Emulsion Templating Research Articles

Precision Macroporous Monoliths Made Using High‐Throughput Microfluidic Emulsification

Materials with pore sizes ranging from micrometers to millimeters find use in thermal insulation, acoustics, separation, and energy‐related applications. While several routes have been developed to manufacture such macroporous materials, current fabrication technologies remain limited in either scalability or pore size control. Herein, a scalable microfluidic approach is reported to create macroporous materials with precisely controlled pore sizes from monodisperse emulsion templates. Emulsion droplets produced in a parallelized step emulsification device are assembled by gravity and converted into macroporous monoliths by polymerization and drying. Microstructural analysis and model filtration experiments show that the pore windows of the bulk macroporous material can be tightly controlled and used for the size‐selective separation of particles from suspensions. By heat treating macroporous structures of selected compositions, one can also create bulk carbon and silica glass monoliths with unique cellular architectures for potential applications as filters, separation membranes, or catalyst supports.

Enhanced Mechanical and Multifunctional Properties of GNPs/CNTs Hybridized PLA Nanocomposites by Implementing Dual‐Processing of Pickering Emulsion‐Melt Blending Methods

AbstractPolylactic acid (PLA) composites with multifunctional properties and minimal filler content are increasingly in demand across various industries. However, achieving a balance between high mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding remains challenging. In this study, a dual‐processing strategy combining Pickering emulsion templating and melt blending is presented to hybridize 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 2D graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) within a PLA matrix. This approach successfully forms a stable dual‐filler network, ensuring uniform dispersion of the fillers. The results show that this method significantly enhances the performance of the resulting PM‐PGxCy composites (P: Pickering emulsion; M: melt blending; x and y: mass fractions of GNPs and CNTs, respectively). Specifically, the PM‐PG1.43C1.43 composite exhibits remarkable improvements in mechanical strength (56.2 MPa), electrical conductivity (43.5 S m−1), EMI shielding effectiveness (20.1 dB), and thermal conductivity (0.34 W m·K−1), outperforming composites prepared using either method alone. These findings indicate that the dual‐processing strategy effectively combines 1D and 2D fillers, facilitating superior interfacial interactions and enhancing the multifunctional properties of PLA‐based composites. This study offers a new approach to achieving high‐performance PLA composites with low filler content, offering significant potential for applications in electronics, packaging, and EMI shielding technologies.

Single nickel atoms anchored on porous N-doped nanocarbon with dual reaction sites for highly-efficient transfer hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol

The non-precious metal single-atom catalysts (SACs) supported on carbon materials for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (UAL) still suffer from the problems of harsh reaction conditions and low activity. In this work, nickel SACs anchored on porous N-doped nanocarbon (Ni1/NC900) with dual reaction sites were synthesized using the high internal-phase emulsion (HIPE) template method combined with impregnation. The Ni1/NC900 catalyst exhibited remarkable catalytic activity for the CTH of furfural (FF) to furfuryl alcohol (FFA), achieving >99.0 % conversion and selectivity at 100 °C for 60 min, with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 2908.1 h−1, surpassing other reported nickel-based catalysts by 1–3 orders of magnitude. The excellent catalytic performance of Ni1/NC900 was attributed to the high mass transfer efficiency (HMTE) of the support and the dual reaction sites of Ni–N4 and pyridinic N, where Ni–N4 as Lewis acidic site for adsorption of FF and isopropanol (i-PrOH), while the adjacent pyridinic N as Lewis basic site for the deprotonation of i-PrOH. The isotope labeling experiments revealed that the hydrogenation of FF was accomplished by proton transfer with i-PrOH, in agreement with the intermolecular hydride transfer mechanism. Furthermore, Ni1/NC900 demonstrated excellent stability and well general applicability, demonstrating its potential for industrial applications. This work provides a reference for the application of carbon-based non-precious metal SACs in the CTH reaction of UAL.

Synthesis of palygorskite based microspheres for efficient and recyclable simultaneous removal of radioactive iodine and iodide

The valence state of radioactive iodine is abundant and convertible. Therefore, it is crucial to synthesize a cost-effective, recyclable adsorbent that can effectively and simultaneously remove polyvalent radioactive iodine. Polymerized microsphere adsorbents (PMs) with pore size of 10 ∼ 20 μm and surface of palygorskite (PAL) were prepared by the Pickering emulsion template method using dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as functional monomer and affordable PAL as matrix material. Under the synergistic effect of chemical adsorption of tertiary amine group in PDEAEMA and physical adsorption, the optimized PM-2 exhibits excellent adsorption activities for gaseous iodine (2.98 g/g), iodine in n-hexane (1.39 g/g), and iodide (1.48 mmol/g). After heating and soaking in NaOH solution, the high adsorption capacity and almost unchanged morphology and crystal structure of PM-2 after 5 cycles indicate that PMs have outstanding physical and chemical stability and reusability. Importantly, PMs also show astonishing adsorption activity for the simultaneous removal of iodine and iodide. Moreover, the ultra-fast adsorption rate and ultra-high adsorption efficiency of PMs provide promising results for the removal of polyvalent radioactive iodine in environmental remediation.

A metal–organic frameworks-imprinted emulsion interface with dynamic size- and site-selective recognition for significantly enhanced flavoniods extraction

The boronic acid suspended Cr based MIL-100 (MIL-100-B) sorbents have been widely used to separation of cis-diol containing molecules. However, it’s still challenging in fabrication of high performance metal organic frameworks (MOFs) due to its irregular size and low content of functional groups. For improving identification efficiency, the emulsion microreactor were firstly designed to purify MIL-100-B prior to their use. Herein, a highly ordered MOFs-imprinted polymer microsphere was synthesized by O/W Pickering emulsion template, which can highly selective separation of MIL-100-B via the synergistic effect of boronic acid sites and imprinted cavities. The obtained purified H-MIL-100-B exhibited the uniform size and abundant boronic acid groups (B elements ratio up to 27.37 %). The emulsion imprinted microsphere (EIMs) showed the good selectivity towards MIL-100-B. Additionally, the obtained MOF-imprinted microsphere exhibited green, convenient, sustainable separation process towards the purification and recycle of MIL-100-B. The purified MOFs (H-MIL-100-B) were used to specific bind with cis-diol flavoniods naringin (NRG). Satisfactorily, H-MIL-100-B show high adsorption amount (43.69μmol/g at 308 K), fast capture kinetics (160 min), high selectivity and excellent regenerability (up to seven cycles). Remarkably, the purified NRG solutions displayed lasting antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with inhibition zone of 13.47 mm. More importantly, the H-MIL-100-B could effectively promote the specific recognition ability of NRG by reducing matrix interference and improving purification efficiency (93.93 %) from complex natural extracts. A high score (0.75) was predicted via analytical GREEnness (AGREE) approaches, demonstrating environmentally friendly and greenness of separation process. The MOFs-imprinted emulsion microspheres possessed dynamic recognition properties towards target MOFs, thus opening new direction for the development of convenient and efficient microreactor for the purification of other functional MOFs.

Chitin nanocrystal Pickering emulsions for sustainable release pesticide microencapsulation with superior leaf adhesion and enhanced safety

Traditional pesticides often exhibit high non-target toxicity, poor stability, short persistence, and susceptibility to wash-off by rain. Pesticide microencapsulation represents a significant advancement in formulation strategies, addressing safety and sustainability concerns associated with conventional pesticides. This study explores the utilization of biodegradable chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), prepared via acid hydrolysis, for the development of pesticide microcapsules. Specifically, ChNCs were employed to emulsify molten pesticides, followed by interfacial polymerization to fabricate pesticide-loaded microcapsules. Using molten emulsification and Pickering emulsion templates offer a simple and solvent-free approach for microcapsule preparation, eliminating the need for conventional surfactants. The microcapsules displayed a size distribution ranging from hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers, which could be tuned by adjusting the ChNCs content. These microcapsules demonstrated remarkable properties, including a high pesticide loading capacity (reaching 78.7% for lambda-cyhalothrin), excellent storage stability, and enzyme-responsive release behavior. Furthermore, the abundant positive charges enhanced the interaction between the microcapsules and leaf surfaces, leading to improved pesticide retention. Microencapsulation reduces acute insecticidal activity of pesticides due to the slow-release effect; however, field experiments provide compelling evidence that microcapsule formulations significantly prolong pesticide efficacy compared to conventional formulations. Additionally, microencapsulation significantly improved the safety of pesticides, with the LC50 increasing from 0.0116 mg/L to 3.75 mg/L. Overall, this study introduces a promising method for pesticide microencapsulation using ChNCs Pickering emulsion, highlighting its potential advantages and providing valuable insights for the development of environmentally friendly and novel pesticide formulations.

Encapsulation of Liquids via Polymer Precipitation in Emulsions

ABSTRACTMicroencapsulation strategies enable the confinement of sensitive active materials in a protective shell, giving capsules with applications across pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, agriculture, textiles, cosmetics, and energy storage. Among the different approaches, the soft template encapsulation method is a widely used technique that leverages emulsions as templates and forms spherical microcapsules with a liquid core and polymeric shell. Within the emulsion template umbrella, interfacial polymerization, phase internal phase separation, and polymer precipitation can all be used. The main limitation of interfacial polymerization is that the core will inevitably contain impurities such as residual monomers, which can affect the performance of the encapsulated material. This is especially relevant when performance efficiency strongly depends on its pristine composition. In this perspective, we focus on polymer precipitation soft‐template strategies for capsule formation, and the complementarity of this approach to the more widely used interfacial polymerization. Polymer precipitation strategies enable the encapsulation of sensitive cores (or payloads) and can include those that are viscous, hygroscopic, and reactive.

Pesticide delivery microcapsule based on maleic anhydride‐functionalized cellulose nanocrystals‐stabilized pickering emulsion

AbstractThe efficient use of pesticides is conducive to the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature, and pesticide transport carriers can enhance the utilization value of pesticides. However, design flaws in many pesticide carriers have resulted in numerous environmental and toxicity problems. Therefore, this paper proposed a method for synthesizing pesticide microcapsules using Pickering emulsion templates stabilized by maleic anhydride‐functionalized cellulose nanocrystals‐g‐poly (methyl methacrylate) (MACNCs‐g‐MMA), viz., simple radical polymerization of maleic anhydride‐functionalized cellulose nanocrystals with methyl methacrylate in Pickering emulsion. The structure and morphology of microcapsules were characterized via the FT‐IR, XRD, TG‐DTG, and SEM techniques. The imidacloprid‐loaded MACNCs‐g‐MMA (IMI@MACNCs‐g‐MMA) presented a high encapsulation efficiency (~94.13%) and drug loading efficiency (~24.00%). The release behavior was affected by temperature, viz., higher temperature promoted the release of IMI. Regarding the spread and retention on the leaf surface, the IMI@MACNCs‐g‐MMA demonstrated significant advantages over commercial IMI water‐dispersible granules (CG) (36.9° vs. 104.9° for contact angle, 14.3 vs. 30.0 mg cm−2 for retention). This study provides a promising pesticide formula for sustainable agriculture.

A Review of New Materials and Methods Used in the Production of Protein-Based Fat Replacers for the Food Industry

In the last decade, with the rise in customer awareness about the quality of the food they consume and its health benefits, new methods for producing food fat replacers have been developed. Since then, significant progress has been made in enhancing these techniques. Methods such as emulsion template, foam template, and solvent exchange are frequently employed for creating fat replacers known as oleo- or emulsion gels, commonly used in food products. As the interest in developing fat replacers continues to grow, it has become essential to explore and pursue new materials suitable for producing protein-based fat replacers. Given the increasing food consumption, food waste is on the rise. The goal is to maximize food utilization and create high-protein, nutritionally rich foods with minimal waste. This involves using new materials, such as alternative proteins or food by-products, and finding effective methods for their utilization. This review aims to provide insights into the variety of materials and methods employed to prepare protein-based fat replacers as documented in the available literature.

Marine sulfated polysaccharide affects the formation mechanism of gelatin emulsion-based oleogels

Protein-polysaccharide delivery systems function as a promising tool to deliver bioactive ingredients aiming to improve their solubility and bioavailability. In this study, gelatin (Gel) and κ-carrageenan (Car) were used to evaluate the characteristics of the Gel-Car emulsion and the emulsion-templated oleogels. Results showed that Car addition significantly reduced the particle size and increased the potential absolute value during emulsion storage, especially for Gel-0.5% Car and Gel-1.0% Car emulsions, indicating Car addition enhanced the emulsion's stability. The emulsions' rheological results indicated that all the emulsions exhibited weak gel-like behavior dominated by elasticity, suggesting Car addition improved the emulsions' shear resistance and viscoelasticity. The emulsions' instability indices were Gel (0.034), Gel-0.1% Car (0.026), Gel-0.5% Car (0.013), and Gel-1.0% Car (0.011), indicating Car addition enhanced the emulsions' stability. For oleogels, Car addition significantly reduced the oil loss rate, delayed the thermal degradation, and improved the viscoelasticity, shear resistance, thixotropic recovery properties, and high-temperature resistance, especially for Gel-1.0% Car oleogel. The stability analysis exhibited that Car addition improved the oleogels' stability, with Gel-0.5% Car oleogel showing the best stability. FFA release was Gel (25.22%), Gel-0.1% Car (26.86%), Gel-0.5% Car (31.38%), and Gel-1.0% Car (39.57%), suggesting Car addition promoted the rapid release of FFA during oleogels digestion. Results above indicated that Gel-Car oleogels exhibited good structural stability and high gel strength, which provide a theoretical basis and new ideas for the preparation of oleogels from protein-marine sulfated polysaccharides using the emulsion template method for food industrial application.

Fabrication of stable hydrogel microspheres with hydrophobic shell using water-in-water (W/W) Pickering emulsion template

Hydrogel microspheres are promising for food applications. The water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion template is commonly used to prepare the hydrogel microspheres. However, this method often involves synthetic surfactants and toxic organic solvents to remove the oil phase. The swelling problem of the resultant microspheres is another obstacle. In this study the water-in-water (W/W) emulsion template of gelatin-in-dextran was used to prepare the hydrogel microspheres, without the addition of surfactants, toxic reagents and high energy input. To prevent swelling, zein particles modified with alginate were served as a hydrophobic shell of the gelatin core. The formation evolution of these core–shell microspheres and its relevant factors including phase behavior of the immiscible gelatin/dextran, the binding of zein/alginate and the addition of the modified zein particles were investigated. It was found that small amount of alginate could induce zein particles to absorb on the gelatin surface, whereas the excess led to absorption competition. When using 0.6 wt% particles with zein/alginate ratio of 1:0.5, the ideal core–shell microspheres which were fully covered by the particles and with a self-supporting architecture in uniform size (18.8 ± 0.1 μm) and spherical shape were obtained. These microspheres showed remarkable stability under the conditions of heat treatment, varied pHs and salt concentrations and long-term storage either in refrigerator or room environment. Their sizes were easily manipulated by adjusting the concentration and molar mass of the biopolymers. It is believed that the desired stability and tunable sizes of these edible core–shell microspheres could contribute the development of their applications in foods.

A Journey from Structured Emulsion Templates to Multifunctional Aerogels (Adv. Funct. Mater. 44/2024)

A Journey from Structured Emulsion Templates to Multifunctional Aerogels (Adv. Funct. Mater. 44/2024)

Flexible and robust aramid/octadecane phase change materials from nonaqueous emulsion template towards efficient thermal storage and camouflage

Flexible and robust aramid/octadecane phase change materials from nonaqueous emulsion template towards efficient thermal storage and camouflage

Dual Anticorrosive and Self-healing Coating Based on Multiresponsive Polyaniline Porous Microspheres.

In this work, a smart self-healing coating with long-term anticorrosion ability was developed based on multiresponsive polyaniline (PANI) porous microspheres. The polyaniline porous microspheres loaded with corrosion inhibitor (benzotriazole, BTA) was prepared by the emulsion template method and photopolymerization. The BTA loaded in the polyaniline microspheres acted as a corrosion inhibitor, while the polyaniline in the shell performed the multiple functions of corrosion inhibition, pH-responsive and photoresponsive release, and photothermal conversion. Owing to the inherent corrosion-inhibiting nature of BTA and PANI, the BTA-loaded polyaniline microsphere could endow coating with dual anticorrosive properties. The coating with polyaniline microspheres did not show any corrosion product after 700 h of salt spray testing, while obvious pitting corrosion could be observed for the blank coating after 100 h of the salt spray test. Thanks to the photothermal properties of PANI, the composite coating exhibited self-healing behavior under NIR light irradiation. The coating with 10 wt % polyaniline microspheres could achieve rapid closure and recover its barrier properties within 5 s of NIR irradiation. And the release of BTA could form a passivation film on scratches to further repair coating defects. The on-command responsive release, high healing efficiency, and excellent anticorrosion properties of this dual self-healing anticorrosion coating provide perspectives on extending the service life of metals.

Strontium-Modified porous attapulgite composite hydrogel scaffold with advanced angiogenic and osteogenic potential for bone defect repair

Nano-attapulgite (nano-ATP) has shown potential in promoting mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) adhesion, growth and osteogenic gene expression. In this study, we investigated a 3D-bioprinted porous Sr-ATP (strontium-doped nano-ATP)/GelMA/chitosan composite hydrogel scaffold for bone regeneration. The experiment was divided into four groups based on the concentration of Sr-ATP: control (0%), 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%. The primary novelty of our research lies in the incorporation of Sr-ATP, which enhances the biological and mechanical properties of scaffolds. Additionally, we utilized a stable Pickering emulsion templating technique combined with 3D printing to fabricate the scaffold, ensuring a uniform and stable porous structure. The biological and mechanical properties of the scaffold were evaluated in vitro, and its potential to promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis was assessed in vivo using cranial defect model. Our results indicate that the scaffold presents a promising solution for bone formation in bone defects, demonstrating significant improvements in both angiogenesis and osteogenesis.

Encapsulation of Hydrophobic-but-Not-Lipophilic Perfluoro Liquids Based on a Self-Assembled Double Emulsion Template via Solvent Evaporation Method.

The facile encapsulation of perfluoro liquids that are hydrophobic but not lipophilic into liposomes or microcapsules presents a significant challenge in the fields of biomedicine, dynamic optics, functional chemical applications, etc. This is due to their chemical inertness and physical immiscibility, particularly those with low boiling points. In this study, a novel strategy based on a double emulsion template via solvent evaporation is proposed after investigating the mechanism of three-phase emulsion systems. The perfluoro liquid droplets can be easily emulsified into a polymer solution as the second emulsion layer, where the polymer shell is formed during solvent evaporation in the continuum medium under proper processing controls. The morphology of particles is predictable and fits well with the linear model derived from Neumann's triangle in three-phase systems. Furthermore, a comprehensive study on the encapsulation of perfluoro ketone, which is widely used as a green fire extinguisher agent, is conducted as an example. The encapsulated perfluoro ketone showed instant thermal response upon heating while maintaining a good shelf life at room temperature. The remarkable fire suppression performance exhibited great potential for practical applications. This work offers more insight into the encapsulation of "naughty" perfluorinated chemicals and provides more possibilities for extended applications.

Facile Preparation of Silica/Tannic Acid/Zein Microcapsules Templated from Non-Aqueous Pickering Emulsions and their Application in Cargo Protection.

Microcapsules have attracted significant attention in academia and industry due to their unique properties for protecting and controlling the release of active substances. However, based on water-insoluble biopolymers, developing a straightforward approach to prepare microcapsules with improved biocompatibility and functional shells remains a great challenge. In this study, zein, a water-insoluble protein, is employed to prepare robust microcapsules facilely using oil-in-aqueous ethanol Pickering emulsions as templates. First, the emulsion template is stabilized by hydrophobic silica nanoparticles with in situ surface modification of tannic acid. The zein is then precipitated at the interface in a controlled manner using antisolvent approach to obtain silica/tannic acid/zein (STZ) microcapsules. It is found that the concentration of zein and the presence of tannic acid played a significant role in the formation of STZ microcapsules with well-defined morphology and a robust shell. The uniform deposition of zein on the surface of template droplets is facilitated by the interactions between tannic acid and zein via hydrogen bond and electrostatic force. Finally, the resulting STZ microcapsules showed super resistance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and high temperature for the unstable, lipophilic, and active substance of β-carotene.

Fabrication of fluorinated superhydrophobic oil-absorption cabins with controllable movement, elasticity, and wear resistance

Superhydrophobic materials that can withstand harsh environments are critical in oil spills. Here, fluorinated superhydrophobic monoliths were prepared in one step based on a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating method. γ-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH570)-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles were added into the emulsion as co-stabilizers and participated in the composition of micro-nano hierarchical structures. The fluorinated alkyl backbone and rough structure enabled the foam to exhibit excellent superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle (WCA) of 153.5° and a sliding angle (SA) of 5.92°. The unique structure and composition of the foam allowed it to maintain stable superhydrophobicity (153.97°) even after severe sandpaper abrasion tests (Drawn 10 m at 7.1 kPa on P400 grit sandpaper). It also demonstrated exceptional hydrophobicity to strong acids, bases, and UV light. The oil-saturated material can be regenerated through a simple extrusion process, showing outstanding reusability. After ten cycles of oil adsorption, the adsorption capacity remains above 90 % of the initial value. The additional magnetic properties of the material enable it to remove oil in confined or hazardous conditions. More importantly, with the assistance of a vacuum pump, the material permits continuous separation of organic solvents from the water. These excellent properties of the foam make it a potential material for treating wastewater.

Synthesis of bulk foam-like palygorskite based adsorbent for efficient and convenient recyclable removal of radioactive iodine and iodide

Radioactive iodine is the inevitable product of nuclear fission, and the types and valence states of iodine are relatively rich and easy to convert to each other. Therefore, the synthesis of a material that can be easily recovered and efficiently remove polyvalent radioactive iodine has great strategic significance for the safe use of nuclear power. Bulk foam-like palygorskite based adsorbents (PDMA-PAL) with the macroscopic pore size of 40 to 150 μm were synthesized by the emulsion template method using dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as the functional monomer and cheap palygorskite (PAL) as the matrix material. The excessive addition of DMAEMA and PAL will lead to the collapse of the porous structure. Optimized PDMA2-PAL shows excellent adsorption capacity (2.14 g/g) for iodine in cyclohexane solution with the equilibrium time of 5 h. PDMA2-PAL also exhibits an excellent adsorption capacity for gaseous iodine (308 wt%), and the I2 adsorption mechanism is the strong affinity and charge transfer of electron-rich N heteroatoms for electron-deficient iodine. PDMA2-PAL also achieves an outstanding iodide adsorption capacity (2.1mmol/g) within 5 min, and the I− adsorption mechanism is the electrostatic interaction between I− and the derivatization of tertiary amine under acidic conditions. Moreover, the deprotonation in alkaline solution can desorb iodide efficiently, which makes PDMA-PAL exhibit excellent recyclability. Importantly, PDMA-PAL also shows excellent simultaneous adsorption ability of iodide and iodine, and also exhibits stable adsorption activity in actual water. This study provides promising results for the removal of polyvalent radioactive iodine by bulk foam-like palygorskite based adsorbent in environmental remediation.

Preparation of soybean protein isolate–ester emulsifier oleogels and comparative study of their structure and properties

In recent years, oleogel as a viscoelastic semi-solid to replace trans fatty acids and reduce saturated fatty acids in food has received more and more attention. Herein, an emulsion template method was used to produce soybean oil–based oleogels with seven different ester emulsifiers and soy protein isolate as oleogelators. The chemical and physical characteristics of oleogels produced via various crosslinking factors were comparatively examined. Results revealed that all oleogels generated β-type needle crystals and exhibited high oil-holding capacity (>80 %), among which glycerol monolaurate G2 and diacetyl tartaric acid ester of mono–diglycerides G6 exhibited the strongest oil-holding capacity (96.6 % and 96.2 %, respectively). Furthermore, all oleogels exhibited strong thixotropic recovery, high thermal stability, as well as high gel strength (G′ > G′′). Of these, G2 and G6 exhibited the highest thixotropic recovery rates at 74.54 % and 78.19 %, respectively. Additionally, in accelerated oxidation trials, the peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of all oleogels had low oxidation rates, indicating high oxidative stability. These results contribute to a better understanding of oleogels for formulating trans-free and low-saturated foodstuffs with desired physical and functional properties.