Emulsifier Concentration Research Articles

Competitive adsorption of sodium caseinate or ovalbumin by Tween 80 impact the mechanical and microstructural properties of emulsified surimi gel systems

SummaryThis study first explored the competitive displacement of sodium caseinate (SC) and ovalbumin (OVA) by Tween 80 (TW) on the mechanical and microstructural properties of emulsified surimi systems. The interfacial tension of TW (8.02 ± 0.58 mN m−1) was significantly lower than that of SC (10.45 ± 0.62 mN m−1) and OVA (11.78 ± 0.69 mN m−1), and TW's addition significantly decreased the interfacial protein concentration in SC emulsion from 2.04 ± 0.18 to 1.31 ± 0.28 mg m−2 and OVA emulsion from 3.53 ± 0.04 to 2.51 ± 0.12 mg m−2 respectively (P < 0.05). The SC‐ and OVA‐emulsified gels exhibited higher hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness, gel strength, equilibrium stress, recovery rate and quality factor (Q) than TW/SC‐ or TW/OVA‐emulsified gels. Emulsion droplets are embedded in the gel matrix and evenly distributed in SC‐, OVA‐ and SC/OVA‐emulsified gel. However, in TW‐, TW/SC‐ and TW/OVA‐emulsified gel, local phase separation occurs between aggregated protein particles and oil droplets, resulting in highly heterogeneous structures. This study provides a valuable reference for utilising compound emulsifiers in the surimi industry.

Impact of Operating Parameters on the Production of Nanoemulsions Using a High-Pressure Homogenizer with Flow Pattern and Back Pressure Control

The main objective of this study was to establish the relative importance of the main operating parameters impacting the formation of food-grade oil-in-water nanoemulsions by high-pressure homogenization. The goal of this unit operation was to create uniform and stable emulsified products with small mean particle diameters and narrow polydispersity indices. In this study, we examined the performance of a new commercial high-pressure valve homogenizer, which has several features that provide good control over the particle size distribution of nanoemulsions, including variable homogenization pressures (up to 45,000 psi), nozzle dimensions (0.13/0.22 mm), flow patterns (parallel/reverse), and back pressures. The impact of homogenization pressure, number of passes, flow pattern, nozzle dimensions, back pressure, oil concentration, emulsifier concentration, and emulsifier type on the particle size distribution of corn oil-in-water emulsions was systematically examined. The droplet size decreased with increasing homogenization pressure, number of passes, back pressure, and emulsifier-to-oil ratio. Moreover, it was slightly smaller when a reverse rather than parallel flow profile was used. The emulsifying performance of plant, animal, and synthetic emulsifiers was compared because there is increasing interest in replacing animal and synthetic emulsifiers with plant-based ones in the food industry. Under fixed homogenization conditions, the mean particle diameter decreased in the following order: gum arabic (0.66 µm) > soy protein (0.18 µm) > whey protein (0.14 µm) ≈ Tween 20 (0.14 µm). The information reported in this study is useful for the optimization of the production of food-grade nanoemulsions using high-pressure homogenization.

A microfluidic study of bubble formation and coalescence tuned by dynamic adsorption of SDS and proteins

During foaming, bubbles are formed at (sub)millisecond time scales, and emulsifier adsorption determines bubble formation and stabilisation against coalescence. Here we introduce a microfluidic device, in which bubbles are formed in two distinct pressure regimes at low versus high pressures, and emulsifier adsorption can be inferred from the easily-monitored dynamics of bubble formation and coalescence, as well as the bubble properties. We studied dynamic adsorption for various types and concentrations of emulsifiers, namely sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; 0.05–3% wt.) and various proteins (5% wt.) including whey protein isolate (WPI), β-lactoglobulin (β-lac), and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The results show that as SDS concentration increases up to 3% wt., the bubble formation time decreases in the low-pressure regime due to the enhanced adsorption of SDS, yet increases in the high-pressure regime due to the promoted ‘dripping-jetting’ transition; in both pressure regimes the neck thinning process slows down, leading to longer bubble growth time and thus larger bubble size. To suppress coalescence of bubbles formed at time scales down to 10 μs, SDS is the most efficient, followed by BSA, WPI, and finally, β-lac; this is ascribed to the dynamics of emulsifier adsorption, e.g., the resulting dynamic surface tension. To conclude, our microfluidic study highlights the dynamic effects in the presence of SDS and proteins during bubble formation, even at high concentrations. This means that to explain the properties of a freshly-formed foam product, it is crucial to understand (and thereafter manipulate) emulsifier adsorption at time scales relevant to bubble formation and coalescence.

Highly interconnected sponge with optimized water absorption and thermal conductivity for efficient solar desalination

Solar steam generation (SSG) has been recognized as one of the most sustainable approaches for seawater desalination. However, its practical implementation is limited by the complicated preparation strategy, insufficient evaporation performance, and poor mechanical durability. Here, we propose a simple and effective method for preparing a highly interconnected sponge (HIS) for sustainable desalination. The porous structure of HIS evaporator can be tuned by simply adjusting the emulsion concentration, which allowed for optimization of water supply and heat management, resulting in an excellent evaporation rate of 3.87 kg m−2h−1. The HIS also demonstrated outstanding mechanical durability and long-term stability. Furthermore, the entire material cost of the HIS evaporator was only $0.125 m−2, more than an order of magnitude lower than those of previously reported evaporators. The high efficiency, durability, low cost, and storability of the HIS demonstrate its broad prospect for commercial applications.

In-depth potential mechanism of combined demulsification pretreatments (isopropanol ultrasonic pretreatments and Ca2+ flow additions) during aqueous enzymatic extractions of Camellia oils

Emulsification is the practical limitation of aqueous enzymatic extractions of Camellia oils. This study aimed to investigate the influence and demulsification mechanisms of isopropanol ultrasonic pretreatments and Ca2+ additions on aqueous enzymatic extractions of Camellia oils. Combining isopropanol ultrasonic pretreatments with Ca2+ flow additions obtained the highest free oil recovery (78.03 %) and lowest emulsion content (1.5 %). Results indicated that the superior demulsification performance originated from the decrease in emulsion stabilities and formations. First, demulsification pretreatments reduced the oil (14.69 %) and solid (13.21 %) fractions in emulsions to decrease the stability of as-formed emulsions. Meanwhile, isopropanol ultrasonic pretreatments extracted tea saponins (0.38 mg/mL) and polysaccharides (0.23 mg/mL), while Ca2+ combined with protein isolates (5.82 mg/mL), tea saponins (7.48 mg/mL) and polysaccharides (0.78 mg/mL) to form precipitates and reduce emulsion formation. This work could promote the practical application of aqueous enzymatic extractions of Camellia oils and enlighten the rise of advanced demulsification pretreatments.

An All-Fiber Fabry-Pérot Sensor for Emulsion Concentration Measurements.

This paper describes a Fabry-Pérot sensor-based measuring system for measuring fluid composition in demanding industrial applications. The design of the sensor is based on a two-parametric sensor, which enables the simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index (RI). The system was tested under real industrial conditions, and enables temperature-compensated online measurement of emulsion concentration with a high resolution of 0.03 Brix. The measuring system was equipped with filtering of the emulsion and automatic cleaning of the sensor, which proved to be essential for successful implementation of a fiber optic RI sensor in machining emulsion monitoring applications.

Comparative toxicity of essential oils, their emulsifiable concentrates and nanoemulsion formulations against the bean aphid, Aphis fabae

The present study aims to prepare emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and nanoemulsion formulations from the plant essential oils of Lavandula angustifolia (Mill.), Ambrosia maritima (L.), Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl., Juniperus virginiana (L.), Rheum palmatum (L.) and Tagetes minuta (L.). The efficiency of these essential oils along with their formulations were compared against the bean aphid, Aphis fabae (Scopoli). Results disclosed that all EC preparations passed the emulsion stability and foam formation tests. The particle droplet size of the nanoemulsions varied from 64.3 to 264.7 nm. The toxicity of EC formulations was slightly higher than the corresponding nanoemulsion formulations. Both EC and nanoemulsion of R. palmatum were the most efficient (LC50 = 1003.60 and 1105.34 mg L−1, respectively). EC preparations had no adverse effects on seed beans. The absence of organic solvents and the high aphicidal activity of EC formulations might make these preparations suitable for controlling A. fabae.

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane as co-surfactant in stabilizing highly concentrated emulsion with an overcooled dispersed phase

This study investigated water-in-oil (w/o) super-concentrated emulsions used as pumpable explosives. The aqueous phase of the emulsions is a supersaturated nitrate salt solution (at room temperature), with a mass fraction of approximately 0.9. Instability of such emulsions arises either from crystallization of the dispersed phase in the system during ageing or under high shear conditions. Here, we report an alternative approach to stabilize emulsion explosives by using Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) as a co-surfactant to PIBSA (i.e. polyisobutylene succinic anhydride), in replacement of conventional co-surfactants, Span 80 or Tween 80. The interfacial tension, interfacial elasticity, refinement time, stability under high shearing as well as stability during storage have been investigated. It has been found that first, conversely to the standard co-surfactant Span 80, POSS can generate a more complex and very resistant interfacial film that has no tendency to induce crystallization in the system. Second, unlike conventional mixtures, PIBSA-MEA/POSS mixture confers outstanding stability to the emulsion not only under high shearing but most importantly during storage. In presence of POSS the emulsion explosives stabilization occurs through a reinforced interfacial skin rather than the usual mechanical barrier of reverse micelles in the inter-droplet layer. This new mechanism is much more effective than the conventional one and allows for a significant reduction in the total surfactant concentration required to stabilize the sheared as well as un-sheared emulsions. We propose that through the synergetic interaction POSS occupy the free spaces between the bulky polymeric PIBSA molecules and create a reinforced condensed layer at the interface.

Microencapsulation of marjoram essential oil as a food additive using sodium alginate and whey protein isolate

Encapsulation techniques are generally used to preserve the volatile compounds of essential oils. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of process variables on the microencapsulation of marjoram essential oil (MEO) (Origanum majorana L.) by ionic gelation. The effect of sodium alginate concentration (0.5–2 g/100 mL), emulsifier concentration (0.5–2 g/100 mL whey protein isolate (WPI)), and cationic bath concentration (0.05–0.3 mol/L CaCl2) on the emulsions and beads properties were investigated, according to a rotatable central composite design. MEO chemical composition and antimicrobial activity were assessed. Emulsions were characterized for droplet size and viscosity, while the particles were analyzed for encapsulation efficiency, size and circularity, and morphology. High concentrations of alginate and WPI intensified the porous structure of the beads, reducing droplet mean diameter and encapsulation efficiency. High alginate concentrations also increased emulsion viscosity, affecting positively beads' circularity. The intermediate concentration of sodium alginate (1.25 g/100 mL), WPI (1.25 g/100 mL), and CaCl2 (0.175 mol/L) were selected as the most appropriate conditions to produce beads with satisfactory circularity and high encapsulation efficiency.

Konjac glucomannan films with Pickering emulsion stabilized by TEMPO-oxidized chitin nanocrystal for active food packaging

In this study, TEMPO-oxidized chitin nanocrystal (TOCN) stabilized oregano essential oil (OEO) Pickering emulsions were incorporated into the Konjac glucomannan (KGM) matrix to prepare an active food packaging film. OEO Pickering emulsions with 2.4% wt TOCN and 2% v/v OEO had a uniform droplet distribution and a particle size of 25.80 μm. The influence of OEO Pickering emulsions on the physical and biological properties of the KGM film was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that the Pickering emulsion was uniformly distributed in the KGM matrix and formed microstructure-sized holes in the films. The incorporation of OEO Pickering emulsion reduced the mechanical properties of the films, but the water vapor permeability firstly decreased and then increased. Meanwhile, the appropriate emulsion content can improve the film's barrier properties to light. Furthermore, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the films were strengthened by OEO Pickering emulsion incorporation and mainly depended on its concentration. This study suggests the feasibility of KGM-based Pickering emulsion films for active food packaging applications.

Influence of fatty acid-esterified waxy maize starch type and concentration on stability and properties of oil-in-water emulsions

In the current study, native and different fatty acid-esterified waxy maize starches (octanoate, myristoate, and stearoate), followed by an OSA-potato starch (as an industrial emulsifier) were used to prepare sunflower oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. The effect of emulsifier type and concentration were evaluated on properties of emulsions in terms of mean droplet size, droplet size distribution, and creaming index. To prepare the emulsion, the emulsifier to oil ratios of 1.25 and 0.5 for octanoate and industrial emulsifier (control) were considered as the selected formulations based on the lowest creaming index (2.63 and 0 %, respectively). The influence of various pHs and ionic strengths on droplet size, span and zeta potential value was similar for both produced emulsions. Therefore, the fatty acid-esterified starch could be suggested as a promising environmentally friendly alternative to industrial emulsifiers for fabrication of emulsions with similar stability.

Development of fat-reduced 3D printed chocolate by substituting cocoa butter with water-in-oil emulsions

This study developed a fat-reduced 3D printed chocolate by substituting cocoa butter with gum Arabic based water-in-oil emulsions. A 3D printed chocolate formulation was firstly obtained by adjusting the ratios of powder sugar, cocoa butter, and cocoa powder. The formulations with optimal 3D printability possessed cocoa butter, icing sugar, and cocoa powder ratio of 2:1:2.5. Different levels of cocoa butter (25%, 50%, and 75%) were substituted using water-in-cocoa butter emulsions with different water/oil ratios (2:8, 3:7, 4:6, v/v) to obtain fat-reduced 3D printed chocolate. Results from differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction study suggested these fat-reduced chocolate still maintained the desired polymorphic form V of cocoa butter. Apparent viscosity study suggested that these chocolate formulations possessed shear-thinning behavior and the viscosity increased with addition of water phase. Texture profile analysis indicated that incorporation of high emulsion content increased the snap quality of these chocolate. Emulsion droplet structure was observed in optical images of fat-reduced chocolate formulations containing water-in-cocoa butter emulsions. Partially replacing 75% cocoa butter by emulsions with water/oil water ratio of 2:8 or 50% cocoa butter by emulsions with water/oil water ratio of 3:7 didn't affect the original printability of 3D printed chocolate. Overall, this study successfully developed a 3D printed fat-reduced chocolate by using gum Arabic based water-in-oil emulsions substitute, which possessed the potential to become functional chocolate for incorporation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactives in the future.

Modification of sedimentation and bioaccumulation behavior as an efficient strategy to modulate the toxicity of pyraclostrobin to zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The behavior of pesticide particles or droplets might significantly influence their environmental risks. However, studies on the risk of different pesticide formulations in aqueous environments have rarely been reported. In this study, we prepared three types of pyraclostrobin formulations to evaluate their behavior in the aqueous environment and toxicological risks to zebrafish. The results showed that pyraclostrobin emulsifiable concentrate (EC) sank faster in water with increasing hydrophilicity and density of the solvent. The particles also sank faster with increasing particle size and particle density for suspension concentrate (SC) and microcapsules (MCs). Diverse behavior in water results in different temporal and spatial distributions of the active ingredient. EC-EGDA, SC-5 μm, CS-Large and EC-MO sink or float over time, therefore reducing the effective dose suspended in water. Lower toxicological risks of the pesticides were also observed by reducing the enrichment of pyraclostrobin in zebrafish. In addition to the direct toxicity of the active ingredient, the type of pesticide formulations and their specific compositions might also influence the integrated toxicity. The environmental behavior of pesticide formulations should also be considered for their systematic assessment of environmental risks to ensure the scientific application of pesticides in different scenarios.

Obtaining a stable olefin-based drilling fluid using non-treated produced water

Produced water is the main waste stream in the oil and gas sector, with significantly greater concentrations of hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other contaminants. Several works and technologies were developed to reuse the produced water in many applications including drilling and completion fluids. However, in general, a pretreatment is required. According to our knowledge, the reuse of produced water in non-aqueous drilling is still not reported. Therefore, this work proposed the formulation of olefin-based drilling fluids containing between 20-40% of untreated produced water. Through factorial experimental design, the influence of produced water, emulsifier, and viscosifier on the properties of the formulated emulsions was investigated. Our results show that produced water without treatment can be used as an aqueous phase for olefin-based drilling fluids, with the best formulation being the test that has RO/A = 60/40, emulsifier concentration of 14.26 kg/m³ and viscosifier concentration of 2.85 kg/m³. The well-cleaning properties of the proposed formulation were evaluated through numerical simulation in a well with high inclination. The results showed that the hole cleaning was not affected by using untreated produced water in the fluid formulation. The results presented here open a new possibility to reuse produced water in drilling operations without performance loss.

Facile fabrication of silicon carbide decorated ceramic membrane, engineered with selective surface wettability for highly efficient separation of oil-in-water emulsions

The separation of oil in water and water in oil emulsions using the ceramic membranes with selective oil and water wettability has proven to be cost effective, less cumbersome and more efficient, compared to the conventional methods. In this work, a silicon carbide having hexagonal crystal structure (H-SiC) based ceramic membrane, exhibiting in-air superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity was fabricated for water passing oil-water emulsion separation. Initially silicon dioxide (SiO2) was grown on the surface of H-SiC by thermal process to enhance the hydrophilicity, and further enhancement of hydrophilicity was introduced by amino-functionalizing H-SiC/SiO2 using N1-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (N-TMS-DETA). The amino-functionalized H-SiC/SiO2 particles were deposited on porous alumina support surface and crosslinked via interfacial polymerization (IP) using Isophthaloyl chloride (IPC) cross-linker and ethylenediamine (EDA) to fabricate functional PA/H-SiC/SiO2@Alumina ceramic membrane for oil/water emuslion separation. The morphological, structural, elemental characterizations using FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDS, elemental mapping, and the wettability of PA/H-SiC/SiO2@Alumina ceramic membarne were carried out. The characterization results revealed the perfect deposition of functionalized H-SiC/SiO2 on alumina support surface, and the contact angles of PA/H-SiC/SiO2@Alumina ceramic membrane surface in air-surface-water (θWA), and oil-surface-water (θOW) interfaces were 0° and ∼159.7° respectively. When PA/H-SiC/SiO2@Alumina ceramic membrane was used for the oil-water emulsion separation using dead-end filtration cell, an impressive separation efficiency of > 99% with a flux of around 312 L∙m−2∙h−1 was observed. The system was tested for the separation efficiency at different transmembrane pressures, oil concentration of oil-water emulsion, and the long term stabilty of the PA/H-SiC/SiO2@Alumina ceramic membrane.

Application of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in asphalt cement toward non-polluted green environment using linear regression

In order to decrease the greenhouse gas emissions generated by regular Portland cement (OPC), additional cementitious ingredients have been frequently employed, even while building road bases. OPC's susceptibility to moisture and lack of flexibility make it ineffective for stabilizing road bases. This research used alkali-activated materials (AAM) with fly ash to investigate the mechanical properties of cold asphalt binder (freeze-thaw cycles) including the compressive, flexural strength, workability and porosity of cement. Dry specimens and specimens in distilled water have both been used in the experiments to study these temperature correlations. One sample was tested at 20 °C, and the other was frozen and thawed five times at a temperature of −5 °C (cold region environment). The resulting mixtures' morphologies and microstructures were analyzed via SEM images. During the 7 to 28-day curing period, the mixture's growth ratio rose. The combination registered both the greatest and lowest robust elastic modulus. The total compressive strength of the material decreased as the water-to-cement ratio increased due to the greater amount of free water accessible with a higher cationic asphalt emulsion (CAE) content. The moderate loss of flexural strength with increasing CAE concentration after 7 and 28 days of curing was seen. There is not a major impact on flexural strength in the materials by looking at the very modest gaps in flexural strength between 7 and 28 days curing periods. Due to the particle shape and size of this precursor, FA's inclusion allowed for a lower water to binder rate while maintaining a similar level of workability. The porosity and water absorption values rose with FA substitutions. Further studies might clarify the lower flexural strength observed in this study by adding other hybrids plus fly ash such as lime or nanoparticles.

Effect of Continuous and Discontinuous Droplet-Size Distributions on the Viscosity of Concentrated Emulsions in Premix Membrane Emulsification

The dispersed phase volume fraction of concentrated emulsions can be substantially increased without a considerable increase in viscosity by optimizing the droplet-size distribution (DSD) of emulsion mixtures. However, due to the limitations of the traditional methods to control the DSD, the study of its effect on the viscosity of emulsion mixtures is usually limited. The premix membrane emulsification method was used to prepare a droplet-size-controlled concentrated emulsion, and the DSD’s effect on the viscous behavior of emulsion mixtures was investigated. It was observed that widening the DSD led to a decrease of the viscosity at lower shear rates, while at higher shear rates, a shear-thickening behavior was observed. In a discontinuous DSD, there was a tendency for the viscosity to decrease to a minimum value at about 75% mixing fraction of larger-droplet-size emulsions beyond which the viscosity increased until the monomodal packing limit. The viscosity could be decreased by more than 20-fold in bimodal emulsions depending on the droplet-size ratio. Mixing emulsions of different DSDs enabled attaining a viscosity lower than that of the monodispersed parent emulsions.

Impact of Acetochlor Rate and Application Timing on Multiple-Herbicide-Resistant Waterhemp Control in Corn and Soybean

Documented 6-way (Groups 2, 4, 5, 9, 14, and 27) and 5-way (Groups 2, 5, 9, 14, and 27) multiple-herbicide-resistant (MHR) waterhemp have been confirmed in the US and Canada, respectively causing corn and soybean yield losses > 70%. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of acetochlor application timing and rate on non-emerged MHR waterhemp control in corn and soybean. Acetochlor is not yet registered in Canada, but it could be useful component of an integrated MHR waterhemp control program. Two studies, one in corn and one in soybean, were conducted in southwestern Ontario, Canada from 2020 to 2022. Three rates of acetochlor were applied preplant (PP), preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) to non-emerged waterhemp. In corn, acetochlor [Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC)] applied at 1,225, 2,100 and 2,950 g ai ha-1 controlled MHR waterhemp 81, 85, and 90%, respectively, at 8 weeks after POST application (WAC). Acetochlor EC applied POST or PRE provided better control than when applied PP at 4, 8, and 12 WAC. In soybean, acetochlor [Capsule suspension (CS)] applied at 1,050, 1,375, and 1,700 g ai ha-1 controlled MHR waterhemp 63, 70, and 74%, respectively, at 8 WAC. The timing of acetochlor CS application did not affect MHR waterhemp control. Acetochlor applied at the low, medium, and high rate reduced waterhemp density by 87, 89, and 92% in corn, and by 82, 84, and 87% in soybean, respectively. The high rate of acetochlor provides acceptable control of MHR waterhemp in corn; control in soybean was inadequate.

Perfluorocarbon emulsion enhances MR-ARFI displacement and temperature in vitro: Evaluating the response with MRI, NMR, and hydrophone.

Sonosensitive perfluorocarbon F8TAC18-PFOB emulsion is under development to enhance heating, increase thermal contrast, and reduce treatment times during focused ultrasound tumor ablation of highly perfused tissue. The emulsion previously showed enhanced heating during ex vivo and in vitro studies. Experiments were designed to observe the response in additional scenarios by varying focused ultrasound conditions, emulsion concentrations, and surfactants. Most notably, changes in acoustic absorption were assessed with MR-ARFI. Phantoms were developed to have thermal, elastic, and relaxometry properties similar to those of ex vivo pig tissue. The phantoms were embedded with varying amounts of F8TAC18-PFOB emulsion or lecithin-PFOB emulsion, between about 0.0-0.3% v:w, in 0.05% v:w increments. MR-ARFI measurements were performed using a FLASH-ARFI-MRT sequence to obtain simultaneous displacement and temperature measurements. A Fabry-Perot hydrophone was utilized to observe the acoustic emissions. Susceptibility-weighted imaging and relaxometry mapping were performed to observe concentration-dependent effects. 19F diffusion-ordered spectroscopy NMR was used to measure the diffusion coefficient of perfluorocarbon droplets in a water emulsion. Increased displacement and temperature were observed with higher emulsion concentration. In semi-rigid MR-ARFI phantoms, a linear response was observed with low-duty cycle MR-ARFI sonications and a mono-exponential saturating response was observed with sustained sonications. The emulsifiers did not have a significant effect on acoustic absorption in semi-rigid gels. Stable cavitation might also contribute to enhanced heating.

Impact of O/W emulsion stabilized by different soybean phospholipid/sodium caseinate ratios on the physicochemical, rheological and gel properties of surimi sausage

The O/W interface composition is the key to determine the gelatinous and rheological properties of thermosetting emulsified surimi gel. Therefore, this research explored impact of O/W emulsion stabilized with different soybean phospholipid (SP)/sodium caseinate (SC) ratios (10:0, 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8, and 0:10, w/w) on the properties of surimi sausage. With increasing SC ratios, the interfacial protein concentration of emulsions increased significantly from 0 to 4.11 ± 0.22 mg/m2 (p < 0.05). Increasing the interfacial protein concentration of emulsions led to a significant increase in the hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness, gel strength, recovery rate, and quality factor value (Q) of the surimi sausage (p < 0.05). Moreover, the fractal dimension (Df) of emulsified surimi sausage raised from 2.73 to 2.87 with increasing interfacial protein concentration, indicating an increased density and uniformity of network structures. Pearson's correlation results demonstrated that the hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness, gel strength, recovery rate, Q value, and Df of emulsified surimi sausage were positively correlated with the interfacial protein concentration. Overall, SP/SC emulsion with the higher interfacial protein concentration contribute to the formation of uniform and dense crosslinked network structures, and further improve the gel quality of surimi sausage in all aspects.