Injection Of Emulsion Research Articles

Elemene Emulsion Injection Administration Reduces Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting Astrocytic NDRG2 Expression within Spinal Dorsal Horn.

To investigate the mechanisms underlying elemene-induced analgesia in rats with spared nerve injury (SNI). Sixty-five rats were equally divided into 5 groups using a random number table: naive group, sham group, SNI group, SNI + elemene (40 mg·kg-1·d-1) group and naive + elemene (40 mg·kg-1·d-1) group. An SNI rat model was established and the intervention were given respectively for 14 consecutive days. Von Frey filament tests and elevated plus-maze (EPM) tests were used to evaluate the effect of elemene on the mechanical threshold and anxiety, respectively. Immunoblotting and immunostaining were used to measure the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and NMYC downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) within the lumbar spinal dorsal horn (SDH). The SNI rat model exhibited a significant decrease in paw withdrawal threshold and exploratory behaviour in the EPM (P<0.05). Consecutive administration of elemene alleviated SNI-induced mechanical allodynia and anxiety in rats (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical data showed that elemene decreased SNI-induced upregulation of NDRG2 within the SDH (P<0.05). Double immunofluorescent staining data further showed that elemene decreased SNI-induced upregulation of the number of GFAP immunoreactive (-ir), NDRG-ir, and GFAP/NDRG2 double-labelled cells within the SDH (P<0.05). Immunoblotting data showed that elemene decreased SNI-induced upregulation of GFAP and NDRG2 within the SDH (P<0.05). Elemene possibly alleviated neuropathic pain by downregulating the expression of NDRG2 in spinal astrocytes in a rat model of SNI.

Preparation and application of a fluoropolymer emulsion as novel wettability reversal agent

A polymer emulsion with multi-fluoromethyl structure was synthesized by emulsion polymerization and its structure and properties were characterized. As a wettability reversal agent, the polymer emulsion has strong dispersibility and adsorption. The particle size of polymer particles in polymer emulsion is at micron level, in which the larger particle sizes are less than 2μm. After the treatment of 2.0 wt.% product, the core surface contact angles with water and n-hexadecane changed from 27.8° to 130.1° and from 0° to 66.8°, for which the core surface changed from amphiphilicity to hydrophobicity and to poor lipophilicity. It can also significantly reduce the surface energy of the core surface. When the concentration was at 2.0 wt.%, the surface free energy changed from 65.68 mN/m to 3.90 mN/m. The product can maintain good performance after long term storage. After 60 days storage, the contact angle of core (treated with 2.0 wt.% product) with water and n-hexadecane can still keep at 128.4° and 65.3°. After injection of the polymer emulsion, the permeability of cores with different permeability has been improved to varying degrees, for which the higher the water permeability is, the more the core permeability improves. Finally, the polymer emulsion used as wetting reversal agent tested through visual displacement experiments. The results show that the displacement efficiency can be effectively improved, and the oil recovery efficiency is increased more than 13 % on the basic polymer displacement.

An experimental investigation of liquid CO2-in-water emulsions for improving oil recovery

Dissolving CO2 in crude oil results in a significant oil viscosity reduction, but CO2 injection suffers from poor sweep efficiency because of high CO2 mobility. In this study, the emulsions by mixing liquid CO2 with water was made to enhance oil recovery (EOR) by means of reducing CO2 mobility. The morphology and stability of different CO2 emulsions were investigated. The results suggested that a liquid CO2-in-water (C/W) emulsion stabilized by alkyl polyglycoside (APG) was generated at 299.15 K; and the emulsion with water cut of 30 vol% and APG concentration of 3.0 wt% exhibited the optimal stability which was applied in slim tube experiments. Compared with pure CO2, the higher density and viscosity of the C/W emulsion at ambient temperature implied a lower CO2 mobility in displacement. In the slim tube experiments, the displacement results of CO2 injection and C/W emulsion injection were compared and discussed at 363.15 K, and two crude oils were used to study the effect of crude oil properties on oil recovery. Up to 15% of additional oil recovery was obtained by the C/W emulsion flooding compared with the pure CO2 injection at 13 MPa and 363.15 K and it decreased with increasing pressure. Meanwhile, the differential pressure behavior and displacement velocity across the slim tube suggested that the C/W emulsion could have a lower relative permeability and decreased CO2 mobility in porous media. There was an interesting discovery that emulsification of crude oil could be an instrumental factor of the C/W emulsion in EOR. Furthermore, the flooding results of two crude oils indicated that the C/W emulsion injection has a better performance for the heavier crude oil in the slim tube experiments. The enhanced oil recovery suggested that the C/W emulsion could be a potential EOR method for heavy crude oil reservoirs.

Intralipid postconditioning in patients of cardiac surgery undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (iCPB): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundIntralipid is a necessary fatty acid carrier that has been safely used as an energy supplier in the clinic. It has played an important role in rescuing the cardiac arrest caused by local anesthetic toxicity. In recent years, experimental studies have shown that intralipid postconditioning (ILPC) could reduce myocardial ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injuries. Our research group has innovatively conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT), and the results showed that ILPC could reduce the release of cTnT and CK-MB, biomarkers of myocardial I/R injury, in valve replacement surgery. However, the potential effects of ILPC on the clinical outcome of adult cardiac surgery patients are unclear. Intralipid postconditioning in patients of cardiac surgery undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (iCPB) trial is aimed to further study whether ILPC could improve short-term and long-term clinical outcome, as well as cardiac function in adult cardiac surgery patients.MethodsThe iCPB trial is an ongoing, single-center, prospective, double-blinded, large sample RCT. In total, 1000 adults undergoing cardiac surgery will be randomly allocated to either the ILPC group or the control group. The intervention group received an intravenous infusion of 2 mL/kg of 20% intralipid (medium-chain and long-chain fat emulsion injection C6~C24, Pharmaceutical) within 10 min before aortic cross-unclamping, and the control group received an equivalent volume of normal saline. The primary endpoints are complex morbidity of major complications during hospitalization and all-cause mortality within 30 days after surgery. The secondary endpoints include (1) all-cause mortality 6 months and 1 year postoperatively; (2) the quality of life within 1 year after surgery, using the QoR-15 questionnaire; (3) the postoperative cardiac function evaluated by LVEF, LVEDS, and LVEDD, and the myocardial injury evaluated by CK-MB, cTnT, and BNP; and (4) short-term clinical outcomes during hospitalization and total cost are also detailed evaluated.DiscussionThe iCPB trial is the first to explore ILPC on the clinical outcome of adult cardiac surgery patients. The results are expected to provide potential evidences about whether ILPC could reduce the morbidity and mortality and improve the cardiac function and quality of life. Therefore, the results will provide a rationale for the evaluation of the potentially clinically relevant benefit of intralipid therapy.Trial registrationChictr.org.cn ChiCTR1900024387. Prospectively registered on 9 July 2019.

Enhancement of oil recovery by emulsion injection: A pore scale analysis from X-ray micro-tomography measurements

The efficiency of emulsion injection as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method is investigated in a synthetic porous medium consisting of sintered bi-disperse glass beads, which emulates the porosity and permeability of real oil-bearing rocks. Synthetic seawater and an oil-in-water emulsion are successively used to displace a mineral oil which initially saturates the porous space. Micro-CT images with a 4 μm resolution are acquired at the end of the different stages of the process; the water phase is doped with KI to optimize the contrast between the liquid phases. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) images showing the beads, doped water and residual oil present a 3-modal histogram. After denoising with a non-local means filter, alignment and segmentation, the 3D images provide the spatial distributions of the water and oil phases, and thus allow comparing the populations of residual oil ganglia prior to and after the injection of the emulsion. Visual comparison of the spatial phase distributions show that the oil droplets of the oil-water emulsion divert the water path, mobilizing previously trapped oil ganglia. The probability density functions (PDFs) of different geometrical properties of the trapped oil ganglia (104 ganglia with volumes spanning 6 orders of magnitude) after water injection show well defined power law behaviors between a size corresponding to the typical pore throat and that typical of 10 typical pore volumes, and a few very large clusters of sizes between 10 and 5×105 typical pore volumes. The largest of them alone accounts for 97% of the trapped oil. The same PDFs after emulsion injection demonstrate successful fragmentation of these few very large ganglia, which in this case is the key to efficient EOR procedure through diversion of the water flow by emulsion oil droplets to less permeable regions.

Establishment of blood lipids variation-based experimental hyperlipidemia animal model: a review

Nowaday, the prevalence of dyslipidemia has developed into a global public health problem. The screening of lipid-lowering active substances and the study of their mechanism have received extensive attention, and the establishment of hyperlipidemia model is the premise of relative studies. In the study, hyperlipidemic animal models established with different factors such as dietary composition, food/environmental pollution factors and drug stimulation are summarized and analyzed from the aspects of blood lipid changes, inducer ratio/dose, modeling mechanism and modeling cycle. It is shown that 4 – 8 weeks free feeding of high-fat diet and 4 – 6 weeks intragastric administration of fat emulsion can cause lipid accumulation in experimental animals; egg yolk or fat emulsion injection can cause a significant increase in plasma triglycide in animals within 2 hours – 2 days. The high-fat/high-glucose-induced C. elegans or zebrafish high-fat model can be used as a rapid screening model for lipid-lowering actives. Both food contaminant 1, 3-dichloro-2-propanol and environmental pollutant heavy metal lead can induce stable mixed hyperlipidemia; detergents Triton and poloxamer can induce an acute model with clear mechanism; and hormone can induce kidney deficiency type hyperlipidemia. Congenital dyslipidemia and gene knockout models are often applied to in-depth mechanistic studies. The establishment method of hyperlipidemia model has various advantages and disadvantages. It is necessary to establish a suitable/efficient high-fat model according to studies on the development of natural lipid-lowering active substances.

Nutritional regulators of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis in pigs

Nutritional signals are detected by the central nervous system (CNS) and translated by the neuroendocrine system into signals that alter secretion of LH and growth hormone (GH). Furthermore, these signals directly affect the activity of the pituitary gland independently of CNS input. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin, leptin and specific metabolites, such as glucose and free fatty acids (FFA)', are potential signals of the metabolic status to the brain-pituitary axis. Intravenous injection of a lipid emulsion or glucose suppressed the GH and LH response to GH releasing hormone (GHRH) and GnRH, respectively. Insulin and IGF-I regulation of LH and GH secretion occur at the pituitary gland. Feed deprivation for 24 h suppressed leptin secretion without affecting LH or GH secretion, whereas central administration of leptin resulted in a decrease in feed intake and an increase in GH secretion. Oestrogen-induced leptin gene expression in adipose tissue increased with age and adiposity in pigs. Leptin stimulated GnRH release from hypothalamic tissue in vitro. These results identify putative signals that link metabolic status and neuroendocrine control of growth and reproduction by altering endocrine function during periods of fasting, feed restriction and lactation.

Acute injection of a DHA triglyceride emulsion after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in mice increases both DHA and EPA levels in blood and brain✰

We recently reported that acute injection of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) triglyceride emulsions (tri-DHA) conferred neuroprotection after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury in a neonatal mouse stroke model. We showed that exogenous DHA increased concentrations of DHA in brain mitochondria as well as DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) levels in the brain. The objective of the present study was to investigate the distribution of emulsion particles and changes in plasma lipid profiles after tri-DHA injection in naïve mice and in animals subjected to HI injury. We also examined whether tri-DHA injection would change DHA- and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived SPM levels in the brain. To address this, neonatal (10-day-old) naïve and HI mice were injected with radiolabeled tri-DHA emulsion (0.375 g tri-DHA/kg bw), and blood clearance and tissue distribution were analyzed. Among all the organs assayed, the lowest uptake of emulsion particles was in the brain (<0.4% recovered dose) in both naïve and HI mice, while the liver had the highest uptake. Tri-DHA administration increased DHA concentrations in plasma lysophosphatidylcholine and non-esterified fatty acids. Additionally, treatment with tri-DHA after HI injury significantly elevated the levels of DHA-derived SPMs and monohydroxy-containing DHA-derived products in the brain. Further, tri-DHA administration increased resolvin E2 (RvE2, 5S,18R-dihydroxy-eicosa-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E-pentaenoic acid) and monohydroxy-containing EPA-derived products in the brain. These results suggest that the transfer of DHA through plasma lipid pools plays an important role in DHA brain transport in neonatal mice subjected to HI injury. Furthermore, increases in EPA and EPA-derived SPMs following tri-DHA injection demonstrate interlinked metabolism of these two fatty acids. Hence, changes in both EPA and DHA profile patterns need to be considered when studying the protective effects of DHA after HI brain injury. Our results highlight the need for further investigation to differentiate the effects of DHA from EPA on neuroprotective pathways following HI damage. Such information could contribute to the development of specific DHA-EPA formulations to improve clinical endpoints and modulate potential biomarkers in ischemic brain injury.

Physical Stability of Medium-Chain Triglyceride/Long-Chain Triglyceride Emulsion Injections From 5 Manufacturers in High-Concentration Electrolyte-Based Total Nutrient Admixtures.

Lipid emulsion injections for parenteral nutrition are an important source of energy and essential fatty acids. Yet stability and compounding challenges remain. We compared the physicochemical stability of 5 commercial medium-chain triglyceride/long-chain triglyceride (MCT/LCT)-based lipid emulsions compounded in total nutrient admixtures (TNAs). Stability of the MCT/LCT-based TNAs was assessed when compounded with high concentrations of electrolytes. We measured mean droplet diameter (MDD), percentage of fat residing in globules ≥5 μm (PFAT5), pH, and osmolality immediately after compounding (time 0) and 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours later. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to evaluate changes in stability over time, and post hoc tests were used to assess group differences. Over 72 hours, MDD of TNAs ranged from 0.206 to 0.713 μm, PFAT5 from 0.58% × 10-3 to 43.18% × 10-3 , pH from 5.769 to 5.879, and osmolality from 1304 to 1357 mOsm/kg. MDDs and PFAT5s showed a tendency to increase gradually over the first 24 hours and then decrease or remained stable after that. We identified some significant differences in MDDs and PFAT5s among the 5 MCT/LCT-based TNAs, although all met the United States Pharmacopeia <729> standards. The stability of some commercial MCT/LCT-based TNAs under high concentrations of electrolytes exhibits differences over the 72 hours after compounding. Clinicians should pay attention, therefore, to possible performance differences of injectable lipid emulsions produced by different manufacturers when compounded in TNAs under high electrolyte concentrations.

The effect of emulsion and foam on anti-water coning during nitrogen foam injection in bottom-water reservoirs

Bottom-water coning occurs in middle and late stages of bottom-water reservoir development, resulting in a rapid increase of water cut and a serious decline in oil production from wells. Water plugging with nitrogen foam is an effective method for improving development during the high water-cut period of a bottom-water reservoir. During nitrogen foam injection, large amount of foam stay around the well. Meanwhile, the crude oil and foaming agent which is a type of surfactant meet together and generate large amount of emulsion. The paper explores the formation and flow characteristics of emulsion in a micromodel and performs a series of one-dimensional flow tests to investigate oil−water sensitivity, as well as water-plugging and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) efficiency of foam and emulsion in a heterogeneous reservoir. A two-dimensional visual experiment was performed to study foam evolution in an oil layer and the anti-water coning process. The results indicate that blockage of pore throats by emulsion occurs because of superimposed blockage in narrow throats and accumulation plugging in large pores with multiple droplets. Foam is less stable and provides less resistance with higher oil saturation, which is in contrast to emulsion. Foam and emulsion injection can result in subsequent water flooding that diverts from the high-permeability zone to the low-permeability zone, decreases the water cut, and improves the oil recovery. The visual experiment showed that a high-flow resistance zone composed of foam and emulsion forms after part of foam defoaming, which is beneficial to expand swept volume and improves oil recovery of lateral water flooding. The paper can provide references for anti-water coning and EOR by nitrogen foam injection in a bottom-water reservoir.

Electroacupuncture pretreatment alleviates myocardial injury through regulating mitochondrial function

BackgroundElectroacupuncture is well known for its advantageous neuroanalgesic and therapeutic effects on myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. The purpose of the present research was to verify whether electroacupuncture can alleviate bupivacaine-induced myocardial injury.MethodsSpecific pathogen-free Wistar rats were used to establish the bupivacaine-induced myocardial injury model. Western blot, PCR, transmission electron microscope and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) methods were used to evaluate bupivacaine-induced structure injury and dysfunction of the mitochondria as well as the alleviating effects of lipid emulsion, acupoint injection, and electroacupuncture pre-treatment of the oxidase stress response.ResultsBupivacaine caused structural damage, degradation, and swelling of mitochondria. Furthermore, it reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and impaired energy metabolism in the mitochondria. Structural and functional impairment of the mitochondria was alleviated via lipid emulsion injection, acupoint injection, and electroacupuncture pre-treatment. Electroacupuncture pre-treatment of PC6 yielded a greater alleviating effect than others approaches. Following electroacupuncture pre-treatment of PC6 point, the number of mitochondria increased; apoptosis was reduced, enzymatic activity of cytochrome C oxidase (COX) and superoxide dismutase and expression of uncoupling protein 2, voltage-dependent anion channel 1, and Bcl 2 were upregulated and SLC25A6, MDA levels were downregulated. Additionally, our findings indicated that electroacupuncture pre-treatment of PC6 point exerted an effect on the mitochondria via the mitochondrial-transcription-factor-A/nuclear-respiratory-factor-1/proliferator-activated-receptor-gamma-coactivator-1 pathway.ConclusionThe present study revealed that electroacupuncture pre-treatment of PC6 could effectively alleviate bupivacaine-induced myocardial mitochondrial damage, thereby providing a theoretical basis for clinical studies and applications of this treatment method.

Oral ibuprofen promoted cholestatic liver disease in very low birth weight infants with patent ductus arteriosus

Hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants is routinely treated in many countries with oral ibuprofen. This study retrospectively assessed whether the risk of cholestatic liver disease (CLD) increased due to oral ibuprofen administration in VLBW infants. A total of 122 VLBW preterm infants (26∼32 weeks, birth weight<1500g) diagnosed with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) between September 2016 to August 2018 were included. Sixty-four infants were diagnosed with hs-PDA and received ibuprofen treatment. VLBW infants with PDA untreated with ibuprofen served as controls. Soybean oil and fat emulsions were routinely added to parenteral nutrition (PN). Once CLD was diagnosed, the fat emulsions were immediately replaced with multi-oil fat emulsion injections. To assess the independent association of treatment and duration of ibuprofen with CLD and duration of fasting and PN, binary logistic regression or multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for major confounders (birth weight, gestational age, Clinical Risk Index for Babies, and cholestasis-associated risk factors). The duration of PN increased due to ibuprofen treatment for 6.559 days (95% CI: 1.769, 11.349; P=0.008), and the risk of prolonged fasting (cutoff>5 days) might have increased due to ibuprofen treatment (OR: 3.043, 95% CI: 0.965, 9.594; P=0.057). Furthermore, CLD was influenced by ibuprofen treatment (OR: 6.730; 95% CI: 1.279, 35.41; P=0.024), early thrombocytopenia 7 days postnatal (OR: 6.996; 95% CI: 1.769, 27.658; P=0.004), and late onset sepsis (OR: 6.976; 95% CI: 1.561, 31.169; P=0.011). Further analysis adjusting for cholestasis-associated risk factors revealed that CLD was influenced by the duration of ibuprofen treatment (OR: 2.864; 95% CI: 1.104, 7.422; P=0.030), Platlets counts 7 days postnatal (OR: 0.971; 95% CI: 0.950, 0.994; P=0.013), and duration of antibiotics (OR: 1.134; 95% CI: 1.002, 1.282; P=0.046). This retrospective study indicated oral ibuprofen duration-dependently increased the risk of CLD in VLBW infants with PDA, and early thrombocytopenia served as the critical risk factor.

Blood clearance kinetics and organ delivery of medium-chain triglyceride and fish oil-containing lipid emulsions: Comparing different animal species

Medium-chain triglycerides (TG) (MCT) and fish oil (FO) TG are incorporated as the core TG component into intravenous (IV) lipid emulsions for infusion in parenteral nutrition. Bolus injections of IV emulsions, on the other hand, have emerged as a novel therapeutic approach to treat various acute disorders. However, intravascular metabolism and organ delivery of acute IV injection of emulsions containing both MCT and FO are not fully defined, nor have they been characterized across common experimental animal models. We characterized and compared blood clearance kinetics and organ distribution of bolus injections of MCT/FO emulsions among different animal species. We also examined whether sex differences or feeding status can affect catabolic properties of MCT/FO lipid emulsions. Blood clearance rates of lipid emulsions with specific TG composition were compared in rats IV injected with [3H]cholesteryl hexadecyl ether labeled pure n-6 long-chain (LCT) and n-3 FO TG lipid emulsions, or emulsions containing MCT and FO at different ratios (wt/wt), which include 8:2 (80% MCT: 20% FO), 5:4:1 (50% MCT: 40% LCT: 10% FO) and SMOF (30% LCT: 30% MCT: 25% olive oil: 10% FO). Dose-response effects (0.016mg-1.6mgTG/g body weight) of the MCT/FO 8:2 emulsions on blood clearance properties and organ delivery were determined in both mice and rats. Blood clearance kinetics and organ uptake of MCT/FO 8:2 emulsions were compared between male and female rats and between fed and fasted rats. Changes in plasma lipid profiles after acute injections of MCT/FO 8:2 lipid emulsion at different doses (0.043, 0.133, and 0.4mgTG/g body weight) were characterized in non-human primates (Cynomolgus monkeys). MCT/FO 8:2 emulsion was cleared faster in rats when compared with other emulsions with different TG contents. Mice had faster blood clearance and higher fractional catabolic rates (FCR) when compared with the rats injected with MCT/FO 8:2 emulsions regardless of the injected doses. Mice and rats had similar plasma TG and free fatty acid (FFA) levels after low- or high-dose injections of the MCT/FO emulsion. Tissue distribution of the MCT/FO 8:2 lipid emulsion are comparable between mice and rats, where liver had the highest uptake per recovered dose among all organs (>60%). Feeding status and sex differences did not alter the blood clearance rate of the MCT/FO 8:2 emulsion in rats. In a nonhuman primate model, dose-response increases in plasma TG and FFA were observed after IV injection of MCT/FO 8:2 emulsions within the 1st 10min. A lipid emulsion containing both MCT and FO TG is cleared rapidly in blood and readily available for organ uptake in rodent and primate animal models. Characterization of the blood clearance properties of the MCT/FO 8:2 emulsion administered in various animal models may provide further insight into the safety and efficacy profiles for future therapeutic use of bolus injections of MCT/FO emulsions in humans.

Brucea javanica oil emulsion injection (BJOEI) as an adjunctive therapy for patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:Brucea javanica oil emulsion injection (BJOEI) has been widely applied as a promising adjunctive drug for colorectal carcinoma (CRC). However, the exact effects and safety of BJOEI remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to summarize the efficacy and safety of BJOEI for the treatment of advanced CRC through the meta-analysis, in order to provide scientific reference for the design of future clinical trials.Methods:Eligible prospective controlled clinical trials were searched from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Medline, Web of Science (WOS), Excerpt Medica Database (Embase), Chinese BioMedical Database (CBM), China Scientific Journal Database (VIP), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Database. Papers in English or Chinese published from January 2000 to May 2020 will be included without any restrictions. The clinical outcomes including therapeutic effects, quality of life (QoL), immune function and adverse events, were systematically evaluated.Study selection and data extraction will be performed independently by 2 reviewers. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 14.0 were used for data analysis, and a fixed or random-effect model will be used depending upon the heterogeneity observed between trials. Subgroup and meta-regression analysis will be carried out depending on the availability of sufficient data.Results:The results of this systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.Conclusion:Our study will draw an objective conclusion of the effects and safety of BJOEI for advanced CRC, and provide a helpful evidence for clinicians to formulate the best postoperative adjuvant treatment strategy for CRC patients.INPLASY registration number: INPLASY202060014.

A bioinformatics investigation into the pharmacological mechanisms of javanica oil emulsion injection in non-small cell lung cancer based on network pharmacology methodologies

BackgroundJavanica oil emulsion injection (JOEI) is an effective therapeutic option for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but its mechanisms have not been fully elucidated.MethodsIn this study, we utilized network pharmacology to systematically investigate the bioactive components and targets of JOEI, identify common targets in NSCLC, and understand and evaluate the underlying mechanism of JOEI in the treatment of NSCLC through expression level, correlation, enrichment, Cox, survival and molecular docking analyses. The results indicated that five compounds of JOEI interact with five pivotal targets (LDLR, FABP4, ABCB1, PTGS2, and SDC4) that might be strongly correlated with the JOEI-mediated treatment of NSCLC.ResultsThe expression level analysis demonstrated that NSCLC tissues exhibit low expression of FABP4, ABCB1, LDLR and PTGS2 and high SDC4 expression. According to the correlation analysis, a decrease in FABP4 expression was strongly correlated with decreases in LDLR and ABCB1, and a decrease in LDLR was strongly correlated with decreased PTGS2 and increased in SDC4 expression. Cox and survival analyses showed that the survival rate of the high-risk group was significantly lower than that of the low-risk group (p = 0.00388). In the survival analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) showed that the pivotal gene model exhibited the best predictive capacity over 4 years (AUC = 0.613). Moreover, the molecular docking analysis indicated that LDLR, FABP4, ABCB1, PTGS2 and SDC4 exhibit good binding activity with the corresponding compounds.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study predicted and verified that the mechanism of JOEI against NSCLC involves multiple targets and signaling pathways. Furthermore, this study provides candidate targets for the treatment of NSCLC, lays a good foundation for further experimental research and promotes the reasonable application of JOEI in clinical treatment.

Effects of multi-oil fat emulsion injection on liver function, immune function and inflammation in ICU patients

Effects of multi-oil fat emulsion injection on liver function, immune function and inflammation in ICU patients

Unbalanced thermoregulation in experimental autoimmune encephalitis induced in Lewis rats.

Thermoregulation in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) is impaired and may result in either increases or decreases in body temperature. We have found that rat experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), being a model of MS, is associated with body temperature disturbances as well. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether the altered body temperature in EAE-induced rats is due to either a deficit in thermoregulation or a controlled change in its set point. Subcutaneous injection of encephalitogenic emulsion into both pads of hind feet of the Lewis rats provoked EAE symptoms. Body temperature (Tb) of 6 rats was measured using biotelemetry system, and ambient temperature (Ta) preferred by 6 rats of another group was analyzed using thermal gradient system. Symptoms of EAE started 11 days postinjection and progressed quickly, culminating in a complete paralysis in rats placed in the gradient, which was associated with behavioural fever (accordingly, selected Ta raised to as much as 32.8±0.5°C vs 27.2±0.6°C in control rats). On the other hand, EAE rats, placed at a constant Ta of 24°C, were able to generate fever (Tb of 37.8±0.1°C) at the start of the illness and then paralysis compromised fever (most likely due to an impairment of thermogenesis), which, surprisingly, resulted in recovery. We conclude that EAE onset in rats is associated with fever and its behavioural supporting leads to aggravation of the autoimmune neurotoxicity.

Characterization of pharmaceutic structured triacylglycerols by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry and its application to structured fat emulsion injection.

Structured triacylglycerols (STAGs) are a complex mixture of triacylglycerols which are esterified by long-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids with the same glycerol molecular backbone. As a kind of lipid pharmaceutic excipients, STAGs are used in the pharmaceutical industry as major components of structured fat emulsion injections and play an important role in pharmaceutic energy material because they improve nutritional status with faster elimination in a safe way. The composition and proportion of triacylglycerols in STAGs are closely related to the stability of pharmaceutical preparations and curative effects in the clinic. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize pharmaceutic STAGs using a rapid and accurate method. An analytical method for rapid and accurate determination of triacylglycerols in pharmaceutic STAGs was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/HRMS). Triacylglycerol components could be well separated on a Waters Xterra MS C8 (2.1 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm) column. Four-dimensional HPLC/HRMS data (high-resolution m/z, MS2 data, retention time and isotopic intensity distribution) were used to identify triacylglycerols using Lipid Data Analyzer (LDA) software and the LIPID MAPS database. Then, these identified triacylglycerol components were relatively quantified by their corresponding normalized peak areas using representative standard curves of structurally similar standard substances. Forty-seven kinds of triacylglycerol components in pharmaceutic STAGs and structured fat emulsion injection were identified and relatively quantified by this method. It has been shown that their retention times are in good correlation with the number of carbon atoms and carbon-carbon double bonds. The main components in pharmaceutic STAGs and structured fat emulsion injection were triacylglycerols containing both medium-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids, while the other components, including triacylglycerols containing three medium-chain fatty acids and triacylglycerols containing three long-chain fatty acids, were relatively low. This study has provided a rapid and accurate approach for the identification and quality control of pharmaceutic STAGs and structured fat emulsion injection and this approach can be extended to other lipid pharmaceutic excipients and used as an effective and reasonable control to guarantee the quality of pharmaceutical preparations.

INJECTION OF DISPERSED OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION TO IMPROVE VOLUMETRIC SWEEP EFFICIENCY DURING WATER FLOODING OF OIL RESERVOIRS

During water flooding of heterogeneous oil reservoirs, early breakthrough of water can occur and lead to poor volumetric sweep efficiency. Macro-emulsions with oil droplets dispersed in a continuous water phase [oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions], have the potential to block high-permeability zones in these reservoirs, and thereby improve the volumetric sweep by diverting the water flow from high-permeability layers toward lower-permeability layers. In the present work, the potential for produced water with dispersed oil to block sandstone rocks (with permeability of 150-2000 mD) was investigated. Different o/w emulsions with similar oil concentrations as in the produced water were prepared using synthetic oil and crude oil. Water-soluble surfactant was dissolved in synthetic formation water and homogenized with oil using a high-shear rate mixer at different speeds and mixing times. The prepared emulsions were injected into sandstone cores. A Coulter Counter Multisizer was used to measure the droplet size distributions in the injected emulsions and the produced effluent. The droplet size distributions in the emulsions and the pore throat size distributions in rock were compared. The flooding experiments demonstrated that injection of emulsions can significantly reduce the permeability, and depending on the initial permeability of the rock the permeability reduction was up to 47%. Emulsion has the potential to accelerate and improve oil production and reduce the water cut at low-cost investment. Further work is required to qualify this method for field applications.

Design and formulation of surfactant stabilized O/W emulsion for application in enhanced oil recovery: effect of pH, salinity and temperature

Mobilization of crude oil from the subsurface porous media by emulsion injection is one of the Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (C-EOR) techniques. However, deterioration of emulsion by phase separation under harsh reservoir conditions like high salinity, acidic or alkaline nature and high temperature pose a challenge for the emulsion to be a successful EOR agent. Present study aims at formulation of Oil-in-Water (O/W) emulsion stabilized by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) using the optimum values of independent variables – salinity, pH and temperature. The influence of above parameters on the physiochemical properties of the emulsion such as average droplet size, zeta (ζ) potential, conductivity and rheological properties were investigated to optimize the properties. The influence of complex interactions of independent variables on emulsion characteristics were premeditated by experimental model obtained by Taguchi Orthogonal Array (TOA) method. Accuracy and significance of the experimental model was verified using Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). Results indicated that the experimental models were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) fitted with main influence of salinity (making it a critical variable) followed by its interactions with pH and temperature for all the responses studied for the emulsion properties. No significant difference between the predicted and experimental response values of emulsion ensured the adequacy of the experimental model. Formulated optimized emulsion manifested good stability with 2417.73 nm droplet size, −72.52 mV ζ-potential and a stable rheological (viscosity and viscoelastic) behavior at extensive temperature range. Ultralow Interfacial Tension (IFT) value of 2.22E-05 mN/m was obtained at the interface of crude oil and the emulsion. A favorable wettability alteration of rock from intermediate-wet to water-wet was revealed by contact angle measurement and an enhanced emulsification behavior with crude oil by miscibility test. A tertiary recovery of 21.03% of Original Oil In Place (OOIP) was obtained on sandstone core by optimized emulsion injection. Therefore, performance assessment of optimized emulsion under reservoir conditions confirms its capability as an effective oil-displacing agent.