Emulsion Blend Research Articles

Optimized titanium dioxide loading for properties of natural rubber latex and acrylic emulsion blends

Blends of prevulcanized natural rubber (PVNR) and acrylic emulsion (AC) were prepared at the fixed PVNR/AC ratio of 30/70. Effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) addition were optimized across the contents 0, 10, 20 and 30 parts per hundred parts of polymer (php) with respect to various properties. Morphological analysis revealed a two-phase system in which the PVNR particles were dispersed in the AC matrix. Incorporation of TiO2 induced a finer blend morphology in which a part of the TiO2 was located at the interfaces of blend components. The tensile strength increased with initial TiO2 loading and reached its maximum at 10 php loading, with an improvement by about 127% over the blend without filler. However, further increase in filler loading reduced the tensile strength, and the filler tended to agglomerate at those higher loadings. Thermal stability and storage modulus in rubbery region of the blends containing TiO2 were also improved over the unfilled blend, due to the improved morphology and the hydrogen bonds between TiO2 filler and polymer matrix. TiO2 improved water wettability and adhesion of the blend. The maximum peel strengths on wood and metal substrates were about 120% and 26% larger than for the reference unfilled blend. Such drastic improvements suggest that the filled blends may find applications as coating materials.

Synergistic formulation approach for developing pea protein and guar gum enriched olive oil-in-water emulsion gels as solid fat substitutes: Formulation optimization, characterization, and molecular simulation

This study aimed to optimize the formulation of olive oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion gels by incorporating Pea Protein (PP) and Guar Gum (GG) as alternative options for solid fats. The optimum rheological (consistency index, apparent viscosity, recovery) and texture (firmness) properties of the emulsion gels were obtained using a mixture of 2 % PP, 1 % GG, 60 % Olive Oil (OO), and 37 % Water (W). The blend of PP2/GG1 showed the highest results for recovery and firmness, 111.27 % and 33.89 g, respectively. PP/GG blend emulsion gels exhibited higher absolute ζ-potential values, ranging between −72.3 and −77.4 mV. The polydispersity index (PDI) ranged from 0.185 to 0.535, with the most uniform distributions found in the PP/GG blend emulsion gels. Strong phase separation resistance indicated strong stability of PP-GG complex emulsion gels. Higher PP concentrations decreased emulsion oxidation. FTIR and XRD research showed that PP and GG interact strongly, indicating good compatibility. The free binding energy of the most stable configuration of the molecules was −6.8 kcal mol−1, indicating a high affinity. PP interacted with GG through 9 amino acid residues, with notable residues being Asp 224, Thr 235, Ala 332, Ile 334, and Arg 336, and their respective interaction distances ranged between 2.69 Å and 3.87 Å.

Performance, emission, combustion, exergy, exergoeconomic and sustainability analyses of EGR incorporated CI engine fuelled with areca nut husk nano-additive dosed plastic oil–water-diesel emulsion blend

This first-of-a-kind research emphasizes the influence of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on engine characteristics, and exergy, sustainability, and exergoeconomic aspects of compression ignition engine, powered by plastic grocery bag-extracted plastic oil-diesel-water emulsion blend dosed with bio-nano-additive extracted from areca nut husk (D10EPO-15 ppm). Three EGR rates (5%, 10%, and 15%) were incorporated at varying engine loads. At 100% load, the EGR incorporation reduced the peak heat release rate and peak pressure up to 6.5 and 5.6%, respectively, in comparison to the base fuel without EGR. Up to 5.2 and 9.1% reduction in exhaust gas temperature and nitrogen oxide emission (NOx) was noticed with the EGR incorporation. However, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke emissions increased with the EGR incorporation. Nevertheless, considering the overall characteristics, 5% EGR was the most suitable one to have a lower NOx (3.4%) with a minimum penalty on CO (4.3%), HC (5.4%), and smoke (3.6%) emissions as well as fuel consumption (3%), at full load. Amongst the three EGR rates, 5% EGR incorporation also has the highest exergy efficiency (20.9%) and sustainability index (1.26). Exergoeconomic analysis also revealed the favorability of 5% EGR, and at full load, 5% EGR showed the lowest specific exergy cost inflow rate (0.8957 $/hr), the lowest specific exergy cost rate for shaft work (75.27 $/GJ), the lowest relative cost difference (3.99), and the highest exergoeconomic factor (9.95%).

Emulsion Stability and CO2 Removal Performance of MDEA-AMP Blends with Tween-80 Surfactants

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a corrosive and inflammable gas found in natural gas. The most widely technique used for CO2 separation in the natural gas industry is via amine absorption method. However, due to the corrosive nature of amines, researchers actively looking for an alternative method to separate CO2. Therefore, the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was developed to address this issue. In spite of that, it still remains as challenge to find suitable formulation to produce stable emulsion with good CO2 removal performance. In this study, the amine blend emulsion containing Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) with Tween80 (Polysorbate-80) were prepared. An aqueous phase was formed by blending of MDEA and AMP in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The organic phase composed of kerosene and Tween-80 used as surfactant. The effect of varying concentrations of Tween-80 on the emulsion stability and CO2 absorption capacity of ELM were investigated in this study. The emulsion was prepared by mixing the aqueous and organic phases for 5 minutes at a speed of 10,000 rpm until it become homogenous. The CO2 absorption capacity was conducted in a rotating disc contactor column with a 2-bar pressure of CO2 gas supply. This study demonstrated that, by blending of 8% v/v MDEA and 4% v/v AMP with 10% v/v Tween-80, 56.89% of CO2 removal could be achieved while maintaining an emulsion stability of 95%.

Electrospun compliant heparinized elastic vascular graft for improving the patency after implantation

The low patency rate after artificial blood vessel replacement is mainly due to the ineffective use of anticoagulant factors and the mismatch of mechanical compliance after transplantation. Electrospun nanofibers with biomimetic extracellular matrix three-dimensional structure and tunable mechanical strength are excellent carriers for heparin. In this work, we have designed and synthesized a series of biodegradable poly(ester-ether-urethane)ureas (BEPU), following compound with optimized constant concentration of heparin by homogeneous emulsion blending, then spun into the hybrid BEPU/heparin nanofibers tubular graft for replacing rats' abdominal aorta in situ for comprehensive performance evaluation. The results in vitro demonstrated that the electrospun L-PEUUH (LDI-based PEUU with heparin) vascular graft was of regular microstructure, optimum surface wettability, matched mechanical properties, reliable cytocompatibility, and strongest endothelialization in situ. Replacement of resected abdominal artery with the L-PEUUH vascular graft in rat showed that the graft was capable of homogeneous hybrid heparin and significantly promoted the stabilization of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), as well as stabilizing the blood microenvironment. This research demonstrates the L-PEUUH vascular graft with substantial patency, indicating their potential for injured vascular healing.

Impact of Flax Seed Protein and Beeswax Emulsion Blend on Leather Finishing– A Novel Eco-Benign Formulation

Protein based finishing on leather surface is generally done using casein-based formulation which forms a transparent and breathable film. Other naturally available options such as protein extracted from flax seeds exhibit versatile application in various fields. Thus in this work, the flax seed protein which is found to be 84%, along with bees wax emulsion is explored for the first time as an Eco benign binder and as an alternative for casein based finish. The binders play very important role in leather finishing as it helps in binding the various constituents of finishing such as pigments, wax, and additives to the leather matrix. The prepared Eco benign binder formed a continuous film on the surface of the leather and improved the of physical properties and crack resistance of the leather. The FTIR and particle size analysis were carried out for the characterization of the Eco benign binder. The experimental leathers were tested for tensile strength, elongation at break, lastometer test, colour fastness and cold crack tests. The results of the said tests were satisfied and on par with control leathers.

Nanofibers with homogeneous heparin distribution and protracted release profile for vascular tissue engineering.

In clinic, controlling acute coagulation after small-diameter vessel grafts transplantation is considered a primary problem. The combination of heparin with high anticoagulant efficiency and polyurethane fiber with good compliance is a good choice for vascular materials. However, blending water-soluble heparin with fat-soluble poly (ester-ether-urethane) urea elastomer (PEEUU) uniformly and preparing nanofibers tubular grafts with uniform morphology is a huge challenge. In this research, we have compounded PEEUU with optimized constant concentration of heparin by homogeneous emulsion blending, then spun into the hybrid PEEUU/heparin nanofibers tubular graft (H-PHNF) for replacing rats' abdominal aorta in situ for comprehensive performance evaluation. The in vitro results demonstrated that H-PHNF was of uniform microstructure, moderate wettability, matched mechanical properties, reliable cytocompatibility, and strongest ability to promote endothelial growth. Replacement of resected abdominal artery with the H-PHNF in rat showed that the graft was capable of homogeneous hybrid heparin and significantly promoted the stabilization of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) as well as stabilizing the blood microenvironment. This research demonstrates the H-PHNF with substantial patency, indicating their potential for vascular tissue engineering.

Green synthesized nano-additive dosed biodiesel-diesel-water emulsion blends for CI engine application: Performance, combustion, emission, and exergy analysis

Numerous research studies have demonstrated that biodiesel is an ideal substitute for standard diesel fuel. However, biodiesel produced more nitric oxide emissions. The novel green synthesized cerium oxide (CeO2) nano-additive is used and produced from cerium nitrate hexahydrate using Azadirachta indica leaf extract to reduce NO. Subsequently, the presence of CeO2 is analyzed through different morphological studies. The CeO2 nano-additive is mixed with the 20% Trichosanthes cucumerina oil biodiesel emulsion in different proportions of 10, 20, and 30 ppm are used for this experimental study. From the experimental outcomes, TCB20 Emulsion+30 ppm CeO2 blend shows a significant reduction in hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, and NO emissions by 16.78, 38.30, 20.73 and 6.06%, respectively, when compared with standard diesel. Also, it was found that the TCB20 Emulsion+30 ppm CeO2 blend showed better engine performance with enhanced combustion characteristics. As a result, the comparison of TCB20 Emulsion and TCB20 Emulsion+30 ppm CeO2 blends shows a substantial difference in the decrease of NO by 4.92% and smoke opacity by 11.82%, respectively. It shows improved engine combustion characteristics with an excellent smoke-NO emission trade-off. According to the exergy analysis, the TCB20 Emulsion+30 ppm CeO2 blend had a higher energy share (53.73%) and lower exergy destroyed (46.27%) than other TCB blends. Hence, the TCB20 Emulsion+30 ppm CeO2 blend can be used as an alternative for standard diesel fuel without any engine modifications.

Potential Effect of Lemon Peel Oil with Novel Eco-Friendly and Biodegradable Emulsion in Un-Modified Diesel Engine.

The current research work is based on exploring a novel biological fuel source and renewable fuel offered by waste lemon fruit skin. Furthermore, bio-based multi-wall carbon nanotubes (BMWCNTs), emulsion, fossil diesel, and raw lemon peel oil were procured. The single-cylinder diesel engine was evaluated using these potential ingredients in terms of performance, combustion, and emission. Test engine results reveal that the presence of BMWCNT emulsion in the bio-fuel + blend + emulsion blend produced a lower (4.7%) brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and a higher (13.6%) brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) at peak engine load conditions with diesel. The same test fuel blend possesses an equivalent heat release rate (HRR) and cylinder pressure trends to the diesel fuel blend due to an optimized air/fuel mixture and oxygen supply. Bio-fuel + blend + emulsion achieved step-down reductions of 7.83% carbon monoxide (CO) and 20.68% hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, as well as reductions of 27.7% nitrogen oxide (NOx) and 37.3% smoke emissions at peak engine load with diesel.

Applied Intelligent Grey Wolf Optimizer (IGWO) to Improve the Performance of CI Engine Running on Emulsion Diesel Fuel Blends

Water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion fuel is a potential alternative fuel that can simultaneously lower NOx exhaust emissions and improves combustion efficiency. Additionally, there are no additional costs or engine modifications required when using W/D emulsion fuel. The proportion of water added and engine speed is crucial factors influencing engine behavior. This study aims to examine the impact of the W/D emulsion diesel fuel on engine performance and NOx pollutant emissions using a compression ignition (CI) engine. The emulsion fuel had water content ranging from 0 to 30% with a 5% increment, and 2% surfactant was employed. The tests were performed at speeds ranging from 1000 to 3000 rpm. All W/D emulsion fuel was compared to a standard of pure diesel in all tests. A four-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, direct-injection diesel engine test bed was used for the experiments. The performance and exhaust emissions of the diesel engine were measured at full load and various engine speeds using a dynamometer and an exhaust gas analyzer, respectively. The second purpose of this study is to illustrate the application of two optimizers, grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and intelligent grey wolf optimizer (IGOW), along with using multivariate polynomial regression (MPR) to identify the optimum (W/D) emulsion blend percentage and engine speed to enhance the performance, reduce fuel consumption, and reduce NOX exhaust emissions of a diesel engine operating. The engine speed and proportion of water in the fuel mixture were the independent variables (inputs), while brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and NOx were the dependent variables (outcomes). It was experimentally observed that utilizing emulsified gasoline generally enhances engine performance and decreases emissions in general. Experimentally, at 5% water content and 2000 rpm, the BSFC has a minimal value of 0.258 kJ/kW·h. Under the same conditions, the maximum BP of 11.6 kW and BTE of 32.8% were achieved. According to the IGWO process findings, adding 9% water to diesel fuel and running the engine at a speed of 1998 rpm produced the highest BP (11.2 kW) and BTE (33.3%) and the lowest BSFC (0.259 kg/kW·h) and reduced NOx by 14.3% compared with the CI engine powered by pure diesel. The accuracy of the model is high, as indicated by a correlation coefficient R2 exceeding 0.97 and a mean absolute error (MAE) less than 0.04. In terms of the optimizer, the IGWO performs better than GWO in determining the optimal water addition and engine speed. This is attributed to the IGWO has excellent exploratory capability in the early stages of searching.

Effects of plastic-grocery-bag derived oil-water-diesel emulsions on combustion, performance and emission characteristics, and exergoeconomic aspects of compression ignition engine

Waste generation from non-biodegradable plastic-grocery bags (PGB) has raised concerns in recent years due to their massive production and consumption. The other pressing issues include the depletion of fossil fuels, rising prices, and environmental pollution from compression ignition (CI) engines. In the context of reducing emissions from CI engines, emulsified fuel is becoming increasingly popular. Given the above two flaws and the potential of emulsification, this study looks into the prospects of PGB-derived oil-water-diesel emulsions for CI engine application. Three emulsions were prepared at varying diesel percentages. The average water droplet size ranged between 215.4 and 397.4 nm, with more than 93 % stability after 75 days. The lower heating value of the emulsions increased the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). However, the neat BSFC of all the blends was lower than diesel. All the emulsion blends also decreased the nitrogen oxide and smoke emission simultaneously; additionally, the heat sink effect also reduced the exhaust gas temperature. The blend with 10 % diesel incorporation exhibited the lowest increment in carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon emissions w.r.t diesel. Additionally, it has also the highest exergy efficiency and sustainability index and the lowest specific exergy cost for shaft work amongst the emulsion blends.

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Retention and Oxidative Stability of Spray-Dried Chia–Fish-Oil-Prepared Microcapsules

Background: Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids that the body cannot create itself; thus, they must be obtained from functional foods. Therefore, the food processing industries are becoming more interested in the production of omega-3 enriched food products, as consumers and healthcare organizations are increasingly demanding functional foods with minimal fatty acid loss and higher oxidative stability. Moreover, the stability of long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids in functional foods is a major challenge for the food processing industries. Therefore, the spray drying method was used to prepare spray-dried microcapsules (SDMs) with the minimum loss of, and more stable, fatty acids. Methods: In this study, emulsion blends of chia seed oil (CSO, 50%) and fish oil (FO, 50%) were spray-dried using varied operating conditions, including the inlet air temperature (IAT) (125, 140, 155, 170, and 185 °C), wall material (WM) (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%), pump speed (PS) (3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 mL/min), and needle speed (NS) (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 S). Results: The maximum loss of ALA in the spray-dried microcapsules (SDMs) was observed (9.90 ± 0.40%) at 170 °C, and the minimum loss was 4.18 ± 0.20% in run order 9. A similar trend was observed in the maximum retention loss of EPA and DHA (9.71 ± 0.39% and 9.77 ± 0.39%) at a high temperature of 170 °C, while the minimum losses of EPA and DHA were observed in run order 9. Furthermore, the maximum peroxide value (PV) of the SDMs was observed at a lower temperature of 140 °C (1.45 ± 0.19 meq O2/kg), and the minimum PV was 1.33 ± 0.16 meq O2/kg. Conclusions: Overall, based on the results, we concluded that the oxidative stability of the SDMs was improved and that it can be used as a fortifying agent in the processing of many food products.

Effect of Moringa oleifera biodiesel–diesel–carbon black water emulsion blends in diesel engine characteristics

Day to day fuel prices is getting increased due to fossil fuel depletion, industrialization, and technological development. However, more utilization of fossil in industries has caused environmental pollution and climate change. Hence, the present research work investigates the impact of Moringa oleifera biodiesel–diesel–carbon black water emulsion blends in diesel engine characteristics. The test was carried out on a conventional diesel under loads. B20, B60, B20–D75–CBWE5, B60–D35–CBWE5, and B95–CBWE5​ were chosen for further engine research based on their fuel properties remaining blends were eliminated. Experimental studies reveal that the B20–D75–CBWE5 mixture has the lowest BSFC of 0.381 kg/kWh and the highest BTE of 25.9% compared to other blends. However, as compared to other fuel blends, B100 has the highest BSFC, and that was reduced by dropping biodiesel blends in emulsion fuel to 20%. Also, the B100 produces the least carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions at full load. Similarly, the B20 blend produces the least NO emission of 746 ppm, which was 31% less than diesel. The use of moringa oleifera biodiesel–diesel–carbon emulsion mixtures in a diesel engine results in slightly different combustion parameters including ignition delay period, rate of pressure rise, net heat release rate, and peak pressure as well as significant reduction. Moringa oleifera carbon black water emulsion blends have similar combustion, emission, and performance characteristics to conventional diesel, and biodiesel blends with a small content of carbon black could help to control the air pollution, without sacrificing engine power, economy and emissions.

Effect of hybrid nanoparticles MgO and Al2O3 added water‐in‐diesel emulsion fueled diesel engine using hybrid deep neural network‐based spotted hyena optimization

AbstractThe automotive sector is one of the top energy consumers globally compared with any other sector where oil plays the main role. According to statista.com (an online platform that displays the stats on oil consumption and reserves), in 2016, the demand for crude oil was about 85.3 million barrels per day worldwide. In 2019, the demand almost reached 100 barrels per day, and then it was reduced to 91 million per day during the 2020 global COVID‐19 crisis. However, it was predicted that the global crude oil requirements will exceed 100 million barrels per day by 2023 and will continue to raise. Also, geographically, not all countries worldwide have the oil reservoirs or the technology to extract oil from the reservoirs. Although the oil demand worldwide is increasing every year, researchers have estimated that there are only 47 years of oil left on the planet earth if the current oil consumption will raise this way. Researchers are looking for finding alternative fuels, such as electrochemical energy (electric vehicles), biodiesel, electricity, ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, emerging fuels, or the use of such fuels in the existing engines to minimize the use of nonrenewable energy resources. However, researchers are also looking more at fuels based on hybrid nanoparticles added to emulsified fuels. Due to the limitations of utilizing electrochemical energy or biofuels include high charging time, limited millage, harmful exhaust emissions, complicated production process, engine efficiency, the cost of fuel, and the advantages over hybrid nanoparticles added emulsified fuels than biofuels. Hence, after going through numerous researches, in this present experimentation, “hybrid nanoparticles (MgO and Al2O3) added water‐in‐diesel emulsion” are formulated to enhance the quality of emission and improve the performance of the compression ignition engine. The best combination of diesel, MgO, and Al2O3, a water‐in‐diesel (W/D) emulsion blend, is proposed. The results were further validated using deep neural network‐based spotted hyena optimization (DNN‐SHO) prediction and compared with traditional machine learning approaches artificial neural network (ANN), convolution neural network (CNN), regression‐based network (RBN), recurrent neural network (RNN), and DNN. As a result, the best proportions of the proposed nanoparticles added into the W/D bend are identified to be 10% W/D, 50 ppm of MgO, and 50 ppm of Al2O in terms of engine performance and emission characteristics brake thermal efficiency 30.7%, brake‐specific fuel consumption 0.29 kg/kW‐h, CO 0.027 vol%, NOx 855 ppm vol, and HC 12 ppm vol. Besides this, the DNN‐SHO‐based validated outcomes are in good agreement with the experimental values and outperformed other traditional approaches ANN, CNN, RBN, RNN, and DNN used in this study.

Mechanically robust, self-healing and conductive rubber with dual dynamic interactions of hydrogen bonds and borate ester bonds

Recently, conductive polymers have attracted attention due to their potential in flexible electronic devices. However, the fragility of the matrixes limits their wide applications. Herein, we designed a rubber-based composite with robust mechanical properties, excellent conductive and self-healing performance. The composite was fabricated by a simple and maneuverable method via emulsion blending of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), dopamine (DA) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By taking advantage of the synergistic effect between the dynamic reversible hydrogen bonds and borate ester bonds, the composite exhibited efficient self-healing behavior under moderate conditions. What’s more, CMCS and CNTs were selectively dispersed in the matrix to construct a frame network structure, which increased the tensile strength to 3.61 MPa, and achieved the maximum conductivity of 6.64 × 10−2 S/m. Furthermore, based on the stretchability and electrical conductibility, the composite is sensitively capable of capturing the variation of strain, and thus shows great potential in strain sensors.

Diesel engine performance fuelled with manifold injection of ethanol and water-in-diesel emulsion blends

Growing environmental concerns and rigorous emission rules have fuelled the search for an alternate fuel with cutting-edge engine modifications that can reduce pollutants from compression ignition (CI) engines. Adding water to diesel reduces the nitric oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions while increasing combustion efficiency is a promising standby approach that could help to meet global energy demands as well. Furthermore, injection of alcohol ensures the complete combustion of the fuel mixtures. In this case, two different emulsions with different water-to-diesel ratios are used to inject ethanol into the intake manifold at injection timing (IT) of 5°ATDC with injection duration (ID) of 3-ms (27°CA) to investigate the effects of the ethanol on the performance of modified diesel engine. The test results suggest that higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 31.25% is obtained with 20% water in diesel emulsion along with manifold injected ethanol at 80% load conditions. 10.3% of increment in the BTE was noticed with engine operation on water-in diesel emulsion with ethanol manifold injection compared to baseline diesel operation. Lower smoke emission of 41 HSU was obtained when engine is fuelled with emulsion of 20% water in diesel with manifold injected ethanol at 80% load condition. The smoke emissions were deteriorated by 27.9% with ethanol injection comparatively to that obtained with baseline diesel operation. Declined emissions of NOx, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) by 10.8%, 24.3% and 21% at 80% load were figured out when engine fuelled with an emulsion of 20% water in diesel with manifold injected ethanol compared to baseline diesel operation. Use of a 20% water-in-diesel emulsion with multiple injection of ethanol, delivered at the optimized IT and ID, yields better engine performance and emissions in CI engines.

Impact of spray drying operating conditions on encapsulation efficiency, oxidative quality, and sensorial evaluation of chia and fish oil blends

In the present investigation, the emulsion blends of chia seed oil (CSO, 50%) and fish oil (FO, 50%) were spray dried using operating conditions such as inlet air temperature (IAT 125, 140, 155, 170, 185°C), wall material (WM 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%), pump speed (PS 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ml/min), and needle speed (NS 3, 5, 7, 9, 11s), respectively. The highest EE was obtained 83.77% ± 0.96% at 140°C (IAT), 10% (WM), 4 ml/min (PS), and 5S (NS) conditions. While the minimum EE was noted 73.40% ± 0.35% at 170°C (IAT), 20% (WM), 6 ml/min (PS), and 9S (NS), the maximum model predicted value of EE was 81.85% ± 0.90%. IAT significantly affected the EE while oxidative quality of spray-dried microcapsule (SDM) samples was improved. The sensorial scores of SDM samples were in the acceptable range. Therefore, SDM developed from CSO and FO blends can be recommended for supplementation in different food products. Practical applications In the modern age, the consumer and researcher interest has increased for the development of functional food products with excellent nutritional and stable omega enriched oils. The developed microcapsules from chia and fish oil blends at optimized spray drying operating conditions will help to design a formulation for discerning consumers to obtain omega enriched oil microcapsules with high efficiency and more sensorial acceptability.

The effect of water emulsified diesel on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine

The long-term reliability of employing a water-emulsified diesel fuel blend in a diesel engine was explored in this study. Experiments were carried out to assess the combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of a 3.7 kW, single-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled diesel engine using water emulsified diesel fuel blend E50 [30 % v/v (50% water + 50% ethanol) + 10% v/v octanol + 60% v/v diesel + 31% w/v surfactants (15% w/v PGM + 16% w/v Tween 80)], E0 (30 % v/v ethanol + 10% Octanol + 60 % v/v diesel), and Diesel. The water emulsion blend was found stable.

Oral perception of the textural and flavor characteristics of soy-cow blended emulsions.

Soy-cow blended milk is a potential nutritional beverage and raw material for dairy products. This study determined the particle size, flow, lubrication, flavor and sensory properties of cow milk, soy milk and their blends. Twenty-one major volatile compounds were identified using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME-GCMS) in cow milk and soy milk. Among all the compounds detected in the milk samples, hexanal, associated with off flavor was found highest in soymilk followed by cow milk and blended milk. From confocal images, soy-cow blended milk at a ratio of 1:1 showed a homogenous distribution of small fat globules and protein compared to the soy milk and cow milk. The addition of soy milk to cow milk lowers the particle size although not significantly (p > .05) and decreases the viscosity of blended milk. Cow milk was the most viscous (2.66 mPa·s at 50 s-1 ) with large particles (0.48 μm) observed from confocal images. However, soymilk was found to have better lubrication properties (boundary regime) with a lower friction coefficient (~0.30) compared to cow milk (~0.40) and blended milk (~0.50) at low entrainment speed (0.1-2 mm/s). The sensory panel ranked cow milk as creamier and more viscous while soymilk was perceived as more astringent with beany flavor. Overall, a proportion of 3:7 soy-cow blended milk was more acceptable than the other two blended milks with less beany flavor, as confirmed by the lower amount of hexanal from gas chromatography mass spectrometer.

Reduction of blast-induced ground vibration and utilization of explosive energy using low-density explosives for environmentally sensitive areas

Drilling and blasting play an important role in operation cycle of a mine or quarry. Optimum blast design plays a pivotal role to achieve maximum utilization of explosive energy and blast fragmentation. Only 20 to 30% of explosive energy is utilized for fracturing and fragmentation of rock, and the rest of the energy is converted in noise, air overpressure, ground vibration, etc. It has been observed that using the low-density explosive may reduce the deleterious effect of engineering blasting with desired blast fragmentation. This paper substantiates this fact wherein distinct explosive energy utilization enhancement has been achieved with the use of low-density explosive and reduces ground vibration. This paper outlines the on-field assessment of low-density explosive in Quarry AB of Tata Steel West Bokaro Division. It is a solid sensitized emulsion blend. It comprises products designed for blasting in dry, dewatered, and wet blast-hole applications. Low-density explosive provides the capability to better match explosive performance to ground conditions. Being a low-density, low-energy explosives, it provides an added benefit of reducing the environmental effects of blasting. The key objective of the field assessment was to test the on-field performance of the new low-density bulk products and its effects on blast-induced ground vibration and air overpressure.