on the material surface, and no damage occurred. Through research, we found that with a constant chemical degreasing factor, the adhesion test varies according to the EN ISO 2409 standard at values 0 and 1. It follows that if we wanted to achieve worse cutting conditions in the grid, we would have to change the temperature of the solution, the time depositions.