Employment Outcomes Research Articles

The inclusion of racialized women in the nursing workforce

PurposeThe study focuses on employment equity among Canadian women with a nursing education, examining differences across racialized groups.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis used data from the 2021 Canadian Census of Population on a large sample of women aged 25–64 years with a nursing education (n = 112,000). The analysis compared women from ten racialized population groups to those from the White population group on attainment of a nursing education, employment in the health sector, and having an occupation that matched their nursing education. These comparisons were made separately for women who were Canadian-born, Canadian-educated immigrants and foreign-educated immigrants and controlled for differences in educational and demographic characteristics.FindingsMost racialized women were under-represented in terms of having a nursing education, which was a barrier to their inclusion in the nursing workforce. Having a Canadian nursing education eliminated most disparities between racialized and White women in terms of employment outcomes. Foreign-educated immigrant women experienced a large penalty in levels of workforce integration, and this penalty was mostly larger for those from racialized population groups than the White population group. Large proportions of foreign-educated immigrant women with a nursing education had non-health occupations or health occupations that underutilized their skills.Originality/valueThis study provides a granular perspective on disparities between racialized and White women in levels of employment and utilization in the nursing workforce. The analyses illustrate the need for disaggregated data to reveal where the disparities lie and the context in which these disparities emerge.

Pious people, patronage jobs, and the labor market: Turkey under Erdoğan’s AKP

AbstractIn fragmented societies, electoral competition often entails using public office to advance group interests. Using individual-level polling data from 2012 to 2018, we analyze whether age cohorts entering the labor market before and after the religiously conservative Justice and Development Party (AKP) assumed power in Turkey experienced different public employment outcomes based on their religion and religiosity. Our analysis reveals that under the AKP rule, pious Sunnis (who constitute a large part of the society) significantly increased their presence in public sector employment (notably among women) and in high-status private jobs (notably among men). Furthermore, the subset of highly religious Sunnis (only 9.3% of the population) improved their likelihood of being employed in the public sector compared to other pious Sunnis and everyone else. Our findings are likely to be driven by the lifting of the headscarf ban in public employment and AKP’s strategic use of public employment and resources to reward like-minded groups in both the public and private spheres.

Differential Impacts of Anticipated Success on Employment Outcomes Among Adults Who Stutter.

Stuttering is associated with disparities in labor market outcomes among young adults, but little is known about how labor market outcomes associated with stuttering change over time. Therefore, this study characterized longitudinal associations between stuttering and early life expectations, job satisfaction, receipt of employer-provided insurance benefits, and income. The analysis used data from three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, which contained 16,653 individuals aged 18-43 years interviewed over 18 years. First, regression models evaluated the likelihood of employment between people who stutter (PWS) and people who do not stutter (PWNS). Second, conditional on employment, two-stage likelihood models quantified differences in their job satisfaction, receipt of employer-provided insurance benefits, and earned income, controlling for age, sex, race, and household characteristics. Finally, the relationship between their reported education and income expectations and these employment outcomes was evaluated. Although stuttering was not related to the likelihood of working or receiving employer-provided benefits, PWS were 20%-22% (SE = 0.06-0.07) less likely to be satisfied with their jobs than PWNS, and dissatisfaction increased with age. Additionally, the odds of earning a higher income were significantly lower for PWS than for PWNS. PWS who anticipated attending college and earning a middle-class income were more likely to be satisfied with their jobs and earn a higher income. However, PWS were less likely to expect that they would earn a middle-class income (PWNS: 46.4%, PWS: 36.3%) or graduate from college (PWNS: 70.9%, PWS: 58.4%) compared to PWNS. Labor market inequities associated with stuttering persist and increase with age. PWS have significantly lower expectations for their likelihood of future success, and these expectations predict their future occupational outcomes.

Effectiveness of a three-component intervention supporting unemployed individuals with mental health issues in their job search and mental health recovery (3for1): study protocol of a non-randomized controlled study.

There is a vicious cycle between unemployment and mental health issues. Unemployed individuals with mental health issues require individualized support at multiple levels in order to promote their mental health, and obtain and retain employment. The 3for1-intervention program aims to provide such support with three components (short-term psychotherapy, job coaching based on the Individual Placement and Support approach, and peer support). This study protocol outlines how the effectiveness of this three-component intervention program in terms of re-employment, mental health, and psychosocial outcomes will be evaluated. The 3for1-intervention program will be evaluated with a non-randomized controlled trial design in a multi-center study. 500 eligible participants aged between 18 and 60 years from six job centers in Southern Germany will be allocated to a control group or an intervention group. Allocation is time-based, with the control group being recruited first, followed by recruitment of the intervention group. The control group will receive treatment as usual, whereas the intervention group will receive treatment as usual as well as access to the three intervention components over a period of 12 months. Assessment will be conducted at baseline (t0), and 12 (t1) and 18 (t3) months later. The primary outcome will be the proportion of participants who are in employment subject to social insurance contributions at t1. Differences between control and intervention group will be tested with logistic regression analysis, controlling for relevant covariates. Analyses of secondary outcomes will relate to group differences regarding re-employment, health and well-being, social integration, help-seeking, and self-stigma at t1 and t2, applying logistic regression analysis or analysis of covariance. Additionally, usage of health services will be measured to evaluate the intervention program's cost effectiveness. The 3for1-intervention aims to improve employability and mental health outcomes of a vulnerable population with high need for assistance. Improvements for this population would benefit the German welfare state as well. This study could provide valuable insights into the feasibility, implementation, and sustainability of this individualized, multi-level support program within German job centers. This trial is registered with the German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00029002 (registered on 11 May 2022).

Inspiring Employee Engagement in Remote Work: The Influence of Leadership Communication and Trust in Leadership

ABSTRACT Remote work has become increasingly prevalent, yet more research is needed to examine the impact of effective leadership communication on employee outcomes in remote work environments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of leadership communication on establishing trust with remote employees and its subsequent impact on employee engagement in remote work. A quantitative survey research design was employed, involving 527 full-time remote employees in the United States. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed conceptual models. The results indicate that transparent leadership communication and the effective use of communication channels positively affect the perceived quality of leader-member conversations among remote employees, with transparent communication exhibiting a stronger influence. Furthermore, high-quality conversations helped remote employees view their leaders as competent in facilitating remote work, fostering trust and a strong relationship. Ultimately, this relationship led to increased employee engagement in remote work. This study contributes to the existing knowledge on leadership communication and its impact on employee engagement, with a specific focus on the remote work context. The findings provide valuable insights for corporate leaders and communication professionals on cultivating trust in leadership and enhancing remote employee engagement through effective leadership communication.

Sustainable employability and work outcomes: a prospective study.

In recent years, sustainable employability, rooted in the capability approach, has received substantial attention due to its associations with work and health-related outcomes. While previous studies have indicated that being able and enabled to achieve important work values (i.e., work capabilities) is positively associated with desirable work outcomes, most of these studies have primarily employed a cross-sectional design to explore these associations. This study aimed to examine the long-term relationships between work capabilities and work and wellbeing-related outcomes, including work ability, work engagement, task and creative performance, organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, job and life satisfaction, turnover intention, and burnout symptoms. Data were collected from 251 randomly selected Dutch employees through a two-wave survey conducted in 2021 and 2023 via the Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences panel. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess these associations while controlling for potential covariates. The results revealed that participants valued a diverse range of work capabilities but encountered challenges in realizing these valued capabilities. The capability set positively predicted desirable outcomes and was associated with reduced burnout over a two-year period. Supporting and enabling employees to realize their capabilities is essential for improving favorable work outcomes and diminishing burnout in today's volatile work environment. These findings further emphasize the importance of organizations improving conversion factors to bridge the gap between valued capabilities and their actualization.

Employability of Nursing Graduates of Canossa College San Pablo City Inc. Batch 2008 to 2022: A Comprehensive Tracer Study

Every graduate tells a story, a tracer study tells the narrative. As the frontline warriors of patient care, the journey of nurses from academia to professional practice is a significant shift that shapes the future of healthcare delivery. The study utilized SDG 4: Quality Education and SDG 17: Partnership for the goals. This tracer study examined the employment outcomes of graduates and assessed whether the quality of education they received aligns with international standards. It also identifies areas that contribute to their successful employment outcomes. The study used a quantitative research design. A statistician reviewed and validated two questionnaires, which the study combined and altered. The data gathering was conducted online through the use of Google Forms. There are 480 nursing graduates between 2008 and 2022. As a result, the survey garnered 375 responses, representing 74% of the population. Overall, the study revealed that the Philippine Nursing Licensure Examination results of the graduates have consistently been above the national passing rate. A significant number of graduates have obtained nursing licensure abroad, with the United States being the leading country where most nursing graduates are employed. Majority of the graduates take only zero to five months to land their first jobs. Hence, respondents claimed that the employment success is highly influenced by the personal qualities they developed at the institution, as these qualities not only make graduates more employable but also ensure they can effectively meet the demands of their profession, enhancing both their career prospects and quality of healthcare service.

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Personalized Learning Pathways: A Framework for Adaptive Education Management Systems

Abstract. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into education is revolutionising how we deliver personalised learning, where curriculum, pedagogy and assessments are dynamically adjusted to meet the demands of each learner. In this paper, we examine the role AI can play in the construction of personalised learning pathways, and explore its applications for K-12 education, higher education and lifelong learning. We highlight that AI-driven systems such as Summit Learning, Pounce at Georgia State University, and IBMs Watson Talent are helping to measure dramatic improvements in student and employee outcomes, ranging from retention rates, academic performance, to engagement levels. We show how AI can enable student profiling, adaptive learning path generation, and ongoing assessment via the continuous feedback loops that are critical to transformative personalised learning. We also highlight some of the key challenges related to how education (eg, data privacy, scalability and equity), and showcase case studies and data from AI applications in different educational contexts to demonstrate the potential of personalised learning enabled by AI. In summary, this paper underscores the benefits and challenges of implementing AI in education, providing a perspective on how AI is likely to shape the future of learning.

Trickle-down effects of corporate social responsibility on employee outcomes: the mediating role of family-supportive supervisor behaviors

Trickle-down effects of corporate social responsibility on employee outcomes: the mediating role of family-supportive supervisor behaviors

Effect of Organizational Cynicism on Job Performance: Evidence from the Rubber Manufacturing Industry in Sri Lanka

Human capital serves as a beacon of any organization in the 21st century. Organizational cynicism, a pervasive negative attitude towards one's workplace, has been recognized as a significant factor influencing employee behavior and outcomes. In the last two decades, the global market has embraced Sri Lanka’s Rubber industry for its value-added products. Since the Sri Lankan context is obsessed with an empirical in exploring the organizational cynicism in the Rubber manufacturing sector, this research aims to ex-amine the impact of organizational cynicism on the job performance of operational-level employees within the rubber manufacturing industry, focusing on Gampaha District. This study is deductive and quantitative, deploying a sample consisting of 170 operational level employees in the rubber manufacturing industry in the Gampaha District, selected through the stratified sampling technique. Data were collected using an online structured survey questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS (version 21). By deploying Pearson Correlation analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis, four hypotheses of the study were tested and three hypotheses were accepted. The thorough investigation of these hypotheses collectively confirms the detrimental influence of organizational cynicism on the job performance of operational-level employees in Sri Lankan Rubber manufacturing firms. Two facets of cynicism—cognitive, and behavioral—exerts a distinct yet interconnected role in mitigating job performance while the affective component was removed from the model. These revelations advocate for a paradigm shift in organizational strategies, urging managers to not only address the visible symptoms but also delve into the root causes of cynicism.

Association between preterm birth and economic and educational outcomes in adulthood: A population-based matched cohort study.

Preterm birth (PTB) affects ~10% of births worldwide; however, most literature focused on short-term clinical outcomes, with much less focus on long-term socioeconomic outcomes after PTB. We examined associations between PTB and individuals' income, employment, and educational outcomes during early adulthood. We conducted a population-level matched cohort study including all live births in Canada between 1990 and 1996, followed until 2018. Outcomes included Employment income per year in 2018 CAD and employment between ages 18 and 28 years, postsecondary education enrollment (18-22 years), and maximum educational attainment at age 22-27 years. Mean differences and risk ratios (RR) and differences (RD) were estimated using generalized estimating equation regression models for economic outcomes and multinomial logistic regression models for educational outcomes. Of 2.4 million births, 7% were born preterm (0.3%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 5.4% born extremely preterm (24-27 weeks), very preterm (28-31 weeks), moderately preterm (32-33 weeks), and late preterm (34-36 weeks) respectively). After matching on baseline characteristics (e.g., sex, province of birth, and parental demographics) and adjusting for age and period effects, preterm-born individuals, on average, had $958 CAD less employment income per year (95% CI: $854-$1062), 6% lower income per year, than term-born individuals, and were 2.13% less likely to be employed (1.98-2.29%). PTB was also negatively associated with university enrollment (RR 0.93 (0.91-0.94) and graduation with a university degree (RR 0.95 (0.94-0.97)). Mean income differences for those born 24-27 weeks were -$5,463 CAD per year (17% lower), and adjusted RR were 0.55 for university enrollment and graduation. In this population-based study, preterm birth was associated with lower economic and educational achievements at least until the late twenties. The associations were stronger with decreasing GA at birth. Policymakers, clinicians, and parents should be aware that the socioeconomic impact of PTB is not limited to the early neonatal period but extends into adulthood.

Quantifying the Impact of Career Preparedness Programs for Saudi Students with Disabilities

This study examines the impact of job readiness programs on Saudi students with impairments, utilizing a quantitative research methodology. Using a purposive selection strategy, people were selected, and a standardized survey questionnaire was used to gather data on program participation, perceived skill development, cultural factors, and employment outcomes. Descriptive data, t-tests, regression analyses, correlation analyses, and ANCOVA have been employed for data analysis. The findings track strong relationships between application components, perceived skill gain, and employment outcomes. Regression analyses indicate that both the extent of program engagement and the perceived learning of skills significantly impact employment outcomes. The ANCOVA analysis suggests that application involvement has a greater influence on employment outcomes compared to cultural factors, however, both factors contribute to the overall model. Suggestions entail addressing cultural sensitivity in program design, prolonging program durations, and cultivating a supportive environment for inclusive training and career advancement. The purpose of these insights is to provide information for improving career readiness programs for students with impairments in Saudi Arabia. Received: 9 June 2024 / Accepted: 28 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

Life After High School: The Employment Experiences of Autistic Young Adults

The present study examined the employment landscape for 129 autistic young adults. Data were collected over multiple waves including high school and early adulthood. Parents participated in interviews and responded to questions regarding young adult employment outcomes, on-the-job supports, job match, and overall job satisfaction. The predictive relationship between in-school variables and employment outcomes was examined. Findings indicate over 50% of the sample had at least one job working independently in the community for pay. Parents reported the need for both formal and informal support to both obtain and sustain employment. Over half of the parents reported that the young adult’s job was aligned with their interests/strengths and that the young adult was satisfied. Predictive analyses indicated a relationship between work-based learning experiences in high school and general education involvement during high school and later paid employment in adulthood. Future research, limitations, and implications for practice are discussed.

It Matters How You Got There and Who Else Is Doing It: Examining the Effects of Two Social‐Contextual Characteristics of Working From Home

ABSTRACTDrawing on self‐determination theory, this study advances our understanding of employees' experiences working from home (WFH). Specifically, we examine the effects of two social‐contextual characteristics of WFH arrangements: whether employees voluntarily initiate their arrangement (WFH initiation) and the proportion of WFH employees in a unit (WFH density). We conducted multilevel analyses on a multisource dataset drawn from organizational HR records and two surveys of 2115 WFH employees in a Fortune 500 organization. Employees who voluntarily initiated WFH, rather than at their employer's direction, experienced higher job autonomy and lower isolation. WFH employees in units with a lower proportion of other WFH employees experienced higher job autonomy. WFH initiation and WFH density also had effects on several distal employee outcomes, including job satisfaction, organizational knowledge, and turnover intentions, through their effects on job autonomy and isolation. Our findings provide valuable insight into the experiences of WFH employees and call attention to two important, yet understudied, factors that shape these experiences.

Fossil Fuel Layoff: Capturing Decarbonization Impacts on Workers Through a Refinery Closure

We surveyed and interviewed oil refinery workers who lost their jobs when a refinery in California shutdown in October 2020 to document post-layoff employment outcomes. Workers experienced post-layoff median hourly wage losses of 24 percent, a 26 percent unemployment rate, and reported frustrating job search experiences marked by a difficulty to convey skills to new employers. Our study harbingers future transition experiences of fossil workers and identifies social insurance responses that could inhere within climate change policies to shield workers from economic risk. Workers identified a need for third-party certification of their skills, benefits negotiators, and wage supports.

Forms of Calling and Helping Behaviors at Work: Psychological Entitlement and Moral Duty as Mediators

Even though calling researchers have identified two major forms of calling, namely modern and neoclassical, existing studies do not agree on whether these two forms are consistent or different in their mechanisms and outcomes. This study aimed to investigate whether modern and neoclassical calling are both indirectly related to unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) through the mediating roles of psychological entitlement and moral duty. Additionally, this study also aimed to investigate whether psychological entitlement functions as a mediator greater in magnitude for modern calling, whereas moral duty functions as a mediator greater in magnitude for neoclassical calling. Results from 463 employees in South Korea from two time points at 1 month interval revealed that both modern and neoclassical calling were indirectly positively related to UPB through psychological entitlement and indirectly positively related to OCB through moral duty. There was insufficient evidence to support the notion that the mediators would be different in magnitude based on the form of calling. Thus, this study demonstrates the double-edged nature of calling in relation to OCB and UPB. Additionally, it suggests that the outcomes of employees’ calling at work may depend more on the strength rather than the form of their calling. The implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Does the health of local populations modify occupational differences in employment rates of older workers? Findings from the ONS Longitudinal Study 2001–2011

Poor health is a key reason for early exit from the labour market. Few studies have explored how the health of local populations is related to occupational differences in employment outcomes among older people. Our study used data for England and Wales from the ONS Longitudinal Study linked with 2001 Census measures of the health of the older working age population at local authority level. We included 128,710 people aged 40-64y in 2001 who were in paid work in the previous five years. We investigated the associations of both occupation and area level with two employment outcomes ten years later (in 2011): i) in paid work or not; ii) economic activity (employed (reference), unemployed, retired, sick/disabled, other). People in elementary occupations were more likely to not be in paid work in 2011 compared to those in managerial occupations (RRR 1·55 [95%CI 1·47,1·64]). Compared to the healthiest third of local authority areas, being resident in the unhealthiest third was associated with greater likelihood of not being in paid employment ten years later (RRR 1·25 [95% CI 1·18,1·33]). While area level health was associated with employment outcomes for all major occupation groups, the gap between the healthiest and unhealthiest areas was most marked for skilled trades; process, plant and machine operatives; and elementary occupations. Occupational differences for the economic activity outcome were most marked for the sick/disabled category. Policies to improve the health of local populations may support retention and reduce occupational inequalities in employment rates of older workers.

The long-term effects of cash transfer programmes on young adults' mental health: A quasi-experimental study of Colombia, Mexico and South Africa.

Poverty is associated with poorer mental health in early adulthood. Cash transfers (CTs) have been shown to improve child health and education outcomes, but it is unclear whether these effects may translate into better mental health outcomes as children reach young adulthood. Using a quasi-experimental approach that exploits variation across countries in the timing of national CT programme introduction, we examine whether longer exposure to CTs during childhood (0-17 years) reduces depressive symptoms in early adulthood (18-30 years). Based on harmonized data from Colombia, Mexico and South Africa (N= 14 431) we applied logistic regression models with country- and birth-cohort fixed effects to estimate the impact of cumulative years of CT exposure on mental health, educational attainment and employment outcomes. Our findings indicate that each additional year of CT exposure during childhood is associated with a 4% reduction in the odds of serious depressive symptoms in early adulthood (OR = 0.96, 95% CIs: 0.93 to 0.98). We find no consistent effect of years of exposure on completion of secondary school (OR = 1.01, 95% CIs: 0.99, 1.03), and a negative effect on the probability of employment in early adulthood (OR = 0.90, 95% CIs: 0.88, 0.91). These results suggest that longer exposure to CTs may contribute to modest but meaningful reductions in population level depressive symptoms during early adulthood.

A Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE) in Statistics: Enhancing Educational Outcomes and Promoting Access to Data-Driven Careers

Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) have been shown to help students gain research skills. Few studies, however, have evaluated the impact of CUREs on long-term educational and employment outcomes. This article examines postgraduation outcomes for students enrolling in introductory statistics delivered as a CURE compared with those taking a traditional mathematics-based introductory statistics course. Participating in the CURE was found to be associated with a higher likelihood of holding a job in which a primary responsibility was working with data, greater confidence in working with data, and a higher likelihood of earning more than $100K annually. This study suggests that CUREs may not only impart technical skills but also boost students’ self-efficacy in applying statistical methods and analyzing data.

Nursing unions: A scoping review of outcomes for employees, patients, and administrators

BackgroundNursing labor organization is consequential to many stakeholders, but collective evidence for outcomes associated with nurse unionization is lacking. PurposeTo synthesize evidence of associations between nursing unions and nurse, patient, and system outcomes. MethodA scoping review. FindingsTwenty-four articles spanning nearly 50 years were abstracted. Most studies (n=16; 67%) included nurse outcomes, usually remuneration (n=10; 42%). Patient and systems outcomes were less common (for each: n=7; 29%). Union wage premiums were modest. Evidence for other nurse outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction, retention) was limited and mixed. Unionization was associated with improvements in many but not all patient outcomes studied, and with operational differences, including decreased staffing and labor substitution. DiscussionCollective bargaining outcomes may help administrators understand nurses’ needs and concerns and thereby improve nurse recruitment and retention. For example, modest wage effects may signal non-wage priorities among nurses, which are understudied and worthy subjects of future research.