Resin Emulsion Research Articles

Study on the effect of film-forming agent composition on moisture and heat resistance of basalt fiber composites

Abstract Resistance to hygrothermal aging is the key to the popularization and application of basalt fiber composites in the field of electrical equipment, so it is crucial to develop fiber surface-modified coatings suitable for basalt fibers with excellent hygrothermal resistance. In this study, the performance changes of basalt fiber composite samples treated with four types of surface coatings under artificially accelerated hygrothermal aging test were comparatively analyzed, and the mechanism of different components in the surface coatings was further analyzed. The results showed that the use of epoxy resin emulsion co-mingled with acrylic emulsion as the film-forming agent could significantly improve the mechanical properties of the samples. The use of epoxy resin emulsion co-blended with polyurethane emulsion as the film-forming agent improved the insulating properties and moisture and heat resistance of the samples. Further, the use of 5:1:1 epoxy emulsion, acrylic emulsion, and polyurethane emulsion co-blended as the film-forming agent component can ensure the insulation and hygrothermal resistance of the samples while taking into account the mechanical properties. After 120 hours of wet-heat aging, the breakdown field strength was increased by 22%, leakage current and dielectric loss angle was increased by 10%, and the mechanical properties were also significantly improved compared with the sample with epoxy emulsion as the main film-forming agent. In summary, through the compounding of the film-forming agent emulsion components, the optimization of the moisture and heat resistance of basalt fiber composites can be achieved, and the use of the mass percentage of 5:1:1 for the three types of emulsions blended to prepare the fiber surface coatings is more suitable for the treatment of basalt fibers to prepare the electrician’s equipment.

Construction and properties of graphene oxide hydrogen-blocking coatings

Compared with the composite coating with a single structure, the coating with a multilayer structure may possess better hydrogen barrier performance. Graphene oxide (GO) was chemically modified using polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) to obtain modified graphene oxide (mGO). The introduction of epoxy groups in mGO would participate in the crosslinking reaction between the epoxy resin (EP) emulsion and the curing agent to improve the dispersion and adhesion of the middle layer in the sandwich structure. An EP/mGO/EP composite coating with a sandwich structure was prepared. The research found that the tightly stacked mGO middle layer in the sandwich structure played a crucial role. The average adhesion of the multilayer composite coating was about 9 MPa. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of layer 2-mGO composite coating showed that its modulus was up to 109 Ω cm2. The permeation current density ip and hydrogen content remained at low values of 1.38 μA and 1.34 ppm, respectively. The multilayer composite coating possessed not only excellent adhesion but also excellent corrosion resistance and hydrogen barrier performance.

An Experimental Study on the Performance of Materials for Repairing Cracks in Tunnel Linings under Erosive Environments

Addressing the current lining cracking problem in coastal tunnels, this paper independently introduces a novel type of repair material for tunnel lining cracks—the composite repair material consisting of waterborne epoxy resin and ultrafine cement (referred to as EC composite repair material). Through indoor testing, we have analyzed the change rule of the mass change rate, compressive strength, flexural strength, and chloride ion concentration of the repair material samples in erosive environments, with the dosage of each component in the EC composite repair material being varied. We have also investigated the working performance, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the repair material. The results of this study show that when the proportion of each component of ultrafine cement, waterborne epoxy resin, waterborne epoxy curing agent, waterborne polyurethane, defoamer, and water is 100:50:50:2.5:0.5:30, the performance of the EC composite repair material in a chloride ion-rich environment is optimal in all aspects. When the mixing ratio of each component of the EC composite repair material is as stated above, the repair material exhibits the best performance in a chloride ion erosion environment. With this ratio of components in the EC composite repair material, the fluidity, setting time, compressive strength, flexural strength, and bond strength of the repair material in a chloride ion erosion environment can meet the requirements of relevant specifications, and it is highly effective in repairing tunnel lining cracks. The polymeric film formed by the reaction between the waterborne epoxy resin emulsion and the curing agent fills the pores between the hydration products, resulting in a densely packed internal structure of EC composite repair material with enhanced erosion resistance, making it very suitable for repairing cracks in tunnel linings in erosive environments.

Interaction between demulsification, curing of waterborne epoxy resin emulsions and cement hydration

Cement-based repair materials modified with waterborne epoxy resin (WER) emulsions has attracted attention owing to their excellent bonding and durability properties. The coalescence of cement and WER emulsion involves complex physical and chemical interactions, especially the effect of cement hydration on the curing of WER emulsion, which needs further study. Herein, the influence of the cement hydration environment on the demulsification and curing of WER emulsion was studied by using cement pastes’ centrifugal liquid. Then, the influence of waterborne epoxy emulsion on cement hydration and microstructure was analyzed. In addition, silica sol is used to compensate for the delayed effect of WER emulsion on the cement hydration. The results show that the high ion concentration environment in the centrifugal liquid of cement pastes reduces the stability of WER emulsion, the reduction of repulsion between colloidal particles could accelerate the demulsification and fusion of emulsion. Therefore, the curing process of WER emulsion was accelerated. The adsorption and complexation of WER emulsions to calcium ions promote cement hydration. When the content of the WER emulsions exceeds 5 %, the polymer film exhibits a more apparent wrapping effect on the cement particles, delaying the cement hydration. The volcanic activity of silica sol can effectively compensate for the delaying effect of WER emulsion on cement hydration. The combination of WER emulsion and silica sol–modified cement forms a uniform interpenetrating network composite structure, considerably improving the properties of cement-based materials.

Preparation and Properties of Environmentally Friendly, Hydrophobic, Corrosion-Resistant, Multifunctional Composite Coatings

With the continuous exploitation of the marine resources, the equipment should meet the marine complex working environment. In this study, a type of environmentally friendly coating was prepared. Based on low surface energy environmental protection and anti-fouling, a film forming material with water-based epoxy-modified silicone resin emulsion was prepared. And industrial fillers were added to give it both inorganic and organic properties. Meanwhile, various contents of graphene oxide (GO) were added in the coating system. The coating properties were comprehensively analyzed, and the optimal GO content was obtained as 0.1 wt. %. The composite coating was studied by seawater immersion experiments, and the failure process of the coating in was proposed. The composite coating prepared in the present study has both environmental protection and hydrophobic anti-fouling characteristics, and its comprehensive performance is excellent through various performance evaluations, i.e., it meets the requirements of long-term coating, environmental friendliness and anti-fouling and corrosion resistance.

Optimization of preparation techniques for high-temperature resistant waterborne phenolic-epoxy resin emulsion under low carbon background

In light of escalating global climate change concerns and the pressing need to address industries with high carbon emissions and pollution, enhancing the preparation of phenol-formaldehyde epoxy resins has emerged as a critical research focus. This study seeks to fabricate waterborne phenol-formaldehyde epoxy resins with superior performance by investigating pivotal factors influencing their properties and refining preparation methods. Utilizing tetrabutylammonium bromide as a phase transfer catalyst, the phenol-formaldehyde epoxy resins are synthesized via a two-step alkalization process. Subsequent etherification reactions involve modifying the phenol-formaldehyde epoxy resins using cationic modifier diethanolamine (DEA) and anionic modifier sodium p-amino benzenesulfonate, resulting in waterborne phenol-formaldehyde epoxy resins. Subsequently, in situ synthesis is employed to produce nanoscale silica (SiO2) modified waterborne phenol-formaldehyde epoxy resins. The findings reveal that when the ratio of n1 to n2 falls within the range of 1/3.25 to 1/3, the emulsion displays a moderate particle size and maintains stable storage. Furthermore, an increase in DEA dosage leads to a particle size of less than 324 nm when the ratio of n1 to n2 exceeds 1/3, indicating stability. Moreover, optimal stability and prolonged storage lifespan are achieved when the nano SiO2 content is approximately 1.5%. This study contributes by synthesizing high-quality waterborne phenol-formaldehyde epoxy resin emulsions through optimized methods. The research findings offer a theoretical foundation for this domain and support the practical application of low-carbon and environmentally friendly concepts in the coatings industry.

EVALUATION OF SELECTED MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PARTICLEBOARDS CONTAINING WASTE PLASTICS

This article is focused on the research of particleboards (PB) composed of wood particles from spruce logs and recycled crushed plastic granulates. Crushed plastic granulates sized from 1.0 to 4.0 mm were obtained from worn automobiles by recycling, specifically painted and unpainted bumpers. The proportion of plastic granulate in the particleboards represented 10%, 15%, and 20% of the total weight of the composites. In the production of PB, urea-formaldehyde resin and paraffin emulsion were used as a binder and ammonium nitrate was used as a hardener. The aim of the article was to compare the selected properties of PB containing plastic filler with pure PB. Mechanical properties (tensile and bending strength), and physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) were evaluated according to EN 319, EN 310 and EN 317. Based on the results, it can be stated that the bending strength and physical properties of PB containing plastic filler were significantly better compared to pure PB. On the contrary, the tensile strength values were lower in most cases.

Preparation and application of the water‐based acrylic self‐polishing resin: Good storage stability, good film‐forming matrix of marine antifouling coatings

AbstractIn order to reduce the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), it is of great practical significance to develop water‐based self‐polishing antifouling coatings instead of traditional acrylic self‐polishing antifouling coatings. However, when preparing film forming matrix resin emulsions for water‐based antifouling coatings, the use of emulsifiers in large amounts causes film‐forming defects and poor adhesion. Herein, soap‐free emulsion polymerization is utilized to prepare resin emulsions by copolymerization of hydrophilic monomers, lipophilic monomers and polymerizable hydrophilic ionic monomers. The hydrophilic structure can give the water‐based polymer self‐emulsification function to maintain the stability of the emulsion and can promote the fusion between the latex particles by forming hydrogen bonds and coordination bonds, and its connection with the pigments and fillers in the coating can also promote the excellent film formation of the coating. The experimental results show that the water‐based self‐polishing antifouling resin emulsion has good storage stability and compatibility with the pigments and fillers. The coatings formulated using this emulsion as the film‐forming matrix firmly adhered to substrates and displayed satisfactory antifouling performance even after being exposed to a real sea environment for 18 months. This study presents a simple approach for the development of water‐based resin emulsion with good storage stability and good water‐based self‐polishing marine antifouling coatings.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles on yellow phosphorus slag and its application in organic coatings

Abstract This work concentrated on the decoration of AgNPs to yellow phosphorus slag (YPS) using both chemical (NaBH4) and biological (Areca catechu nut and Jasminum subtriplinerve leaf extracts) reducing agents, as well as its use as antibacterial and enhancement additives for organic coatings based on acrylic emulsion resin. It is the first study about the decoration of AgNPs on the surface of YPS using bio-reduction agents (A. catechu nut and J. subtriplinerve leaf extracts). The characteristics of YPS decorated by AgNPs (YPS@AgNPs) were determined using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering methods. To quantify the amount of AgNPs in YPS@AgNPs, atomic absorption spectroscopy was used. The results of YPS@AgNPs fabrication confirmed that the above green reduction agents had a higher efficiency and were more suitable than the chemical reduction agent (NaBH4). Moreover, the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria strains of YPS@AgNPs using the J. subtriplinerve leaf extract as a reducing agent gave the best result among the three agents. In particular, the bactericidal activity of YPS@AgNPs against the new marine bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri B27, was evaluated, and it was found that YPS@AgNPs can inhibit the growth of an antibiotic-resistant bacterium, P. stutzeri B27. They enhance not only the mechanical properties but also the bactericidal ability of the water-borne acrylic resin coating.

Preparation, characterization, and application of waterborne lignin-based epoxy resin as eco-friendly wood adhesive

A series of novel waterborne lignin-based epoxy resin emulsions (WLEPs) were successfully synthesized, and then the WLEPs were cured with polyamide (PA) to give formaldehyde-free wood adhesives with high-performance. The chemical structures and properties of WLEP emulsions were determined. The effects of the emulsifiers on thermal and mechanical properties of the adhesives were investigated, and the potential application of WLEPs in the formulation of plywood were also evaluated. The results demonstrated that the WLEP dispersions presented excellent storage stability (>180 days) with their viscosities range from 110 mPa·s to 470 mPa·s and particle sizes in the range of 321–696 nm, which were beneficial for the fluidity and permeability of the wood adhesives. Furthermore, the thermal and mechanical properties of adhesives could be tuned effectively by controlling the length of PEG chains. The adhesive bearing PEG 6000 exhibited the highest tensile strength of 24.0 MPa and Young's modulus of 1439 MPa. Notably, the plywood prepared with the resulting adhesives displayed good bonding performance, especially water resistance, which were much higher than the national standard requirement for exterior-grade plywood type I. These results indicated that the WLEPs could be used as sustainable alternatives for traditional formaldehyde-based wood adhesives in practical applications.

Study on the Performance of Polymer-Modified Conductive Cement-Based Materials

In order to study the synergistic effect of polymer and conductive functional materials on the properties of cement-based materials, polymer conductive cement-based materials were prepared by mixing four polymer lotions of silicon–acrylate emulsion (SG), phenylacrylic emulsion (SR), waterborne epoxy resin emulsion (SH), and acrylic emulsion (SX) with carbon fiber (CF) and carbon black (CB), two conductive functional materials, in a certain proportion. The effects of the different polymer–cement ratios (P/C) of the four polymers on the physical, mechanical, and electrical properties of conductive cement-based materials were studied. The results illustrated that SH improved the fluidity of cement paste, and the four polymers all had a delaying effect, which led to the hardening of the specimens and the extension of the demoulding specimens to varying degrees. SH and SR can increase the ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength (F/C) in cement paste and improve the toughness of materials, and the maximum value is reached when the P/C is 0.15. Except for SX, the other three polymer lotions can reduce the resistivity of cement paste, which is beneficial to the improvement of conductivity. The improvement sequence is SH > SR > SG. Among them, both SH group and SR group achieved the lowest electrical resistivity at the P/C of 0.15. The four kinds of polymer lotion can significantly reduce the water absorption of the specimen and promote the waterproof performance. The improvement effect: SH > SR > SG > SX. Among them, both the SH group and SR group achieved the minimum water absorption at the P/C of 0.15.

Flame retardancy of acrylic emulsion resin intumescent coatings added with alkaline lignin on plywood

Flame retardancy of acrylic emulsion resin intumescent coatings added with alkaline lignin on plywood

Design of low-consumption epoxy resin porous plugging material via emulsification-curing method

Since the higher cost of epoxy resin, its application in reservoir plugging at high temperature and high salinity was seriously restricted. Herein, the expensive epoxy resin was used as the supporting skeleton to provide the mechanical strength required for plugging, while water was introduced via emulsification - curing method in the closed non-connected pores to reduce the material consumption. The curing kinetics of epoxy resin was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). On this basis, the high temperature stability and dynamic gel time of the epoxy resin emulsion were examined, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the cured material were tested. Firstly, in the shear rate range of 10–100 s−1, the viscosity of epoxy resin emulsion was less than 1200 mPa·s under the condition of 20 ℃, meanwhile, the viscosity value was less than 100 mPa·s in high temperature environment of the reservoir (120 ℃), which meets the demand of mixing and injection. Secondly, in the W/O emulsion state, the curing reaction rate was accelerated. However, when the curing agent 4,4′-methylenebis[2,6-diethyl]aniline (DTD) is used instead of 3,3′-diethyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DEDDM), utilizing steric effect of double ethyl group, the thickening time is extended from 55 to 60 min to 110–120 min. Finally, after curing the epoxy resin emulsion, although mostly occupied by pore water (fw=50%), the increase in the curing degree made the elastic modulus increase from 0.017 MPa to 3.220 MPa compared with the pure epoxy resin, and the uniaxial compressive strength can reach 25.14 MPa.This design method can reduce the material consumption of epoxy resin by 30–35% while controlling leakage, providing an effective way for the construction of plugging materials in high temperature (120 ℃) and high salinity (21.81 ×104 mg/L) environment.

Research and application of anti - corrosion cement slurry in formation water corrosion environment

Corrosion of cementing cement ring causes the cement ring permeability to increase, resulting in serious casing corrosion. The casing corrosion perforation leads to an increase in water content of oil wells, low driving use of water injection wells, and imbalance of injection and production well patterns. Therefore, on the basis of conventional cementing cement, epoxy resin emulsion non-penetrating agent and corrosion inhibitor composed of rust and antibacterial materials are added to reduce the corrosion and permeability of cementing cement and reduce casing corrosion. The cement sample permeability experiment shows that adding 10% non-permeability agent and 2% corrosion inhibitor to low-density cement reduces the cement stone sample permeability from 0.075mD to 0.021mD, a decrease of 3.57 times. In the conventional density cement, adding 10% non-penetrating agent and 2% corrosion inhibitor, the permeability of the cement stone sample decreased from 0.041mD to 0.0009mD, a decrease of 4.56 times. The evaluation experiment of cement stone anti-corrosion performance shows that adding 10% non-penetrating agent and 2% corrosion inhibitor to cement can increase the corrosion resistance of cement samples by 6 times. At the same time, the thickening time and compressive strength of cement stone samples remain unchanged compared with conventional cement. Optimizing the technological measures of supporting anti-corrosion tools, and summing up a set of anti-corrosion cementing technology through the field application of anti-corrosion cement slurry, which provides strong technical support for the development of cementing technology under the corrosive environment of formation water in the oil field.

Fish-gill inspired multifunctional nanofibrous membrane for efficient demulsification and pollutant sorption

Importance of multifunctional membranes for efficient purification of contaminated oily wastewater is globally realized due to depleting fresh water sources and environmental pollution. Electrospun superwettable membranes with heterostructures have attracted attention because of their versatile features, high surface area and multifunctionality. Herein, fish gill inspired superhydrophilic nanofibrous membranes of selective wettability were prepared using zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF-8) decoration. A unique near-gel resin (nGR) emulsion electrospinning was employed to produce core-sheath structured nanofibrous membranes comprised of crosslinked polystyrene (PS) as the core and crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based sheath. An in-situ growth of ZIF-8 over the fibrous membrane's surface ensured retaining membrane's superhydrophilicity and underwater oleophobic behaviour and captured oil droplets to demulsify various oil/water emulsions during separation. ZIF-8 based biomimetic membrane achieved higher emulsion separation efficiency (98.9%) toward surfactant stabilized emulsions as compared to undecorated membrane. The membranes were also developed to attain multifunctionality via variation in ZIF-8 growth process. The membrane was evaluated for emulsion separation under various environmental conditions and its reusability up to 5 separation cycles. The controlled growth of ZIF-8 also facilitated heavy metal ion removal (85% at 100 ppb concentration) along with emulsion separation. The effect of growth loading on sorption capacity was evaluated in different oils and organic solvents. The membrane with high ZIF-8 growth showed excellent sorption capacity (4000%) toward toluene with consistent sorption up to 5 cycles of sorption-desorption. Overall, this study demonstrated a facile strategy to create multifunctional nanofibrous membrane through emulsion electrospinning, which can effectively be used in efficient emulsion separation, heavy metal ion removal and oil sorption.

Flame resistant of birch plywood according to Main Ingredients of Fire retardant paint

This study aims to comparative analyze the flame resistant of birch plywood according to using fire retardant paints. As interest in eco-friendly environmental issues has recently increased, wood, an eco-friendly material, is being used when people choose materials for interior design and furniture. Since wood is easily combustible and susceptible to fire, it should be mainly treated with a flame-retardant material to make up for the vulnerability. Bromine-based and chlorine-based materials, a type of halogen-based system with good flame resistant, were used for flame retardant treatment but those substances can cause toxic and harmful gas emissions when a fire occurs. That’s why these have been still regulated by rules. Although research to solve such problems has been actively conducted to develop phosphorus compound-based materials, nitrogen compound-based materials, and boron compound-based materials as fire retardant paints by applying different numbers and amount of fire retardant paint depending on each type and characteristic of it, attempts to comparative analyze the performance of each fire retardant paint have been still insufficient. Therefore, in order to analyze how the effect of the flame resistant varies whenever the main components and theoretical application amount of each fire retardant paint are applied differently, this study intends to measure the char length and area of birch plywood according to standard of the Nation Fire Agency in Republic of Korea. In this experiment, we used three types of fire retardant paints, each containing ammonium polyphosphate, emulsion resin, and phosphorus-based mixture as main components. Each fire retardant paint was applied to the birch plywood in 150g/m2, 180g/m2, 180g/m2 based on the theoretical application amount. As a control, a non-flame-retardant treated specimen was added. Based on the experiment, the following conclusions were obtained. First, the after flame time and after glow time satisfied the flame resistant standard of the Nation Fire Agency of Republic Korea regardless of the fire retardant paint for each manufacturer. Second, the flame resistant according to the fire retardant paint of each manufacturer was tested. As a result, when ammonium polyphosphate-based fire retardant paint was treated on birch plywood, the value of char length and char area was the smallest, and the effect of flame resistant was clearly shown to be excellent. Third, one fact was confirmed based on the results of previous studies and this study. When two types of fire retardant paint containing a phosphorus-based mixture were treated on a birch plywood, the flame resistant was different according to the technology development of each manufacturer. Through this study, the effect of the flame resistant was different depending on the fire retardant paint of each manufacturer. In order to secure fire safety of indoor furniture using wood construction and wood in the future, it is necessary to select fire retardant paints with high flame resistant depending on the materials of each type. Also, it is judged that it is necessary to compare and analyze the flame resistant of each manufacturer's fire retardant paint for various tree species. Not only that, The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for selecting fire retardant paints with high flame resistant for each tree species and used as basic data for the production of semi-non-combustible wood suitable for flame resistant standard of the Nation Fire Agency of Republic Korea in the future.

Flame Resistant of Larch Plywood According to Main Ingredients of Fire Retardant Paint

The aims of this study is to comparative analyze the flame resistant of Larix kamperi according to fire retardant paints with different main components. Wood, an eco friendly traditional material, has been proven to reduce carbon, drawing attention as a solution to climate change, an international environmental issue. Wood is used as a material for buildings as furniture, interior, and furniture, and greatly satisfied users who require eco-friendliness. However, wood is a factor that increases the fire load in a fire. In previous studies, the fire vulnerability of Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora, MDF, OSB, cork board, and plain wood plywood was analyzed. As a result, wood without flame retardant treatment was vulnerable to fire. To compensate for this problem, we intend to secure an evacuation time by delaying the ignition time in case of a fire. Accordingly, Flame retardant treatment is implemented in accordance with Article 20 of ?the Enforcement Decree of the Act on the maintenance and Safety Management of Firefighting Facilities?. The main flame-retardant paint used is bromine, a halogen compound, and has high flame resistant. However, it is subject to environmental regulations due to the problem of soot and smoke generation. Eco friendly fire retardant paint are continuously being developed to escape regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the effect of the flame resistant by treating the developed fire retardant paint for each tree species. So, three types of fire retardant paint with different main components are selected and treated on a larch plywood to analyze flame resistant. In this study, after flame time, after glow time, char length, and char area were measured in accordance with Standard of the Nation Fire Agency of Republic Korea. The main components of fire retardant paint are ammonium polyphosphate, emulsion resin, and phosphorus based mixture. Based on each theoretical application amount, 150g/m2, 180g/m2, and 180g/m2 were applied as the flame retardant paint. As a control group, a test specimen that was not with flame retardant treatment was set. The results are as follows. First, ammonium polyphosphate was the most excellent flame resistant. Second, as a result of flame retardant treatment the phosphorus mixture with the same main ingredient on the same type of larch plywood, the effect of flame resistant was different depending on the technology development of each manufacturer. Third, all larch plywood satisfied the flame resistant regardless of the presence or absence of flame retardant treatment. This seems to be because Larix Kamperi itself has a property that does not burn easily. It is expected that the results of this study will be used as basic data for the production of semi noncombustible material suitable for flame resistant Standard of the Nation Fire Agency of Republic Korea in the future.

Acceleration of sludge drying using resin emulsions and estimation of drying acceleration mechanism

Sludge accounts for the highest percentage of waste emissions and needs to be treated efficiently for environmental issues, such as water problems, sanitation and CO2 emission. Although various processes for sludge treatment, such as dewatering, fermentation, drying, carbonization, composting etc., have been developed, effective sludge drying technique was investigated in this study, which can apply not only to organic, but also to inorganic sludge. Besides, the efficient sludge drying process has a potential to exceed the energy conversion efficiency of methane fermentation process by improving the drying efficiency. However, drying technique implemented in this study does not improve the efficiency of sludge drying equipment as in the traditional way, but accelerates sludge drying rate by changing the sludge properties itself to those suitable for drying by adding drying accelerator. In this experiment, resin emulsions were used as a drying accelerator, and sludge drying experiments were conducted using 30 different resin emulsions. The drying acceleration mechanism of resin addition sludge was also inferred by evaluating the change of the resin-addition sludge property. The results revealed that the physical properties of the resin have little influence on the drying acceleration, but the development of hydrophobicity associated with resin curing may have a significant effect on sludge drying acceleration.

Thermal properties of intumescent coating with waterborne melamine-acrylic emulsion resin for plywood

Thermal properties of intumescent coating with waterborne melamine-acrylic emulsion resin for plywood

Experimental investigation on the influencing factors of preparing three-phase foam

A three-phase foam is considered one of the promising advanced materials for fighting fires. However, the preparation conditions, cost and effect are key factors for industrial applications. In this study, new three-phase foam systems with fly ash and a complex surfactant are proposed. Five types of surfactants alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate, coconut oil diethanolamine, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyacrylamide and polyether-modified silicone resin emulsion were selected as foaming agents. Through laboratory experiments, the effect on the expansion ratio and foam stability of the surfactant type/concentration, fly ash particle concentration/size and pH were investigated. The foaming condition was determined by numerical optimization. The results of this study may serve as a reference for understanding the preparation of a novel threephase foam. It is hoped that this work could provide useful guidance for the preparation of efficient three-phase fire-extinguishing foam for the safe guarding of process safety in the field of chemical production, transportation, and storage suitable for drug delivery than Al12P12 and Al12N12 based on their recovery times.