EMS Memory Research Articles

Spinning-off stringy electro-magnetic memories

We extend and generalise the string corrections to the EM memory to the Type I superstring including spin effects. Very much as in the simpler bosonic string context, the relevant corrections are non-perturbative in α′, slowly decaying (as 1/R) at large distances and modulated in retarded time u=t−R. For spin N states in the first Regge trajectory they entail a sequence of N derivatives wrt u on the ‘parent’ N=0 amplitude. We also briefly discuss how to include loop effects, that broaden and shift the string resonances, and how to modify our analysis for macroscopic semi-classical quasi-BPS coherent states, whose collisions may lead to detectable string memory signals in viable Type I models.

String memories... openly retold

We identify string corrections to the EM memory effect. Though largely negligible in the low-energy limit, the effect become relevant in high-energy collisions and in extreme events. We illustrate our findings in a simple unoriented bosonic string model. Thanks to the coherent effect of the infinite tower of open string resonances, the corrections are non-perturbative in α′, modulated in retarded time and slowly decaying even at large distances from the source. Remarkably compact expressions obtain for special choices of the kinematics in tree-level 4-point amplitudes. We discuss further corrections occurring at higher-points and the exponential damping resulting from broadening and shifting of the massive poles due to loops. Finally we estimate the range of the parameters and masses for detectability in semi-realistic (Type I) contexts and propose a rationale for this string memory effect.

Spectrum of biopsy-proven renal diseases: A single center experience.

Kidney biopsy is one of the most important tools in the assessment of kidney disease as histopathological diagnosis promotes evidence-based practice in Nephrology. This study included 271 consecutive percutaneous kidney biopsies (145 males and 126 females) performed at EMS Memorial Cooperative Hospital, Perinthalmanna, Kerala, India, from September 2009 to March 2016. Among the biopsy-proven renal diseases (BPRD), primary glomerular diseases (PGD) were the most common (77.78%) followed by secondary glomerular diseases (SGD) (12.22%) and tubulointerstitial diseases (10%). The IgA nephropathy (IgAN) was the most common PGD and majority had mesangial hypercellularity (M1) (93.54%), tubular atrophy (T1 or T2 68.25%), and the most common pattern was M1, E0, S0, and T1, suggesting that patients of Indian subcontinent have aggressive disease type, unlike western literature. The focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) was the second most common PGD and the majority were of not otherwise specified type. FSGS, membranous nephropathy and minimal change disease were the three most common causes for PGD causing nephrotic syndrome. Diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephritis were the two most common biopsy-proven SGDs. Among the patients of diabetes mellitus who underwent renal biopsy with suspicion of nondiabetic renal disease (NDRD), 58.33% had NDRD, 16.67% had DN+ NDRD, and 26.67% had DN alone. This study shows the changing pattern BPRD in comparison to earlier studies. This study also confirms the aggressive nature of IgAN in Indian patients and underlines the importance of renal biopsy in patients of DM.

TREG and Tcon Dynamics after Allo-HSCT: Cgvhd Is Associated to Decreased NaïVe and Stem Cell Memory Subsets with a Concomitant Increase in Terminally Differentiated T Cell Subsets

Chronic Graft versus Host disease (cGVHD) is a major limiting factor for the success of allo-HSCT. In this prospective study we aimed to evaluate the association between the kinetics of Regulatory T cells (TREG) and Conventional CD4+T cells (TCON) reconstitution and the emergence of cGVHD. We performed a detailed phenotypic analysis by multiparametric flow cytometry using fresh blood from 39 patients undergoing unrelated donor HSCT after a reduced intensity conditioning regimen containing ATG over a 2 year period, representing a total of 213 samples analyzed. GVHD prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporine plus mycophenolate mofetil. 11 patients were excluded due to disease relapse and/or death due to infection or acute GVHD in the first 9 months post-HSCT.We observed indiscriminately low numbers of TREG (CD4+CD127lowFoxp3+CD25bright) until mo 6 after HSCT and reduced TREG numbers in patients developing cGVHD (GVHD+) versus those who did not (GVHD-) (p=0.02 at mo 9).We further studied the dynamics of TREG subset reconstitution. CM TREG (CD45RA-CD62L+) was the predominant population in both patient groups. EM (CD45RA-CD62L-) was the second most abundant TREG subset. CM and EM TREG numbers were similar between patient groups. EMRA (CD45RA+CD62L-) TREG remained very low throughout the follow-up but were significantly increased at mo 9 in GVHD+ (p= 0.03). Interestingly, Naïve TREG (CD45RA+CD62L+CD95-) started to emerge at mo 9 and were significantly reduced in GVHD+ patients at mo 12 (0.71 vs 0.14 cells/µl; p=0.02)The Stem Cell Memory subset (SCM), identified as CD45RA+CD62L+CD95+, is thought to be self renewing and multipotent, being able to differentiate into CM, EM and TEMRA memory subsets. While in GVHD- SCM TREG started to emerge at mo 9, this subset remained low in GVHD+. Statistically significant differences were observed at mo 18 (0.91 vs 0.15 cells/µl; p=0.02).To ascertain the role of thymic output in TREG reconstitution we quantified CD31+ naïve TREG. Recent Thymic Emigrant cells (RTE) TREG were significantly reduced in GVHD+ at mo 12 (0.8 vs 0.16cells/µl; p=0.02) and at mo 18 (1.93 vs 0.28 cells/µl; p=0.02).In order to clarify whether both thymic output and peripheral expansion were contributing factors to decreased Naïve TREG, we quantified proliferation using Ki-67. TREG from GVHD+ patients proliferated less from months 2 to 18 reaching statistical significance at mo 9 and 12 (p= 0.003 and 0.02, respectively), suggesting that decreased TREG numbers are at least partly due to reduced peripheral expansion.Taken together, these observations suggest a compromised peripheral expansion and de novo generation of TREG through thymic output in cGVHD patients. Of note, susceptibility to apoptosis was not increased in TREG from GVHD+ patients, as Bcl-2 levels tended to be higher in relation to GVHD- patients.In the CD4+Foxp3- TCON population, we observed a clear predominance of EM in all patients. These cells, together with CM, are the first to appear at similar levels in both patient groups. EMRA emerged at higher numbers in GVHD+, although the results did not reach statistical significance.Naïve and RTE TCON started to emerge after mo 6 in GVHD-. Interestingly, these cells remained much lower in GVHD+ vs GVHD- patients throughout the follow-up, reaching statistical significance at mo 12 (p=0.03 for naïve; p=0.03 for RTE TCON).SCM TCON remained very low in all patients showing a tendency to be reduced in GVHD+ when compared to GVHD-. This difference reached statistical significance at mo 18 (6.85 vs 2.13 cells/µl; p=0.02).The small number of TREG and TCON subsets in GVHD+ patients were unlikely due to increased susceptibility to apoptosis, as assessed by Bcl-2 expression. The low numbers of cells within naïve and SCM TREG gates precluded the analysis of Bcl-2 expression in these subsets. Bcl-2 tended to be increased in total TREG CM and EM in GVHD+. In TCONs, Bcl-2 levels were similar in both patient groups.In summary, our data in patients developing cGVHD suggest that decreased thymic output and increased differentiation into terminally differentiated effector cells may have a negative impact on the number of naïve and SCM TCON and TREG. We speculate that the inability to generate and maintain the more immature TREG subsets may lead to decreased TREG numbers after 6 months post transplant, potentially resulting in decreased control of effector T cells contributing to the development of cGVHD. DisclosuresRitz:Kiadis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Histological Pattern of Renal Disease in Those with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

The prevalence of nondiabetic renal disease in those with T2DM is very common in multiple series across the world, however, data from India is limited. This study was done by including all subjects of T2DM; who underwent renal biopsies at EMS Memorial Cooperative Hospital, Perinthalmanna, Kerala, India, from September 2009 to August 2016. Seventy-one (Males:47, Females:24, Mean age: 52.93; SD 12.56 years) subjects with T2DM; who underwent renal biopsy; with a suspicion of non-diabetic renal disease were included. The indications for renal biopsy were: acute on chronic renal failure (ACRF) (35.2%), nephrotic syndrome (NS) (31%), acute renal failure (ARF) (14.1%), nephritic syndrome (14.1%), rapidly progressive renal failure (RPRF) (4.2%) and subnephrotic protienuria (1.4%). The prevalence rates of nondiabetic renal disease (NDRD), diabetic nephropathy (DN) and DN with NDRD were 50.71, 28.16 and 21.13 % respectively. The mean durations of T2DM were 12.45, 12.13 and 5.33 years in patients with DN, DN & NDRD and NDRD, respectively. Wide spectrum of glomerular diseases was observed among those with isolated NDRD; commonest being IgA nephropathy (IgAN) (9.86 %), followed by infection related glomerulonephritis (IRGN) (7.04 %), membranous nephropathy (MN) (5.63%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (4.22 %) and miscellaneous (14.1%) lesions. The acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) was the commonest of the tubulointerstitial diseases (TIDs) in those with isolated NDRD. Among the patients with DN with associated NDRD, acute tubular necrosis (ATN) (7.04%) and IRGN (5.63%) were the commonest associated lesions. This study underlines the importance of renal biopsy in patients of T2DM with atypical features.

Spectrum of Biopsy Proven Renal Diseases (BPRD): A Single Center Experience

Kidney biopsy is one of the most important tools in the assessment of kidney disease as histopathological diagnosis promotes evidence based practice in Nephrology. This is a study was done by including all consecutive percutaneous kidney biopsies (273; Males:147, Females: 126) performed at EMS Memorial Cooperative Hospital, Perinthalmanna, Kerala, India, from September 2009 to February 2016. Among the biopsy proven renal diseases (BPRD); primary glomerular diseases (PGD) were the commonest (78.39%) followed by secondary glomerular diseases (SGD) (12.45%) and tubulointerstitial diseases (TID) (9.16%). The IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) was the commonest PGD and majority had mesangial hypercellularity (M1) (93.54%), tubular atrophy (T1 or T2 67.74%) and the most common pattern was M1, E0, S0, T1, suggesting that patients of Indian subcontinent have aggressive disease type; unlike western literature. The focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) was the second commonest PGD and majority were of not otherwise specified (NOS) type. FSGS, membranous nephropathy (MN) and minimal change disease (MCD) were the 3 most common causes for PGD causing nephrotic syndrome. Diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephritis (LN) were the two most common biopsy proven SGD. Among the patients of diabetes mellitus (DM) who underwent renal biopsy with suspicion of non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD); 58.33% had NDRD, 16.67% had DN+ NDRD and 25% had DN alone. This study the changing pattern BPRD in comparison to earlier studies. This study also, confirms the aggressive nature of IgAN in Indian patients and underlines the importance of renal biopsy in patients of DM.

Thyroid dysfunction in children and adolescence: Experience of a tertiary care centre in Kerala

Background: There is limited data regarding the prevalence of thyroid disorders in children and adolescents from India. Methods: All subjects aged 1-19 years, who underwent estimation of thyroid function tests (TFTs) at the EMS Memorial Cooperative Hospital and Research Centre, Perinthalmanna (2009-2013) were included in the study. Results: A total of 784 subjects (males-336, females-448), aged between 1-19 (Mean 11.12, SD-6.23) years, who under-went estimation of TFTs were studied. The prevalence rate of all thyroid function abnormalities was 9.18%. The thyroid function disorders were more common (10.89%) in adolescents (14-19 years) than children (1-13 years) (7.82%) and in females (12.05%) than males (5.36%) in both age groups. The prevalence rates of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), overt hypothyroidism (OH) and hyperthyroidism were 4.08%, 3.05% and 2.04% respectively. Conclusions: The thyroid function abnormalities are common in children and adolescents affecting about ~ 9% in study population. The SCH was the commonest thyroid function disorder, followed by OH and hyperthyroidism with female: male ratios of 2.5:1, 2.43:1 and 7:1 respectively. Majority of cases OH were of primary hypothyroidism. The SCH and hyperthyroidism were more prevalent in the adolescents than children; however, OH was more common in children than adolescents.

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction: Experience of a tertiary care centre in Kerala

Background: There is limited data regarding the prevalence of thyroid disorders in India, and this is the first study to assess their prevalence in northern Kerala. Methods: All subjects who underwent blood sampling for estimation of thy-roid function tests (TFTs) on their initial visit to the EMS Memorial Cooperative Hospital and Research Centre, Perin-thalmanna (2009-2013) were included in the study. Results: The study population included 8179 subjects (Males: 3205, females: 4974), of ages from 1-94 (Mean-41.95) years of age. The overall prevalence rate of thyroid function abnormalities was 15.73%; more in females (16.91 %) than males (13.90%). The subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) was the commonest thyroid abnormality (7.15 %) followed by overt hypothyroidism (4.2%), hyperthyroidism (2.77 %) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (SH) (1.6 %). The prevalence rate of hypothyroidism in different age groups was 2.81 % in 1-19, 3.53 % in 20-45 and 5.36 % in those ≥ 46 years respectively. The prevalence rate of SCH was highest (8.05 %) in the age group of 20-45 years followed by 6.74 % in ≥ 46 and 4.19 % in 1-19 years. Conclusions: The thyroid function abnormalities are common and the prevalence is higher in females than males. The prevalence rates of thyroid function disorders were 9.76%, 17.50 % and 15.05 % in age groups of 1-19, 20-45 and ≥ 46 years respectively. The SCH was the commonest abnormality, followed by overt hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and SH; first 3 conditions were more common in females than males, whereas last was common in males.

Reduced frequencies of polyfunctional CMV-specific T cell responses in infants with congenital CMV infection.

CMV infection remains a priority for vaccine development. Vaccination of infants could modify congenital infection and provide lifetime immunity. Properties of CMV-specific T cells associated with control of viral replication in early life have not been fully defined. CMV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were investigated in infants with congenital CMV infection and compared to adults with primary or chronic infection. PBMC were stimulated with UL83 (pp65) or UL122 (IE-2) peptide pools then stained with antibodies to markers of T cell subset (CD4 or CD8), phenotype (CD45RA, CCR7), or function (MIP1β, CD107, IFNγ, IL2) for flow cytometry analysis. Detection of CMV pp65-specific CD4 T cells was less common in infants than adults. Responder cells were primarily effector memory (EM, CD45RA-CCR7-) in adults, but mixed memory subsets in infants. Detection of CMV pp65-specific CD8 T cells did not differ between the groups, but infants had lower frequencies of total responding cells and of MIP1β- or CD107-expressing cells. Responder cells were EM or effector memory RA (CD45RA + CCR7-) in all groups. Polyfunctional T cells were less commonly detected in infants than adults. Responses to IE-2 were detected in adults but not infants. All infants had detectable circulating CMV DNA at initial study (versus 60% of adults with primary infection) despite longer duration of CMV infection. Reduced frequencies and altered functional profile of CMV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were detected in infants compared to adults, and were associated with persistent CMV DNA in peripheral blood.

The Hardware Design and Implement of an Image Information Collection System

It introduces the hardware design and implement of the image information collection system which is one part of Fluorescent magnetic particle nondestructive detection system of Cannonball. The image information collection system includes Open collecting card model Initialize collection card modelApply for EMS memory modelCollecting image modelWrite bitmap information head model Show pictures modeClose collection card model. Through collecting image information to the EMS memory and then processing the image information, the magnetic images on the cannonball are showed clearly on computer, and cracks on the cannonball can easily to be judged. The software of the image information collection system is developed by Visual C++.

Healing the wounds: 2010 National EMS Memorial Service.

Healing the wounds: 2010 National EMS Memorial Service.

The National EMS Memorial Service: a Beautiful Tribute to Those We've Lost

Most in EMS simply aspire to help people. Some make “the ultimate sacrifice” losing their lives trying to help others. Many are touched personally by these losses and strive to honor the fallen.

Functional imaging of semantic memory predicts postoperative episodic memory functions in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy

Medial temporal (MTL) structures have crucial functions in episodic (EM), but also in semantic memory (SM) processing. Preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity within the MTL is increasingly used to predict post-surgical memory capacities. Based on the hypothesis that EM and SM memory functions are both hosted by the MTL the present study wanted to explore the relationship between SM related activations in the MTL as assessed before and the capacity of EM functions after surgery. Patients with chronic unilateral left ( n = 14) and right ( n = 12) temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) performed a standard word list learning test pre- and postoperatively, and a fMRI procedure before the operation using a semantic decision task. SM processing caused significant bilateral MTL activations in both patient groups. While right TLE patients showed asymmetry of fMRI activation with more activation in the left MTL, left TLE patients had almost equal activation in both MTL regions. Contrasting left TLE versus right TLE patients revealed greater activity within the right MTL, whereas no significant difference was observed for the reverse contrast. Greater effect size in the MTL region ipsilateral to the seizure focus was significantly and positively correlated with preoperative EM abilities. Greater effect size in the contralateral MTL was correlated with better postoperative verbal EM, especially in left TLE patients. These results suggest that functional imaging of SM tasks may be useful to predict postoperative verbal memory in TLE. They also advocate a common neuroanatomical basis for SM and EM processes in the MTL.

Honoring our own: the National EMS Memorial Service.

Honoring our own: the National EMS Memorial Service.

A Vital andGrowing Organization, the National EMS Memorial Service Honors EMS Professionals During Annual Ceremony

This submission is a descriptive account of the 2005 National EMS Memorial Service held in Roanoke Virginia to honor EMS personnel who have recently experienced line of duty deaths. Included is a brief history of the National EMS Memorial, a description of the service, anda list of the honorees, including two from the authors EMS agency. In addition the impact of the service on the survivors of the honorees andthe commitment of those who operate andsupport the memorial is briefly described.

Simplified Calculation of Open Domain of Magnetic Field in Engineering

Mass electromagnetism phenomena occur in open domain. But because of the difficulty of calculation, open domain problems are often simplified as equivalent model in the finite space in order to save time of modeling and analyzing in the computer. Taking a disk coreless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) as an example, the FEM analysis is done to simplify open domain of magnetic field. Aiming at a difficult problem of the modeling and solving to the open domain of magnetic field, it is very important to reduce fact domain effectively. The FEM analysis has been done to prove that the method reducing the open domain into the smallest domain could obtain approximately the accurate results, at the same time the EMS memory and the time are reduced obviously. So the intention of simplification is achieved.

Numerical Study of Aging in the Generalized Random Energy Model

Magnetizations are introduced to the Generalized Random Energy Model (GREM) and numerical simulations on ac susceptibility is made for direct comparison with experiments in glassy materials. Prominent dynamical natures of spin glasses, {\it i.e.}, {\em memory} effect and {\em reinitialization}, are reproduced well in the GREM. The existence of many layers causing continuous transitions is very important for the two natures. Results of experiments in other glassy materials such as polymers, supercooled glycerol and orientational glasses, which are contrast to those in spin glasses, are interpreted well by the Single-layer Random Energy Model.

Memorial service honors EMS personnel following “line of duty” deaths

A 9-year-old boy, Julian Stanley Wise, once stood helplessly on the bank of the Roanoke River as 2 canoeists overturned and drowned in front of him. His vow to become a lifesaver was actualized in 1928 when he established the Roanoke Life Saving and First Aid Crew, widely recognized as the nation’s first independent combined life saving and rescue organization. After Mr Wise’s death in 1985, a Foundation bearing his name was formed to honor the work of emergency care providers. This Foundation supports a rescue museum and, since 1993, sponsors a yearly National EMS Memorial Service (NEMSMS) in Roanoke, Va.