Employment In Russia Research Articles

Dynamics of employment in Russia (2018 – mid-2023)

The article examines the impact of the pandemic and a special military operation on the economic sphere and labor relations in the Russian Federation. The conclusion is made that the Russian economy has successfully adapted to these phenomena. Initial forecasts about the collapse of the economy did not come true; the economic situation is stable. In addition, based on statistical data and the results of sociological research, a decrease in informal employment of Russians is stated. During the pandemic and its beginning, the number of employees working without a contract has not increased, there is an increase in standard employed Russians. There are three main reasons for this process. The first is the reduction of the labor force in Russia, which increases the demand for it and, accordingly, the improvement of labor relations, the second is the actions of the government during the pandemic, aimed primarily at helping officially employed workers and the adoption of the law on the self-employed, the third is the reduction as a result of the pandemic and a special military operation of private small and medium-sized businesses, the main places of work informally employed, reduction of the informal economy and the shadow labor market. These findings force us to reconsider our approaches to the growth of the precariat, the core of which is informally employed wage workers. The number of precarious is growing with a favorable economic situation, growth of economic initiative and non-interference of the state in the economic sphere. In the opposite situation, the number of precarious workers decreases.

The Impact of Wage Levels on the Quality of Employment and Economic Sustainability of Households

The problem of compliance of the wage level of employees with social standards of living standards, having undoubted regional features, is relevant for all subjects of the Russian Federation. When determining the wage of organizations funded from regional budgets, we believe they should proceed from the general methodological basis for determining its size. In the article is analyzed the situation with the wage level of employees in the sector of organizations, which is the main segment of Russian employment. It has been revealed that the level of wages most strongly affects its quality and is one of the main indicators of precarious employment. The peculiarities of the distribution of employees by wage level are revealed, depending on the level of qualification of employees and their working conditions, taking into account the forms of ownership and the size of organizations. Based on the author’s tools, the analysis of the impact of wage levels on the economic sustainability of households due to (not) achieving socially acceptable and higher standards of living is carried out. It is shown that for more than 80% of employees, the wage level currently does not allow to ensure such standards. A radical increase in the wage level is proposed based on the development of industry-specific social wage standards. This will improve the quality of employment: reduce the scale of precarious employment, link the level of wages with the qualifications of employees and their working conditions, taking into account the characteristics of sectors of the Russian economy, as well as significantly increase the economic sustainability of households.

Образ учителя в немецкоязычном и русскоязычном дискурсе трудоустройства (на материале объявлений о вакансиях)

This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the representation of the image of a foreign language teacher in the employment discourse in two linguistic cultures. The relevance of the research topic is due to transformations in the educational sphere, the trend towards increasing the importance and prestige of the teaching profession in the Russian society, as well as the need for competent training in intercultural communication skills in the modern world. The purpose of this article is to identify the content components of the teacher’s image and the features of their representation in job advertisement texts. The research material was Russian and German job advertisements for foreign language teachers in the amount of 300 texts. The methodological basis of the study is the cognitive and discursive paradigm. In accordance with the goal, the comparative analysis method was used in the work. The authors believe that in the Russian linguistic culture one can distinguish the image of a secondary school teacher and a teacher or tutor in private schools. Consequently, the content components of the image, which include professional competencies, personal qualities, and working conditions, will differ: a private school teacher is presented as a creative, motivated teacher who is provided with both methodological support and various digital tools. A secondary school teacher is a person who performs not only pedagogical tasks, but also organization and management work. A comparative analysis showed that in the German employment discourse, a teacher is, first of all, a “team player.” The main difference between the images of a teacher represented in German job advertisements is the so-called “gender neutrality”. In the Russian employment discourse, a trend has been noted towards the transition of foreign language teaching to an online format. In the pragmalinguistic aspect, in both linguistic cultures, age restrictions are revealed through an informal address to a potential employee, while in German job advertisements, emotional and evaluative vocabulary explicates the employer’s interest.

Трансформация характера занятости в постсоветской России

The subject of the article is the Russian specifics of the nature of employment against the background of highly developed countries. The aim is to analyze the evolution of the nature of employment as a result of demographic and socio-economic transformations in Russia. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the consideration of the forms of employment as a result of the combined influence of demographic, sectoral and professional-labor transformations (existing works either did not analyze the reasons for the transformation of the nature of employment or limited to its individual aspects). The research method is a descriptive identification of the main theoretical approaches to the essential aspects of the nature of employment and their practical verification through statistical analysis on the basis of ILO, OECD and WB world statistics in correlation with the main stages of the socio-economic development of Russia after 1991. The analysis was carried out over a long period of time, starting from 1992, taking into account Russia’s economic cycles, which made it possible to trace the evolution of the nature of employment taking into account the transformation of socio-economic conditions. The simultaneous analysis of changes in all forms of employment was carried out, which made it possible to identify the Russian specifics of combining elements of standard and non-standard employment. It is concluded that with a certain lag in the sphere of demographic ageing and sectoral transformation in the form of shifting employment from the productive sector to the service sector, Russia, compared to highly developed countries, is characterized by a stronger differentiation of jobs by skill level and nature of labor operations (employment is more concentrated in two opposite sectors of mental highly skilled labor and manual physical low-skilled labor). The opinion of a number of authors about the strengthening of non-standard forms of employment in Russia has been verified and refuted. After the transition to capitalism, the basis of employment remains wage labor, and forms of non-wage labor (except for employers) during recessions are more of a transitional forced nature. At the same time, the share of informal employment has increased in Russia, but the basis of the labor force functioning regime is still full-time permanent employment (this observation refutes the opinion of a number of authors about the close connection between informal employment and other forms of non-standard employment). The conclusion is made that in the future the Russian labor market will see a strengthening of standard employment in the form of permanent wage labor, which will be beneficial to both employees (whose influence will increase due to the shift of the age structure towards older ages) and employers (due to increased requirements to the level of personnel qualification). At the same time, a certain increase in the share of temporary employment is possible in case of economic growth. Given that non-standard forms of employment in Russia mean a deterioration in the quality of jobs, the strengthening of standard forms of employment should be seen as a positive phenomenon. The results of this article can be used by Russian government agencies when planning the state employment policy, as well as by employers when taking into account the Russian specifics of the labor force in the preferred nature of employment.

ПРОБЛЕМА НЕФОРМАЛЬНОЙ ЗАНЯТОСТИ В РОССИИ И В ЕАЭС

The object of the study is issues of regionalisation and the formation of informal employment. The subject of the study is the public and private sectors of the EAEU member countries. The purpose of the study is to determine the degree of influence of regionalisation on the development of informal employment in the EAEU. The relevance of the work is due to the development of informal employment in Russia and the EAEU member countries. The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to explain the impact of regionalisation and the gig economy on the development of informal employment. To determine the degree of reduction in the relationship between employee and employer, data on the development of trade union activity and informal employment were used. The research methods are economic and comparative analysis of the degree of development of the creative economy, features of the development of trade union organisations, etc. The author concludes that accelerated regionalisation with low growth rates of real incomes of the employed population, without the development of public institutions and trade union organisations, contributes to the growth of informal employment.

Assessment of the Impact of Green Economy Development on Employment

The relevance of this study is due to the growing attention to the development of green economy and its potential impact on employment. The purpose is to evaluate how green economic development affects employment in Russia, using panel data from 82 regions spanning the period from 2016 to 2020. To analyze the data, we use generalized linear regression models such as OLS, random effects, and fixed effects models. The final fixed effects model explains about 25% of the total variation in unemployment rates across different regions. However, evidence of cross-sectional dependence in the residuals suggests potential challenges, such as the omission of relevant variables that capture unobserved heterogeneity and inadequate consideration of spatial clustering within specific regions. The main results show that expenditure on environmental protection and maintenance of protected areas are positively linked with unemployment. This suggests that these expenditures may not directly lead to job creation. There could be several reasons for that: administrative costs, the delayed effect of environmental investments, or regional disparities in infrastructure and skilled labor availability.

Неформальная занятость: влияет ли налоговый режим на профессиональный доход?

Informal employment is one of the most demanded economic issues in both developed and developing countries. The experiment on the introduction of a professional income tax, which started in Russia in 2019, had a certain positive impact on financial and economic indicators, including tax deductions. However, the question of the actual impact of the tax regime on the number of people employed in the informal sector is still open. The usual comparisons of statistical data do not allow us to speak unequivocally about the impact of a new tax regime on informal employment in Russia. The study purpose is to assess the impact of the professional income tax on the informal employment using econometric methods. One of the quantitative methods of policy assessment, the “difference-in-differences” method, was chosen as the main research method. The introduction of the regime in Russian regions at different times allows us to apply this method. Such estimates are not yet available in domestic works. The information base was Rosstat data on employment in the informal sector in the context of 82 regions for 2019–2020. A regression model with fixed effects was evaluated, taking into account the effects of time. The evaluation results showed that the tax introduction variable turned out to be statistically insignificant. Thus, we cannot say that it was the professional income tax that had a decreasing or increasing effect on the share of people employed in the informal sector. Data on the number of people employed in the informal sector in subsequent years are multidirectional, which indirectly also confirms the difficulty of an unambiguous answer to the question of the impact of the tax regime on employment in the informal sector, which includes the self-employed.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ НОВЫХ ФОРМ ЗАНЯТОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ

This paper analyzes the new forms of employment in Russia in the context of the digitaliza-tion of the economy and considering macroeconomic indicators to determine the sustainable employment of the population. The study analyzes the features of employment in the context of the digital transformation, including by groups of workers in the information and communication technology (ICT) industries. The hypothesis is that the digital transformation has both a positive and a negative impact on employment; structuring the indicators of employment will allow us to assess the scale of employment and the impact of new forms of employment that require the use of digital technologies. The article uses system analysis and statistical methods of data analysis. The authors show that changes in employment are caused by the transi-tion to more complex types of activity using digital technologies, which changes the forms of employment. It is recommended to assess the situation in the labor market in conjunction with an analysis of the ICT sec-tor to reveal new forms of employment that have developed due to the digitalization of the economy. The authors supplemented the classification of employment indicators, data reflecting the number and parame-ters of employees using digital platforms, and organizations using remote workers. The level of staff train-ing in the digital economy, and employment and wage indicators were analyzed by: the ICT sector as a whole; telecommunications; the production of ICT systems; wholesale trade in goods related to ICT; other services in the field of ICT. It was concluded that digital tools can create opportunities for supporting and developing sustainable employment in remote and virtual forms of work allowing the development of key areas of labor market regulation. A set of measures for digital transformation indicators was proposed.

Факторы становления института самозанятости населения

The relevance of the study lies in the need to investigate effective institutional practices that can help realize the entrepreneurial potential of the population during times of crisis. The aim of the research is to examine the factors that contribute to the formation of self-employment among the population in different countries, as well as to justify measures that can promote this form of employment in Russia at this stage of economic development. Specific objectives of the study include: conducting a comparative analysis of self-employment rates in countries with varying levels of socioeconomic development, identifying the factors that influence the formation of this institution, and determining strategies to stimulate its growth in Russia.The research was conducted using a variety of methods, including collecting information from open sources, content analysis, economic analysis, the graphical method, comparative analysis, and a logical approach. The results of the research include a comparative analysis of self-employment practices in the BRICS and OECD countries. The study also investigated the factors that determine the level of development of self-employment, such as the standard of living, income, unemployment, education, and digital infrastructure. The findings provide insight into the current state of self-employment in Russia and suggest potential areas for improvement. It has been proven that in Russia, there are better conditions for the intensive development of self-employment among the population compared to most of the countries studied. This can help to balance the labor market during times of crisis and maintain the growth of well-being among the population.

Rural employment in Russia: Present conditions and prospects for agricultural and non-agricultural sectors

Contributing to a discussion on rural employment forecast in Russia, this paper sys­tematizes the challenges for the rural labor market: population outflow, weak impulses to develop non-agricultural employment and rural entrepreneurship, changing labor needs in agriculture and a decline in the number of labor migrants. The results of the regional differentiation research show that the response strategies of Russian regions to stabilize employment differ significantly and include active intra-Russian labor migration or reliance on high agricultural state support, development of self-employment and jobs preservation in labor-intensive, low-productivity sectors of agricultural production. The article discusses rural development prospects associated with the return migration of urban residents to rural areas, which creates a new basis for rural employment growth. A theoretical implication of the rural employment perspectives discussion is the proposed concept of “out-of-urban employment” that actualizes the traditional approach of seeking employment only for indigenous rural people who have lost their jobs in agriculture, and includes new types and forms of employment for urban dwellers. Analysis of the current state support for rural employment in Russia shows that it is poorly aligned with the existing challenges. The scale of both financing and the number of potential participants is small; direct support measures are limited to the agricultural sector, while indirect ones — through support for rural infrastructure — create mainly public sector employment. The practical implications of the outcomes are some proposed ways of developing measures to support rural employment, taking into account non-agricultural rural economy needs.

Approaches to the development of platform employment in the BRICS countries

The main goal of the paper is to examine the process of development and institutionalization of platform employment. Using statistical data from national sources and international research organizations, the authors study the evolution of platform employment in China, India, Brazil and South Africa in comparison with the development of this type of employment in Russia and then create socio-demographic portraits of the each country’s platform workers, classify and systematize the national platform models and define specific characteristics of their formation and functioning. This is followed by the authors’ comments and recommendations concerning further development of platform employment in Russia which largely depends on the evolution of government regulation of this sphere.

Problems of development of employment legislation

The article is devoted to the analysis of the provisions of Draft Law no. 275599-8 of the new federal law on employment. The focus of the research is on the effectiveness and procedural provisions of the activities of Russian employment services, some foreign models of effective activities of state employment services. Using the author’s approach to solving employment problems, which remains relevant, justified in his doctoral dissertation in 2006, the author assesses the conceptual approach of draft law no. 275599-8 as excessively conservative, requiring adjustments in terms of strengthening state integrated regulation, wider use of new non-traditional approaches in regulation, in particular — the inclusion in the draft law of the main procedural provisions of the modernized standards of the activity of the employment service bodies, which are already used in the practice of a number of employment centers. The fundamental contradictions of the analyzed draft law are revealed, and based on the results of the analysis, ways to improve employment legislation are proposed.

Неформальная занятость населения и ее влияние на налоговую составляющую экономической системы России

Shadow employment is an integral element of the state's economic system, which poses a threat to the sustainable functioning of the tax system and requires increased attention from researchers. The scientific article reveals the essence and reasons for the development of the institution of informal employment in the Russian Federation and characterizes the correlation between the dynamics of the development of shadow labor activity and the state of the country's tax system. The authors present and analyze statistical data that determine the state of the institution of informal employment in Russia: the dynamics of the number of informally employed citizens, their gender and age structure, as well as sectoral distribution are characterized. A study was conducted, according to the results of which, it was determined that informal employment and the tax component of the Russian economic system are characterized by significant mutual influence. Tax statistics are presented and analyzed and the role of reducing the number of informally employed population in ensuring the stable functioning of the tax system of the Russian Federation is explained. The measures that will increase the level of legalization of shadow labor activity in our country are presented.

The Impact of Energy Investments on Employment: The Russian Case

This study aims to analyze the causality relationship between total energy sector investments and employment for the years 1997-2021 in the framework of Russia using the Least Squares method. For this reason, panel analysis was used. First of all, necessary assumption tests were made for the establishment of the model. When the findings are evaluated, a significant relationship has been determined between energy and employment in Russia. In other words, there is a significant relationship between the type of investments made in the energy field and employment in Russia, which has an important patency in the world energy sector. That is, the 1 percent increase in investments in the energy field in this country means twice as much in explaining the employment rate. This is indeed an expected result for Russia, which has an important share in the world energy sector.

The Impact of Covid-19 on youth employment in Russia

Young people have enormous potential for labour market development of every country. The purpose of this research is to examine the ways in which the Covid-pandemic affected youth employment in Russia by assessing the relevant indicators of the past decade and describing the relationship between the crucial characteristics of three subcategories of youth and the changes in employment patterns in response to the pandemic shock. It also identifies the specific factors that determined the transformation of the Russian labour market during the pandemic. The results can provide policy-makers with guidance on how to cope with youth employment risks and help the young people assess their prospects for employment and manage their career paths.

Design and Development of Information Content of an Open Online School for Foreign Citizens in Russian

Relevance. The creation and support of open online-schools for teaching foreign citizens in Russian is part of the complex of measures of the state program “Development of Education” implemented under the auspices of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The popularization of Russian higher education and the possibility of subsequent employment in Russia attract an increasing number of foreign students to Russian universities, who strive to learn the Russian language as quickly as possible, but also to join the cultural and spiritual values of our country. The use of technologies for the development and implementation of mass open online-courses, as an effective mechanism for increasing the openness and accessibility of education, makes it possible to create conditions for the promotion of the Russian language based on the organization of open education courses in the Russian language and Russian culture.Purpose of this paper is to develop and scientifically and pedagogically substantiate the effectiveness of an open online school of additional education in Russian for foreign citizens living both in Russia and abroad, with the ability of self-registration for courses and choosing an individual training route.Materials and methods. The concepts of continuing education, the principles of adult education, approaches to the use of e-learning, distance learning technologies, principles and approaches to the development and implementation of mass online-courses are the theoretical basis of our paper. The relevance and practical significance of creating an online school were substantiated at the initial stage, the concept of this resource and its content component were developed, and an educational platform project was created. The design development of the technological platform was carried out at the second stage. The educational content of online-courses was created using the maximum variety of forms of presentation of educational material and taking into account the principles of ergonomics of the user’s work with electronic content. At the third stage, based on surveys and processing of statistical data, an assessment of the effectiveness of the created resource was determined in the context of the openness and accessibility of the educational content provided its relevance and demand by foreign citizens.Results. The results of the design, development and testing of the functionality of the open online school “Russia. Vector of possibilities” are presented in the article. The concept, principles and formats of the organization of this virtual space are considered. The results of testing the created package of online courses are presented. It is possible to judge the relevance of this resource on the basis of the statistical data obtained about the participants of online courses and the analysis of their reflexive reviews.Conclusion. The free and open nature of online school courses, the opportunity to study at a convenient time and receive a personally significant additional education in Russian, necessary for a comfortable stay in Russia, attracts foreign students receiving Russian education. The statistical data obtained by us as a result of testing the educational platform allow us to conclude that the developed resource is in demand. The specification of the structural and content of the online school and the description of the technological process of its creation can be useful to regional developers of such resources.

Theoretical aspects of regulation of employment of the population

Employment of the population — the realization of human rights and freedoms to work. The emergence of the problem of employment in the labor market is one of the problems of the socio–economic situation of Russia, including the national economy. Confirmation of this can be seen in the provisions of economic theories and views of representatives of classical and Keynesian schools, in the implementation of state programs in the field of labor and employment in Russia. A number of areas can help solve problems, including the development of non–standard forms of employment.

New firm formation and regional employment in Russia: Direct and indirect effects

Studies of employment growth factors are more relevant during crises. Review of foreign studies and analysis of Russian data in 2005—2018 using a distributed lag model based on the Almon method shows that there are multidirectional short-term direct and longer-term indirect effects of starting a business on employment growth. The regional context is important; and the prevalence of one effect over another and the direction of influence of additional factors depend on the type of region. Thus; for large agglomerations with high labor productivity and an active SME sector; an S-shaped lag structure of the dependence of employment on the creation of new firms was revealed: with short-term positive; medium-term negative; and further positive effects. For regions with low urbanization; labor productivity and a less active SME sector; the most striking is the short-term positive impact on employment from the opening of firms; which is replaced by a negative one after 2—3 years. At the same time; in the latter regions; the total impact may be higher than in the former; and on average; a new firm (per 1;000 people in the workforce) leads to an increase in employment by 0.56 p.p. This provides grounds for some policy recommendations.

«Зеленые» рабочие места в России

Introduction. The paper examines the trends in the development of the “green” economy associated with the creation of “green” jobs that contribute to the preservation, restoration and improvement of the quality of the environment. In Russia, there are prerequisites for the spread of “green” principles: the regulatory framework of the “green” economy is being formed; there are successful projects to save resources at individual enterprises. Purpose. The issues of employment are considered in the context of the development of a “green” economy, which makes it possible to coordinate the solution of the tasks of greening the labor market with its modernization and reduction of unemployment, with an increase in the environmental and energy efficiency of the economy. Methods. The methodological framework for the study is the methods of scientific cognition, among which the main ones are the methods of consistency, analysis and comparative law. Results. One of the main measures of the formation of a “green” economy in Russia should be the creation of “green” jobs to form an environmentally oriented labor market. For the development of “green” employment in Russia, it is necessary to develop and implement a detailed action plan at the state level, to underline priority economic activities to create “green” jobs. Conclusions. The main problems hindering the creation of “green” jobs in Russia and the training of qualified personnel for the “green” economy are considered. The factors contributing to the growth of “green” employment are identified. A list of “green” professions of the future is proposed. The key types of economic activity for the creation of “green” jobs in Russia are pointed out.

Non-typical forms of employment in the context of sustainable development of the Russian economy

The author has chosen the problem of differentiation of civil law and labour contract and the peculiarities of their application in practice in conditions of atypical employment of a certain part of the population as the object of research. The problem considered by the author acquires a completely new understanding in the light of the development of market relations and the emergence of atypical forms of employment. The objective of the study is to identify controversial provisions in the distinction between civil law and labour contracts in the context of the development of atypical forms of employment in Russia. The article is based on such methods of scientific research as comparative-legal, system analysis, formal-legal, and statistical. Distinguishing between civil law and labour contracts, the author draws attention to the fact that the inclusion in the Labour Code of the Russian Federation of norms regulating the work of the self-employed, who have formalized relations with the client under a civil law contract, may violate the unity of labour law, which, although it establishes the specifics of regulating the work of certain categories of workers, but in general applies to absolutely all employees under employment contracts. It seems that the status of the self-employed needs a more thorough legislative elaboration, which will allow, firstly, to increase the level of social protection of this category of citizens, and, secondly, to create conditions for further reduction of the level of informal employment in Russia. The author states that the legal status of the self-employed is poorly developed, which currently gives rise to a huge number of questions in practise. Analysis of court practise clearly demonstrates the fact that Russian courts still do not have a unified approach to resolving disputes on the reclassification of civil-law relations into labour relations