Emulsifiable Formulation Research Articles

Control of the Alfalfa Weevil in West Texas, 1976

Abstract At Bailey Co., Texas standard insecticides azinphosmethyl (Guthion®) and carbofuran (Furadan®) and three experimental compounds (SD-41706, SD-43775 and SRA-12869) were tested for alfalfa weevil control. The pivot sprinkler-irrigated broadcast planted alfalfa had ca. 10-12 in. of early season growth. Plots were 13.3 ft. wide and 35 ft. long arranged in a four replicate randomized block design. Alfalfa weevil larvae were randomly sampled in three 1 sq. ft. areas within each plot on April 29 prior to insecticide application and posttreatment on May 4, 7, and 14. Emulsifiable (EC), liquid concentrate (L) and flowable (F) insecticide formulations at rates in pounds active ingredient per acre were topically applied with a hand-carried, nitrogen-pressured sprayer equipped with five FS-2 80° nozzles spaced 20 in. apart and calibrated to deliver five gal. of insecticide and water mixture per acre. Aerial application of carbofuran 4F (0.5 lb ai/ac) was made using a Rockwell Thrush Commander with D-10 tips and no. 45 spinners at 18-22 psi.

Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae, 1977

Abstract Experimental soil insecticides were evaluated at Urbana and Macomb, Illinois during 1977. XL-45A was planted at Urbana on May 11, 12, and 25, and VH272 was planted at Macomb on May 16 and 17. The experiments were randomized blocks with 3 replicates at Urbana and 4 replicates at Macomb. Individual plots were single rows approximately 90 ft long. Granular treatments were applied by use of a Gandy applicator on single International unit planters. Band applications were applied using a 7 in. Gandy RoBander and the bander was placed 1/2 the distance between planter shoe and press wheel. No insecticide was placed on the seed but the insecticide was incorporated into the upper inch of soil. Furrow applications were applied by placing the insecticide directly on the seed in the shoe. Basal applications were made on June 1 at Urbana and June 6 at Macomb. Two tubes from the applicator were used to deliver 1/2 of each granular treatment to each side of the row as a post-emergence treatment. All basals were hand incorporated. Sprays using emulsifiable formulations were applied by a closed air pressure system. A 6 in. band of spray placed in a similar location as the granules, delivered 13 gal/acre at 30 psi at approximately 3 mph with fan jet nozzle No. 9502E. The experiments were evaluated as plants/50 ft row, root damage (Iowa 1-6 scale), and percent lodged. Means were compared at 5% level.

Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Fluchloralin in Formulations

Abstract A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed that is precise, rapid, simple, and specific for fluchloralin in emulsifiable liquid formulation. Sample and reference standard are weighed, internal standard solution is added, and an aliquot of the mixture is injected onto the chromatographic column. Fluchloralin gives a sharp symmetrical peak at about 5.4 min. The internal standard has a broader symmetrical peak at about 6.9 min. The relative standard deviation for 21 consecutive injections of the standard solution was 0.3773%. The method was compared with the official GLC method, 6.210–6.215, for the structurally similar trifluralin. Fluchloralin gave a sharp symmetrical peak at about 8.5 min; the internal standard had a sharp symmetrical peak at about 9.2 min. The relative standard deviation of 21 consecutive injections of reference standard solution was 0.6988%. Comparison of the variances of the 2 methods by the F-test at the 99% confidence level showed that the proposed method demonstrated substantially better precision.

Laboratory Evaluations of Emulsifiable and Encapsulated Formulations of Malathion and Fenitrothion on Soft Red Winter Wheat Against Attack by Adults of Four Species of Stored-Product Insects12

Emulsifiable and encapsulated formulations of malathion and fenitrothion were applied to soft red winter wheat at doses of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 ppm AI. The wheat then was stored 12 mo to determine relative effectiveness of residues against adult rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.). lesser gain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and confused flour beetles, T. confusum Jacquelin duVal. Fenitrothion was more effective than malathion against all species. No significant differences in relative effectiveness were found between the encapsulated and emulsifiable formulations. Residues were determined by CLC analysis. There were no significant differences in the amounts of residue deposited on the wheat by the encapsulated and emulsifiable applications.

Insecticidal Control of Chironomid Midges in the Santa Ana River Water Spreading System, Orange County, California1

In the laboratory, 7 organophosphorus insecticides were tested against 4th instars (field populations) of Chironomus spp., Tanytarsus spp., and Cricotopus spp. midges. Chlorpyrifos, followed by temephos, was the most active compound against Chironomus spp. and Tanytarsus spp. Cricotopus spp. were most susceptible to phenthoate. For larval control in the field, granules of temephos enclosed in burlap sacs, were applied at various sites in a flood control channel and an emulsifiable formulation of temephos was dripped for a period of 24 h at the head basin of a series of 3 basins. The treatment rate for both the formulations was 0.15 lb AI/surface acre. The granular formulation controlled Chironomus spp. for 3–6 weeks, and Tanytarsus spp. for 3–8 weeks. The emulsifiable concentrate yielded satisfactory control of Chironomus spp. and Tanytarsus spp. in the lead basin only. Procladius spp. were not significantly suppressed either in the channel or in the spreading basins.

An experimental, tractor‐mounted, very low volume uniform‐drop‐size sprayer

Summary:The design, construction and performance of an experimental tractor‐mounted machine to apply herbicides to small field plots is described. The machine has five spray units, each with five rotating discs. Uniform sized drops in the range from 150 to 350 μm can be produced with lipophilic, hydrophilic and emulsifiable formulations. Spray volumes can be varied from 5 to 120 1/ha. A preliminary assessment of the physical performance of the machine is presented.

Tests of Acaricides for Control of Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus12

In laboratory tests, 4 strains (3 from Mexico and 1 from Texas) of the southern cattle tick, Boophilus Microplus (Canestrini), were not resistant to 9 commonly used acaricides. “Solubilized” formulations of both chlorpyrifos (2 lb/gal) and Compound 4072 (2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate) (8 lb/gal) were as effective as emulsifiable formulations. Of 18 acaricides sprayed onto cattle artificially infested with B. microplus and with the cattle tick, B. annulatus (Say), 16 were applied at concentrations that afforded > 99% control of either or both species. Sprays of an 8 lb/gal and a diluent-free formulation (both solubilized) of Compound 4072 afforded > 99% control of both species at 0.02–0.025%. In dipping vat lests, a solubilized formulation (1 part AI:1 part Triton® X-100) of Compound 4072, after an initial charge of 0.1%, was still effective at 126 wk postcharge (end of test) though the vat contained only 0.0051% AI. Phosmet (Imidan®) in the vat at 0.25% caused poisoning in cattle but was effective for 68 wk at a concentration of 0.003% though not at 79 wk at a concentration of 0.001%.

Control of Beanflies in Mungbeans and Asparagus Beans, 1975

Abstract Beanflies are pests of various important food legumes including mungbeans, soybeans, aduzuki beans, lima beans, snap beans, cowpeas and asparagus beans. Field plot evaluations of insecticides for their control were carried out in ten square meter plots. Each insecticide tested was applied to four replicated plots in a RCB experimental field design. For each crop planting, nine insecticides and one control were evaluated. Granular formulated insecticides were applied by hand with the amount for each row of the plot being previously weighed. Emulsifiable and wettable powder formulations were applied with 2.5 gallon air pressure sprayers calibrated with a stopwatch. For the emulsifiable or wettable powder formulated insec-ticides, 500 ml spray were applied per treatment. Methods of control evaluation were based on the dissection and count of the number of larvae and pupae as well as the number of damaged plants in a thirty plant sample.

Control of Beanflies in Soybeans, 1974 and 1975

Abstract Insecticide evaluations were conducted in 10 square meter (1/1000 hectare) plots. Each insecticide tested was applied to 4 replicated plots in a RCB experimental design. For each crop planting, 9 insecticides and 1 control were evaluated. Granular formulated insecticides were applied by hand with the amount for each row of the plot previously weighed. Emulsifiable and wettable powder formulations were applied with 2.5 gallon air pressure sprayers, each calibrated with a stop-watch and charged to 40 psi for each plot. Emulsifiable or wettable powder insecticides were applied in 500 ml spray per plot. Methods of control evaluation were based on me dissection and count of me actual number of larvae and pupae and me number of damaged plants in 20 or 30 plant sample and whole plot yield was also recorded when possible.

Control of a Pod Borer in Asparagus Beans, 1974

Abstract Field plot insecticide evaluations were conducted in ten square meter plots. Each treatment was applied to four replicated plots in a RCB experimental design. For each planting, nine insecticides and one control were evaluated. Granular formulated insecticides were applied by hand with the amount for each row of the plot being previously weighed. Emulsifiable and wettable powder formulations were applied with 2.5 gallon air pressure sprayers, each calibrated with a stopwatch. Emulsifiable and wettable powder insecticides were applied in 500 ml spray during the pod filling stage. Methods of control evaluation were based on the dissection and count of the actual number larvae and the number of damaged pods of per plot.

Laboratory evaluation of three novel insecticides inhibiting cuticle formation against some susceptible and resistant stored products beetles

Abstract The insecticidal activity of three 1-(2.6-disubstituted-benzoyl)-3-phenylureas was evaluated against a number of susceptible and resistant stored products beetles. The compounds were DU 19111 (1-(2,6-dichlorobenzoyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-urea), PH60-38 (1-(2,6-dichlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-urea), and PH60-40 (1-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-urea). PH60-40 was found to be the most effective compound against susceptible strains of Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Tribolium castaneum and Lasioderma serricorne . All three compounds were ineffective against Stegobium paniceum . A strain of T. castaneum (Kuala Lumpur strain) showing malathion-specific resistance was found to be more susceptible to PH60-40 than its “susceptible” strain. A non-specific resistant strain of T. castaneum (CTC12 strain) showed approximately two times tolerance to PH60-40 compared with the “susceptible” strain. PH60-40 was shown to have ovicidal properties and also killed young larvae of T. castaneum after short exposure periods. Oviposition was not affected. Wheat sprayed with an emulsifiable formulation of PH60-40 at 2, 5 or 10 ppm was found to be protected against susceptible T. castaneum, S. granarius and Oryzaephilus surinamensis and against resistant S. oryzae and T. castaneum (Kuala Lumpur strain) following 40 weeks storage at 20°C and 44 weeks storage at 35°C. Preliminary toxicological data indicates that PH60-40 is of a sufficient order of safety for consideration for grain admixture. The compound is therefore of potential interest as a replacement for the more conventional grain protectants especially in situations where resistance is producing increasing control problems.

Mosquito larvicidal activities of oil solutions and emulsifiable formulations containing lipophilic N-alkyl and N,N'-dialkylalkylenediamines.

Alkyl halides with various chain lengths were reacted with alkylenediamines such as propylenediamine (1,3-diaminopropane), putrescine, 1, 1, 4, 4-tetramethylputrescine, 1, 4-cyclohexane bis methylamine, and Duomeen® L-11 (N-(2-undecyl)propylenediamine) to provide effective larvicides against Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say, and Aedes aegypti (L.). Many of the amines were good surfactants with high solubilities in oil. They were conveniently formulated in emulsions with oil. The test emulsion was applied to the surface of 1 liter of water containing larvae in a pan. At the water surface the emulsion broke to form an oil film. Against 3rd instars of A. aegypti, the 48-h LD50 value was 860 μl of emulsion containing 5% Richfield Larvicide oil applied to the 465-cm2 surface of the water. Much lower LD50 values were obtained with emulsions containing amine in addition to oil. With emulsions containing 1% of various amines and 4% oil, the LD50 values in μl emulsion/465 cm2 were: 17 μl with N,N′-didecyl-1,4-cyclohexane bis methylamine; 20 μl with N-decyl Duomeen L-11; 23 μl with N-tetradecylpropylenediamine; 33 μl with N,N′-dinonyl-1,1,4,4-tetramethylputrescine; and 37 μl with oleylamine. By contrast, the LD50 value was 4.6 μl of emulsion containing only 0.04% Abate® (0, 0′-(thiodi-p-phenylene)0,0,-0′,0′-tetramethyl phosphorothioate) and 0.16% oil. Abate was 92 times as potent as the most active diamine, but this difference in potencies was reduced to 29-fold when larval exposure to the oil film during the 48-h test period was reduced to 2 h.

Insect growth regulators for the control of aquatic midges.

In laboratory, Altosid™ (Isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate) was the most effective compound tested against OP-resistant and susceptible Chironomus species. This material also was effective against larvae of Chironomus stigmaterus Say and Tanypus grodhausi (Sublette) taken from sewage oxidation ponds and treated in the laboratory. Two slow-release encapsulated flowable formulations of Altosid at 0.2 and 0.1 ppm concn showed excellent activity against midges of the genera Chironomus, Procladius, and Tanytarsus in small box plots and in field breeding ponds. Both proved superior to the emulsifiable formulations in terms of initial suppression and residual activity. The 2 slow-release and EC formulations were studied in a warm-water lake (5–6 ft deep) where 4–8 acre portions were treated. Slow-release formulations produced good to excellent inhibition of emergence of adults for a period of 1–2 weeks. The 10% slow-release yielded greater initial and short-term inhibition of emergence at 0.25 lb/acre AI than 0.1 1b/acre. Emulsifiable concentrate formulation yielded lower initial and short-term inhibition of emergence than the 10% slow-release formulation.

Collaborative Study of the Gas Chromatographic Determination of Six Thiocarbamate Herbicides in Formulations

Abstract Eptam, Ordram, Ro-Neet, Sutan, Tillam, and Vernam thiocarbamate herbicides are determined in emulsifiable and granular formulations by gas chromatography on an OV-1, SE-30, or OV-17 column with a flame ionization detector. Another thiocarbamate is used as an internal standard. The method was tested collaboratively by 19 laboratories, 18 of which tested the method on all 6 thiocarbamates. The coefficient of variation for 12 formulations was 3.10%. A significant amount of systematic error was detected, particularly in the analysis of emulsifiable formulations. The method has been adopted as official first action, and it is recommended that additional studies be conducted.

THE TEMPORARY ABATEMENT OF NUISANCE SPECIES OF TRICHOPTERA WITH DDD (TDE) LARVICIDE

AbstractNuisance species of riverine insects were temporarily eliminated from the Expo 67 site at Montreal in 1967 by four applications of an emulsifiable formulation of DDD (TDE) to the St. Lawrence River, one in each of the months of May, June, July, and August of 1967. In each treatment sufficient DDD was applied 1.5 miles above the infested rapids to provide a concentration of about 0.4 p.p.m. of DDD in the water, throughout a period of about 15 minutes. Each treatment caused the immediate detachment of about 98% of the Trichoptera larvae (mainly Hydropsychidae), and lesser percentages of other aquatic arthropods. No observable effects on fish were detected. Populations of arthropods, especially amphipods, rapidly restored themselves after each treatment. During August 1967, both amphipods and gastropods were more abundant in treated than in untreated rapids. Residues of DDD were negligible and were expected to be relatively non-persistent. Occasional swarms of Trichoptera of relatively minor proportions, detected at the Expo 67 site by light traps, presumably arrived on steady southerly winds from the untreated Lachine Rapids more than 7 miles upriver. Information about the decomposition of DDD and related chlorinated hydrocarbons in nature is reviewed.

Insecticide Formulations and Their Toxicity to Honeybees

SummaryMortalities and DDT residues of honeybees exposed to alfalfa foliage samples treated with three DDT formulations were measured. The foliage samples were also analysed for DDT. The results indicate greater sorption of emulsifiable formulations than of powder formulations on and in plant tissues, and correspondingly greater contamination of bees by the powders. This helps to explain the generally observed tendency for dusts and wettable powders to be the most hazardous formulations for honeybees.

Effects of Seed Treatment with Fungicides and Systemic Insecticides on Stand of Cotton1

In 1967 the insecticide, 0,0,diethyl‐S‐2‐ [(ethylthio) ethyl] phosphorodithioate (disulfoton), did not affect cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedling stands when used with the fungicide combinations of tetrachloroisophthalonitrite (chlorothalonil) + p‐dimethylaminobenzenediazo sodium sulfonate (Dexon3) + 1,4‐dichloro‐2,5‐ dimethoxybenzene (chloroneb). However, it caused a slight reduction of the stand when used with chlorothalonil + N‐(trichloromethylthio)‐4‐cyclohexene‐l,2‐dicarboximide (captan), as compared to seed treated only with fungicides. In another test, stands from acid‐delinted seeds were not affected differentially by combination seed treatments of pentachloronitrobenzene + 3‐trichloromethyl‐5‐ethoxy‐l,2,4‐thiadiazole (formulated as Terracoat L213) and any of the systemic insecticides tested. However, stands from machine‐delinted seeds were lower consistently with the combined fungicide‐insecticide treatments, as compared to the fungicide treatment alone. In 1968 stands were increased by seed treatment with Terracoat L21 + disulfoton, or by the multiple‐fungicide treatment of Terracoat L21 + methyl mercury‐2,3‐dihydroxy propyl mercaptide and methyl mercury acetate (Ceresan L3), as compared to seeds treated with only Terracoat L21. When an emulsifiable formulation of Terracoat L21, as compared to the oil‐base seed treatment formulation, was used for seed treatment purposes, stands from the combination treatments were reduced.

Field Evaluation of Slow-Release Mosquito Larvicides13

Selected concentrations of Abate® ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O, O -diester with 4,4'-thiodiphenol), Dursban® ( O, O -diethyl O- (3,5,6-trichloro-2 pyridyl) phosphorothioate), fenthion, and naled formulated in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and of Dursban formulated in polyethylene and in charcoal were evaluated as mosquito larvicides in polyethylene-lined field pools. Initial doses of 0.5. 1.0. and 2.5 ppm were replicated 3 times for all formulations. In addition, effectiveness of Dursban in polyethylene and Dursban in charcoal was compared with Dursban emulsifiable concentrate at 0.1 lb active ingredient per acre. All doses were calculated on a theoretical immediate release. Effectiveness of test materials was determined by weekly sampling of natural larval populations and by periodic in-pool bioassays using populations and by periodic in-pool bioassays using laboratory-reared larvae of southern house mosquito laboratory-reared larvae of southern house mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say. Treatments of Dursban in polyethylene and Dursban in charcoal at rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 ppm gave effective charcoal at rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 ppm gave effective control for 20 to 26 weeks of the test period. Fenthion in PVC at 2.5 ppm provided control for 20 weeks. Control obtained with other formulations did not exceed 8 weeks. At 0.1 lb AI/acre, charcoal and emulsifiable formulations of Dursban were more effective than Dursban in polyethylene.

Toxicologic studies on diethyl-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-chlorovinyl phosphate

Studies of diethyl-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-chlorovinyl phosphate: GC-4072, Supona, Chlorfenvinphos, SD 7859, ENT 24969, a new organophosphate pesticide, were undertaken in several animal species to characterize toxicity and assess safety. Measurements of acute toxicity by different routes of administration gave the following LD50 values (mg/kg): po 9.66 for rats, 300 (estimated) for rabbits, >12000 for dogs; iv, 6.6 for rats and 50.5 for dogs. The undiluted form and a 49.1 % GC-4072-xylol emulsifiable formulation applied dermally to rabbits gave LD50 values of 400 and 1087, respectively. Hens receiving multiple sublethal doses ip displayed no delayed neurologic effects or histologic lesions. Rats fed dietary levels ranging from 3 to 1000 ppm and dogs fed 1–1000 ppm for periods up to two years showed no clinical signs of intoxication, but there was a significant and variable decrease in plasma and/or red blood cell cholinesterase activity, with reversal trends. Multigeneration studies in rats fed dietary levels of 30, 100, or 300 ppm showed no effect on gestation, but there were progressive effects on fertility, viability, and lactation indices. No gross abnormalities were found in fetuses born dead or alive, or in rats autopsied with fetuses in situ. Food consumption, growth, hemograms, urinary findings, histopathology, and liver function tests in dogs were within normal limits.

Residues of aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, and DDT in soil and sugarbeets.

After emulsifiable formulations of aldrin, chlordane, and DDT were each applied to Umapine loam soil at 6 rates ranging from 0.625 to 20 lb per acre, sugarbeets were grown in the treated plots for 3 consecutive years, 1965-1967, and samples of soil and mature sugarbeets were analyzed by gas chromatography. The half-lives of aldrin, aldrin plus its metabolite dieldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, and DDT were 3.1, 8.5, 29.7, 14.3, 22.9 months, respectively. The residues in mature sugarbeets were proportional to the residues in the soil at the time of planting. In 1965, residues of aldrin and dieldrin in beets averaged 18% of the total concentration of the 2 compounds in the soil; in 1966 and 1967, residues that were primarily dieldrin averaged 8.4% of the concentration in soil. Residues of chlordane and DDT in the beets averaged 9.6 and 5.5%, respectively, of the concentration in soil at the time of planting.