Emulsion Phase Research Articles

Study on an emulsion-type blockage removal agent for heavy oil recovery enhanced by polymer

In polymer flooding process, the poor solubility of polymer and the wrap of incompletely dissolved polymer particles with heavy oil lead to the generation of complicated blockage, which seriously affects the normal production of wells. Therefore, how to fabricate an effective blockage removal agent is particularly important. Based on the blockage from Bohai Offshore Oilfield in China, a blockage removal agent composed of (0.5wt% potassium persulfate+kerosene (the ratio of kerosene: blockage is 3:5)+0.3wt% OP-10, the oil-water ratio is 1:9) was developed. The removal effect and mechanism were characterized by weight loss method and core test. Moreover, the emulsification property of the removal agent was also evaluated by microscopic appearance. The results showed that the blockage removal agent can be formulated as an O/W emulsion and had good stability for more than 72h. Core test showed that the permeability had a significant improvement after injection of removal agent. The emulsion-type removal agent can demulsify after contact with the blockage, then the oil-soluble detergent as internal phase in emulsion can be released which contributes to the wash off of heavy oil. Accompanied with the polymer degradation by the oxidant, this agent realized the effective dissolution and removal of blockage.

Illuminating the Impact of Submicron Particle Size and Surface Chemistry on Interfacial Position and Pickering Emulsion Type.

Pickering emulsions are increasingly applied in the production of medicines, cosmetics, and in food technology. To apply Pickering emulsions in a rational manner it is insufficient to examine properties solely on a macroscopic scale, as this does not elucidate heterogeneities in contact angles (θ) of individual particles, which may have a profound impact on stability and microstructure. Here, we apply the super-resolution technique iPAINT to elucidate for the first time the microscopic origins of macroscopically observed emulsion phase inversions induced by a variation in particle size and aqueous phase pH. We find θ of single carboxyl polystyrene submicron particles (CPS) significantly decreases due to increasing aqueous phase pH and particle size, respectively. Our findings confirm that θ of submicron particles are both size- and pH-dependent. Interestingly, for CPS stabilized water-octanol emulsions, this enables tuning of emulsion type from water-in-oil to oil-in-water by adjustments in either particle size or pH.

TALSPEAK process on hollow fiber renewable liquid membrane apropos to the remedial maneuver of high level nuclear waste

In concurrence with objectives of advanced high level nuclear waste(HLW) management, separation of chemically similar trivalent actinides and lanthanides is accomplished using TALSPEAK (Trivalent Actinide – Lanthanide Separation by Phosphorous reagent Extraction from Aqueous Komplexes) process on hollow fibre renewable liquid membrane (HFRLM). Permeability coefficient(Kf) of metal ions are determined under varying concentrations of diethylene triamine pentacaetic acid (DTPA) and H+ in the feed solution, containing 241Am with other metal impurities usually occurred in the HLW, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) in liquid membrane and receiving emulsion phase. Optimized process conditions obtained are: 5 ± 0.25 L feed solution: containing 0.05 M DTPA, 1 M lactic acid and metal ions under the agitation of 400 ± 15 rpm, receiving phase: emulsion of 400 ± 15 mL 2 M HNO3 + 100 mL 0.2 M HDEHP/dodecane under stirring at 650 ± 25 rpm. The Kf of metal ions obtained under optimized process conditions are in the order: Am(III)<<Sm(III)<Nd(III)<Sr(II)<Pr(III)<U(VI) <Y(III)<Ce(III)<La(III). The maximum Kf = 9.24 × 10−3 cm min-1 is obtained for La(III) whereas Sm(III) with Kf = 7.4 × 10-4 cm min-1 is the most difficult lanthanide to separate from Am(III). For the single step process of HFRLM, the decontamination factor obtained for Am is 412. Agreement between Kf values, determined by model and experimental data are within 10 %.

Influence of curcumin‐loaded nanoemulsion fabricated through emulsion phase inversion on the shelf life of Oncorhynchus mykiss stored at 4°C

This paper focused on the determination of the effects of curcumin on extension the shelf life of Oncorhynchus mykiss. The least values of the particle size (10.34 ± 3.8 nm), the total volatile basic nitrogen (11.18 mg/100 g), and the greatest polydispersity index (8.50 ± 0.13) were calculated in a group 5% nanoemulsion after 5 days. Similarly, the least values of total viable bacteria (6.34 ± 0.08 log CFU/g) and coliform count (1.15 ± 0.05 log CFU/g) were measured in groups 1% and 3% CEONs, respectively. The maximum level of Staphylococcus aureus (2.57 ± 0.09 log CFU/g) was observed in group 1% CEON on Day 10 but the minimum FFA (0.7%) was calculated in group 5% on Day 5. It is concluded that CEON at the different concentrations specifically at 5% can retard the growth of spoilage bacteria improve the storability of in fresh fish fillets of O. mykiss to increase the shelf life beside enhancement of the scores of organoleptic properties. Practical applications In some hypermarkets, trout is freshly kept at 4°C. Usually due to spoilage bacteria activity, marketing the fresh trout fillet will be prohibited after 48 hr. Curcumin essential oil-loaded nanoemulsions at different concentrations specifically at 5% one can be applied as a preservative to extent the shelf life of fresh fillets of rainbow trout. It increases the storability of trout fillet up to 5 days.

Separation of molybdenum from spent HDS catalysts using emulsion liquid membrane system

In this study, the selective extraction of molybdenum (Mo) from the spent hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts using emulsion liquid membrane method was investigated. Cyanex 272 and ammonium fluoride (NH4F) had excellent efficiency in selective extraction of Mo from the spent catalysts as extractant and stripping agent, respectively. Other parameters including surfactant concentration, speed of agitation, contact time, treat ratio (external to emulsion phase volume ratio), and internal to membrane phase volume ratio were effective on the performance of the emulsion liquid membrane system. Besides, the stability of emulsion was determined by specifying the emulsion breakage and swelling at each stage. The optimal separation of Mo under operating conditions consists of 0.3 M Cyanex 272, 3 %wt. Span 80, 1 M ammonium fluoride, 25 min contact time with the agitation speed of 350 rpm, treat ratio of 2.5 and, internal to membrane phase volume ratio of one was obtained. Under these conditions, more than 75 % of the Mo was selectively transferred to the internal phase.

Investigating bubble dynamics in a semi-cylindrical gas-solid fluidized bed

Bubble dynamics (i.e., bubble shape, bubble size, bubble rise velocity) and bed voidage in a semi-cylindrical gas-solid fluidized bed at various superficial gas velocities and particle sizes were measured by fiber optic probe and image analysis. Measurements in the semi-cylindrical bed were compared with those in the cylindrical bed to investigate the similarity of two fluidized beds and verifying whether a semi-cylindrical bed can be used for measuring hydrodynamic properties of fluidized beds. Experiments were carried out in two Plexiglas semi-cylindrical and cylindrical fluidized beds of 14 cm in diameter at ambient pressure and temperature. Glass beads of various sizes (120, 290 and 450 μm) were used as the bed material. The superficial gas velocity was varied in the range of 0.2–0.8 m/s and both beds were operating in the bubbling fluidization regime. It was shown that increase in the particle size leads to decrease in the emulsion phase fraction while increases the fraction of bubble phase. At low gas velocity, the semi-cylindrical fluidized bed contains normal bubbles while at higher superficial gas velocity, elongated bubbles with normal rising velocity can be found. Increase in the particle size leads to increase in the aspect ratio of bubbles. It was found that the average bubble size and rise velocity increases with increasing particle size and superficial gas velocity. Results indicated that the gas-solid distribution, bubble rise velocity and bubble size in both beds are similar and geometry of the cross-section of column (semi-circular and circular) has no significant effect on these parameters. It was shown that the hydrodynamics of both beds are very similar and the difference is negligible. Since measuring the bubble size and rise velocity in the semi-cylindrical bed can be easily done by visual observation compared to those in a cylindrical bed, using a semi-cylindrical fluidized bed instead of two dimensional fluidized bed in the laboratory scale is the preferred choice which provides bubble dynamics close to that in a three-dimensional bed.

Preparation of functional rice cake by using β-carotene-loaded emulsion powder.

The purpose of this study was to apply a powdered β-carotene-loaded emulsion to a real food product, Korean traditional rice cakes (Garaedduk). β-Carotene was incorporated into the oil phase of a sodium caseinate-stabilized emulsion. Emulsion powder containing β-carotene was prepared using freeze-drying, and maltodextrin and gum arabic were used as wall materials. Oil/protein/maltodextrin weight ratios of 3:1:2 and 3:1:5 (core-to-wall ratios of 1:1 and 1:2) were used, and gum arabic was added by replacing the amount of maltodextrin for 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5% w/w. Manufactured emulsion powders prepared with wall material at a core-to-wall ratio of 1:2 remained stable after reconstitution in terms of particle diameter and ζ-potential. The encapsulation efficiency of the emulsion powder increased by 90% in the presence of maltodextrin at a core-to-wall ratio of 1:2. Garaedduk containing the emulsion powder was then manufactured and it was confirmed that β-carotene was not degraded during the manufacturing process of Garaedduk by using HPLC. The results from this study may be useful for rational designing of functional foods with lipophilic bioactive materials.

Performance and Emission Evaluation of Marine Diesel Engine Using Two–Phase Emulsion as Fuel

Performance and Emission Evaluation of Marine Diesel Engine Using Two–Phase Emulsion as Fuel

Investigating Synergistic Effects Of Surfactants And Nanoparticles On Emulsion Stability

A challenge of making oil production viable is emerging with time because most of the oil reserves have been exploited using primary and secondary recovery methods. Chemicals such as surfactants have been used to increase oil production through a method called chemical enhanced oil recovery. However, the application of this method is experiencing difficulties because of excessive use of surfactants that not only has negative effect on the economics of the project, but also poses severe environmental concerns. Another method that is being widely proposed is to apply emulsion flooding to enhance oil production. In order to maximize the impact of this method and as a result achieve higher oil recovery factor, it is vital to maintain the stability of the emulsion used. One of the claimed methods to improve the stability of emulsion is the application of synergistic effect between nanoparticles (NPs) and surfactants. This article aims on investigating the stability of emulsion using bottle test when applying the synergistic effect between NPs and surfactants with varying concentrations of the NPs, and surfactant charge. An anionic surfactant - sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and a cationic surfactant - cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) have been utilized in this study. Nano-silica was selected as the NPs used in this study. It was found that synergistic effect is more prominent between SDS and nano-silica with decrease in emulsion phase height percentage (measure of emulsion stability) going down to 22% compared with 43% for combination of CTAB and nano-silica, and 51% in case of using only surfactants. This has proved that the synergistic effect is beneficial in enhancing the emulsion stability, which can be implemented in the application of emulsion flooding where the stability of the emulsion is crucial.

Development of Energy Efficient Equipment and Technology for Environmentally Friendly Microwave Processing of Oil Sludge

The article proposes the technology of low-temperature microwave separation of oil-water emulsion in the oil sludge processing. Currently used the most common methods for oil sludge processing, with low efficiency and high cost, have a number of other disadvantages, the main ones being the burning of “useful” hydrocarbons, the formation of large amounts of carbon dioxide and other toxic gases, low productivity, inapplicability to high viscosity emulsions. At the present time, one of the promising technologies in the oil and refining industries is considered to be high-frequency and microwave processing of hydrocarbon compounds for stable emulsions separation during primary processing of oil, disposal of petrochemical production wastes. In this case, the separation of the emulsion phases occurs mainly due to heating, which requires the use of powerful (tens of kW) microwave generators, therefore, many of the above disadvantages still remain. To determine the parameters of the microwave field, we proposed the mathematical model that relates the electric field strength to the known dipole moments of coupled charges and electronic, atomic, and relaxation (orientational) polarizability. It is shown, that the required power does not exceed 100 W. The experimental check on the test unit with a video recording of microwave processing with a power of 2 W for 2 minutes showed the adequacy of the proposed model. Thus, the possibility of low-temperature microwave separation of oil-water emulsions is proved in the work. Implementation of the proposed approach will eliminate the disadvantages of existing methods for the separation of oil-water emulsions during oil sludge processing.

Flow behaviors, reaction kinetics, and optimal design of fixed- and fluidized-beds for CO2 methanation

The performances of three catalytic reactors for CO2 methanation, i.e., single fixed-bed (1FxB), two-stage fixed-bed (2FxB), and bubbling fluidized-bed (BFB), were evaluated at a feed flow rate of 166.5 Nm3/h. A heterogeneous catalytic reaction model (HCRM) combining the one-dimensional plug-flow model on the reactor scale and the reaction–diffusion model on the particle scale was used for 1FxB and 2FxB. A two-phase reaction model (TPRM), including the mass transfer between the bubble and emulsion phases and axial dispersion, was proposed for the BFB. The results from HCRM and TPRM were in good agreement with experimental and modeling data. The 1FxB, 2FxB, and BFB were optimized via the parametric study considering the hot spot temperature, operating temperature and pressure, space velocity, flue gas recirculation ratio, and operational stability. The catalyst weights of 1FxB, 2FxB, and BFB required for a 90% CO2 conversion were 191, 40, and 34 kg, respectively. The proposed models were able to identify the flow behaviors, mass transfer, and reaction kinetics of the fixed- and fluidized-beds, which are useful for the optimal design of CO2 methanation reactors.

Vaporizable endoskeletal droplets via tunable interfacial melting transitions.

Liquid emulsion droplet evaporation is of importance for various sensing and imaging applications. The liquid-to-gas phase transformation is typically triggered thermally or acoustically by low-boiling point liquids, or by inclusion of solid structures that pin the vapor/liquid contact line to facilitate heterogeneous nucleation. However, these approaches lack precise tunability in vaporization behavior. Here, we describe a previously unused approach to control vaporization behavior through an endoskeleton that can melt and blend into the liquid core to either enhance or disrupt cohesive intermolecular forces. This effect is demonstrated using perfluoropentane (C5F12) droplets encapsulating a fluorocarbon (FC) or hydrocarbon (HC) endoskeleton. FC skeletons inhibit vaporization, whereas HC skeletons trigger vaporization near the rotator melting transition. Our findings highlight the importance of skeletal interfacial mixing for initiating droplet vaporization. Tuning molecular interactions between the endoskeleton and droplet phase is generalizable for achieving emulsion or other secondary phase transitions, in emulsions.

CO2/N2-responsive oil-in-water emulsions using a novel switchable surfactant

HypothesisRecently, switchable or stimuli-responsive emulsions have attracted much research interest in many industrial fields. In this work, a novel CO2/N2-responsive surfactant was designed and developed to facilitate the formation of switchable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions with fast switching characteristics between a stable emulsion and separate phases upon alternatively bubbling CO2 and N2. ExperimentsThe novel CO2/N2-responsive surfactant was facilely prepared by mixing an anionic fatty acid (oleic acid) and a cationic amine (1,3-Bis (aminopropyl) tetramethyldisiloxane) at a 1:1 molecular ratio, which was assembled based on electrostatic interactions. The structure and properties of the novel CO2/N2-responsive switchable surfactant were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, and interfacial tensions. FindingsThe developed surfactant shows an excellent interfacial activity at the oil/water interface, which can significantly reduce the dosage of the switchable surfactant compared with previous CO2/N2-responsive surfactants. The dynamic interfacial tension of n-decane and aqueous phase decreased from 45 mN m−1 to 5 mN m−1 within 100 s with the addition of 0.2 mM surfactant. In this work, a low concentration of the novel switchable surfactant (e.g., 20.0 mM) can realize reversible emulsification and demulsification in an emulsion system as compared with the high dosage (e.g., ~150 mM) in previous reports, which will bring huge economic benefits in industrial applications in the future. Moreover, this work expands the family of ion-pair surfactants to small amino-functionalized molecules beyond Jeffamine D-230, which promotes the development of simple and switchable ion-pair surfactant. It is found that the O/W emulsions stabilized by the switchable surfactant show excellent stability, which can be stored for over 60 days at room temperature without any obvious change. Interestingly, the stable O/W emulsion is completely demulsified upon bubbling CO2 for 30 s and can be easily re-emulsified to the initial state after purging N2 at 60 °C within 10 min, which demonstrates a rapid and highly efficient switching behavior. The reversible emulsification and demulsification process is ascribed to the reversible assembly and disassembly of the switchable surfactant, which is induced by the removal and purge of CO2.

Influence of oil types on the formation and stability of nano-emulsions by D phase emulsification

The effect of oil types on the formation and stability of nano-emulsions by D phase emulsification method was investigated comprehensively in this paper. Three kind of oils (straight-chain alkanes, branched alkanes, and esters oils) were used and the formation of the nano-emulsions was studied. The stability of prepared nano-emulsions was characterized by the variation curve of the droplet mean diameter within 28 days. It has been found that for alkane oils, the molecular weight was important to the formation and stability of nano-emulsions. Low molecular weight alkane oil (7# mineral oil, Isododecane) formed smaller nano-emulsions (157.3 nm, 125.1 nm), but the emulsions have poor stability. For ester oils containing heteroatoms in the structure, nano-emulsions with bigger particles tended to be formed due to the better affinity of oils to glycerin. In addition, it was found that the formation and stability of nano-emulsions should be discussed separately. Temperature had different effects at different preparation processes.

Formulation, characterization and stability of o/w nanoemulsion containing rice bran oil prepared by emulsion phase inversion

Rice bran oil (RBO) contains naturally occurring antioxidants such as carotenoids, tocopherol, and γ-oryzanol. The aim of this research was to formulate and evaluate the characteristics of nanoemulsion which was prepared using RBO containing naturally occurring antioxidants. The RBO-in-water nanoemulsion was prepared by the emulsion phase inversion method. The oil phase of the nanoemulsion was prepared by either virgin coconut oil (VCO) or palm oil (PO) combined with RBO with the ratio of 5:5; 4:6, 3:7, 2:8 and 0:10. Tween 80 was used as a surfactant. The surfactant to oil ratios was predetermined at 2.5:1.0 and 3.0:1.0. The aqueous phase (80% w/w) was titrated into an organic phase that consisted of Tween 80 and oil phase (approximately 20% w/w). Droplet size, zeta-potential and polydispersity index of the nanoemulsion were used as the main parameters. The results showed that the smallest droplet (&lt;100 nm) of the nanoemulsion was obtained when the ratio of VCO: RBO at 3:7 and the ratio of PO: RBO at 4:6 with the surfactant to oil ratio (SOR) was 2.5. Nanoemulsion with a relatively small polydispersity index of 0.3 was achieved when the ratio of PO: RBO was 3:7 and SOR at 3. All of the freshly prepared RBO containing nanoemulsion have good stability with zetapotential values of &lt; -30 mV. Nanoemulsions were stable against centrifugation at 2300 rpm for 15 mins, but they were not stable against heating at 105°C for 5 hrs. The RBO-inwater nanoemulsion could be successfully prepared by phase inversion method, by combining RBO with either VCO or PO at different ratios.

Performance evaluation of a novel viscosity-reducing agent for heavy oil

Heavy oil has high viscosity, high content of resins-asphaltenes and poor fluidity, which makes it difficult to produce. In the early research, a novel viscosity-reducing agent with high molecular weights and various active groups was synthesized in the laboratory. Ion composition analysis of wastewater and heavy oil viscosity test of Jincai 27 well were carried out. The emulsifying and viscosity reducing properties of a novel viscosity-reducing agent for heavy oil under low shear condition were evaluated by water content change of emulsion phase and viscosity reduction rate. The results showed that under 50 °C and low shear (10∼20s−1) condition, the viscosity-reducing agent solution had a fast emulsifying speed for the heavy oil. The O/W emulsion with good emulsion stability formed after about 60min shear. The viscosity reduction rate for the heavy oil was above 90%. The emulsion micrographs showed that the emulsion was highly dispersed and the particle size was uniform with diameter of 2 microns or even lower. The viscosity value of viscosity-reducing agent solution with concentration higher than 1200 mg/L could reach 25.0mPa.s under 8.0s−1 shear rate and 50°C, which indicated that it had a certain thickening property. Artificial core flooding experiments showed that viscosity-reducing agent flooding could increase heavy oil recovery by more than 10% compared with water flooding.

The formation, stability of DHA/EPA nanoemulsion prepared by emulsion phase inversion method and its application in apple juice

This study prepared edible docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) nanoemulsion using EPI (emulsion phase inversion) method. The method for preparing DHA and EPA nanoemulsions is safe, convenient, low in energy consumption and can be used for food production. Factors affecting particle size and stability during preparation were investigated. Based on the optimal particle size combination, stability studies including particle size and residual rates of DHA and EPA at different temperature, pH and metal ions. The results showed that the nanoemulsion had good stability at low temperature storage, near neutral pH and in the absence of transition metal ions such as Fe3+, Cu2+, Al3+. The experiment initially studied the effect of nanoemulsion on apple juice beverage on the basic properties of juice itself. It was feasible in practical application of edible nanoemulsion.

Treatment of Bupropion Toxicity with Lipid Emulsion

We have read with interest the case report, “Successful Management of Adolescent Bupropion Overdose with Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Therapy,” recently published in the Journal of Pediatric Intensive Care.[1] Lipid emulsion is effective in the treatment of acute toxicity induced by local anesthetics or nonlocal anesthetic drugs, including amitriptyline, bupropion, and verapamil, in pediatric patients.[2] A previous in vitro study reported that the magnitude of the reduction of the serum concentration of bupropion, which is a highly lipid-soluble antidepressant (log [octanol/water partition coefficient]: 3.2), was 46 by 2% lipid emulsion (Intralipid).[3] In addition, the magnitude of the sequestration of drugs with varied lipid solubility by lipid emulsion is dependent mainly on the lipid partition coefficient and partially on the volume of distribution, which appears to account for 88% of variations in the reduction of drug serum concentration by lipid emulsion.[3] As suggested by Bornstein et al, the lipid sink theory, which is considered the mechanism underlying the effect of lipid emulsion as a nonspecific antidote, states that lipid emulsion absorbs highly lipid-soluble drugs, such as bupivacaine (log [octanol/water partition coefficient]: 3.41), from the heart.[1] [4] However, the following comments should be considered to understand this case report well. First, the first administration of lipid emulsion improved the mental status of the patient.[1] On day 3, the second administration of lipid emulsion was performed due to the recurrence of an altered mental status.[1] The elimination half-life of bupropion is 29 ± 9 hours.[5] In addition, the absorption of a toxic dose following oral administration (enteral route) is more prolonged than that following intravenous administration, leading to extended toxicity.[6] In contrast, Intralipid has a very short half-life (13.7 ± 5.2 minutes).[7] Considering previous reports, the lipid phase of lipid emulsion appears to absorb highly lipid-soluble bupropion from the heart and brain for a very short period following lipid emulsion administration.[3] [7] Furthermore, 1% of plasma triglyceride concentration, which provides lipemic plasma without fat overload, is sufficient to exert scavenging and cardiotonic effects on the toxicity induced by an enteral overdose.[6] Thus, the altered mental status on day 3 following a marked improvement after the first administration of lipid emulsion may be ascribed to a greatly reduced concentration of Intralipid.[1] A previous report recommends the following lipid emulsion regimen to treat toxicity induced by enteral overdose: bolus administration of Intralipid 1.5 mL/kg for 1 minute and subsequently 0.25 mL/kg/min for an additional 3 minutes, followed by intravenous infusion of 0.025 mL/kg/min (up to 6.5 hours) to theoretically maintain a 1% plasma triglyceride concentration.[6] This regimen, as an adjuvant, can be used with supportive care in cases of toxicity induced by oral overdose.[6] However, further research in an in vivo model on the optimal dosing regimen of lipid emulsion for the treatment of toxicity following oral overdose of bupropion is needed because the pharmacokinetics of an oral overdose are different from those of intravenous overdose (e.g., local anesthetic systemic toxicity). Second, initially, lipid sink was widely accepted as the underlying mechanism of lipid emulsion treatment.[4] However, a previous study using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model reported that lipid emulsion decreased only 11 and 18% bupivacaine concentrations in the heart and brain, respectively.[8] The free bupivacaine concentration was not significantly different between the control and lipid emulsion groups in an in vivo study after administration of a nontoxic dose of bupivacaine in humans.[9] Thus, lipid shuttle has recently been widely accepted as the mechanism of lipid emulsion treatment; it states that lipid emulsion absorbs lipid-soluble drugs, such as bupivacaine, from the heart and then the lipid emulsion, containing the sequestered lipid-soluble drug (e.g., bupivacaine), is transported to the liver and muscle for detoxification and storage, leading to enhanced redistribution.[4] We believe that this case report contributes valuable data on the efficacy of lipid emulsion treatment in bupropion toxicity and emphasizes the need for continuous infusion of lipid emulsion following the initial bolus administration in lipid emulsion treatment.

Characterization of enzymatically modified liquid egg yolk: Structural, interfacial and emulsifying properties

There is considerable interest in using enzymatic hydrolysis to control the rate and extent of egg yolk so as to develop the better-quality emulsions in food industry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of dual enzymatic hydrolysis of neutrase and trypsin on structural and emulsifying properties of liquid egg yolk (LEY) at varying hydrolysis times (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 h). The results showed that the emulsifying activity, emulsification capacity and stability of emulsion of LEY could be enhanced after the enzymatic hydrolysis. The solubility of yolk proteins was increased from 24.2% to 58.0% over 1.5 h, with a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 2.2%. The residual protein concentration at the continuous phase of emulsion was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. We also found hydrolysis could significantly increase the surface hydrophobicity. In addition, CD spectra was carried out to determine the secondary structures before and after the heat treatment. We have found that, not only the protein flexibility, but also the emulsion thermostability was improved after enzymatic hydrolysis. At last, the hydrolyzed LEY showed the superior emulsifying activity and capacity, while the emulsion prepared by it has excellent stability. This is consistent with the observation from ζ-potential and droplet size distribution. It was proved that, with the increase in solubility, surface hydrophobicity and molecular flexibility of the hydrolyzed proteins, emulsifying properties were improved.

Freeze-drying of black chokeberry pomace extract-loaded double emulsions to obtain dispersible powders.

Black chokeberry pomace extract is rich in polyphenolic antioxidants, including anthocyanins. Added to foods, bioactive compounds of the extract can undergo undesirable changes both during food handling and digestion. In this study, we examined the possibility of encapsulating a considerable amount of black chokeberry pomace extract in the inner water phase of double emulsion (water-in-oil-in-water), for intended use in food applications. Furthermore, this study investigated the feasibility of double emulsions loaded with the extract for freeze-drying to obtain dispersible powders. A substantial amount (2.1%) of black chokeberry pomace extract was efficiently encapsulated in the inner water phase of double emulsion and remained entrapped during 60 days of storage (<97%) as well as during the freeze-drying of emulsions. Reconstituted emulsions obtained after the rehydration process were found to show monomodal droplet size distribution, decent creaming stability (approximately 97%), and good encapsulation efficiency (95.36%). Such characteristics of powdered double emulsions loaded by black chokeberry pomace extract make them suitable for food application as retainer and preservative of bioactive polyphenolic-rich extracts. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Powders of double emulsions loaded by black chokeberry pomace extract could be used as a source of bioactive polyphenolic compounds.