Employment Generation Programmes Research Articles

Problems of Women Entrepreneurs in Tiruchirappalli District

This study primarily emphasizes analyzing the problems faced by women entrepreneurs in starting a new business. To overcome these hurdles the Government of Tamilnadu has initiated many schemes. Rural Entrepreneurship Development Program (REDP), Prime Ministers Employment Generation Program (PMEGP), Employment Development Department (EDD) in Tiruchirapalli district, Tamilnadu. This Research examined the problems faced by women entrepreneurs to start a new business with the three training programs from Tiruchirappalli district. A conceptual model with three hypotheses was developed and data were collected from 207 women entrepreneurs in the form of a structured questionnaire from the women entrepreneurs (ParamasivanandSubathra,2017). To analyze the problems of women entrepreneurs, 207 respondents were selected by stratified random sampling method. A well-structured questionnaire was designed to collect information from the women entrepreneurs. The data were collected from the District Industries Centre (DIC), Tiruchirappalli district from the beneficiaries of the state-sponsored scheme. There is a significant impact of training programs on problems faced by women entrepreneurs across the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs. The Government of India has introduced many new entrepreneurial development schemes to provide sufficient financial assistance and provide training on development skills to climb the ladder of success. Gender-specific training should also be given to women entrepreneurs on socio-economic conditions.

A Study of Economic Development through Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme with Reference to Annapurna Mahila Grah Udyog in Maharashtra

Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) Government of India has approved the introduction of a new credit linked subsidy programme called Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) by merging the two schemes that were in operation till 31.03.2008, namely Prime Minister’s Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) and Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) for generation of employment opportunities through establishment of micro enterprises in rural as well as urban areas. PMEGP is a central sector scheme administered by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME). At the national level, the Scheme is being implemented by Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), a statutory organization under the administrative control of the Ministry of MSME as the single nodal agency.

Impact of employment generation programmes on livelihood security of the rural poor in Manipur

Impact of employment generation programmes on livelihood security of the rural poor in Manipur

A Comprehensive Analysis of Financing Challenges and Strategies for Small-Scale Industries

Abstract: Small-scale industries (SSIs) constitute a vital sector in India's economic landscape, contributing significantly to employment and fostering entrepreneurship. However, SSIs face persistent challenges in accessing adequate financing, impacting their growth potential. This research investigates the financing landscape of SSIs in India, specifically focusing on Lucknow as a case study. Through a mixed-methods approach involving surveys and interviews, the study explores the challenges faced by SSIs, evaluates various financing mechanisms, and assesses the impact of government policies. Findings highlight high-interest rates, collateral requirements, and financial literacy as major challenges. Bank loans dominate as a financing source, while microfinance and government schemes play substantial roles. The Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme receives positive feedback. The study contributes valuable insights to policymakers and stakeholders working towards enhancing financial inclusion for SSIs.

Government Finance in the Growth of MSMEs – A Study with Special Reference to Kannur District of Kerala

MSMEs have an important role in the development of Kerala in terms of their contribution to industrial production, export, employment, and creation of entrepreneurial base. Realizing the importance of MSMEs, Government at the State and Central have been instigating number of schemes and programmes to start MSMEs through various means. Though the government has implemented various schemes and programmes, many of the MSMEs are struggling for finance which may be due to lack of awareness about various schemes for entrepreneurs. Hence in this study an attempt is made to know the awareness and availability of government finance for MSMEs among the micro entrepreneurs. 60 sample entrepreneurs who are registered with DIC were selected and data were collected through structured questionnaire. The data collected were analysed by using percentage, weighted average mean, ranking etc. Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) was the most popular financing scheme among the entrepreneurs. Still the supports provided by the government are not fully utlised by the entrepreneurs mainly because of unawareness about the various schemes available.

Horticulture Farmers in Lohit District of Arunachal Pradesh Issues & Challenges

Over the years, horticulture has emerged as one of the potential agricultural enterprises in accelerating the growth of economy. Its role in the country’s nutritional security, poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes is becoming more important day by day. It offers not only a wide range of options to the farmers for crop diversification, but numbers of agro-industries which generate huge employment opportunities are also coming up. In spite of all the efforts, horticulture farmers or growers of the study district are facing lot of constraints in different areas which hamper the working environment of horticulture farming. The key difficulties are related to farmers are finance, marketing, labour, storage, maintenance, education and so on, which are elaborated below.

A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF PRIME MINISTER’S EMPLOYMENT GENERATION PROGRAMME (PMEGP) PERFORMANCE AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN NORTH EAST INDIA

The Prime Ministers Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) has been a pivotal initiative aimed at fostering entrepreneurship and employment generation in India. This study delves into the programs performance and achievements in the context of North East India, a region characterized by unique socio-economic challenges and opportunities. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of PMEGP in stimulating sustainable entrepreneurship, employment generation, and economic development in the North East region. Data was gathered through secondary sources. The analysis encompasses a comprehensive examination of PMEGP beneficiaries, their enterprises, employment created, and the socio-economic impact on the region. Key performance indicators, such as the number of projects funded, loan disbursements, and job creation, are critically assessed. The findings indicate that PMEGP has made significant strides in promoting entrepreneurship and employment generation in North East India. It has funded a multitude of projects across various sectors, contributing to both urban and rural employment. The program has not only generated income opportunities but has also encouraged skill development and empowerment among the regions youth and marginalized communities. Furthermore, it has helped in diversifying the regional economy by supporting ventures in agriculture, handicrafts, tourism, and other sectors. KEYWORDS: Performance, Achievements, Entrepreneurship, Employment Generation, Challenges, Opportunities, Skill Development and Empowerment

Governance of the Social Safety Net in Bangladesh: A Study on the Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest

The article aims to assess the governance of the social safety net programme in Bangladesh. The data were collected from the beneficiaries and stakeholders of the employment generation programme for the poorest scheme of the government of Bangladesh. A total of 150 respondents were selected randomly, and data and information were collected using a structured questionnaire for interviews and a guideline for focus group discussions. The analysis shows that beneficiaries and stakeholders of the programme are mostly satisfied with the quality and timeliness of work, beneficiaries selection and benefits distribution process, but many respondents expressed their dissatisfaction with monitoring and wage rates. Furthermore, the research reveals several factors that contribute to establishing poor governance, such as weak monitoring, absenteeism, proxy work and inappropriate project selection. The finding suggests that it is necessary to make local-level institutions fully operational, determine district-wise wage rates and enhance the monitoring process to achieve the programme objectives.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LOW AND DECLINING TRENDS OF FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN RURAL UTTAR PRADESH AND WEST BENGAL

Based on unit-level data of three rounds of the Employment-Unemployment Surveys (68th, 61st and 50th) and two rounds of the Periodic Labour Force (2017-18 and 2018-19) Surveys of the NSS, this paper examines trends in women’s labour force and work force in the two Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal since 1993-94. A comparative analysis of women’s participation in the labour markets of the two Indian states shows the significance of occupational diversification in explaining the varying trends in the pattern of female employment. It explores the relevance of the nature of female employment in understanding the sustainability of such employment pattern as exists over time. Our paper highlights the extreme vulnerability attached to the self-employed status of women, be it in farm or non-farm work that women in rural U.P. and W.B. engage in and urges on the importance of publicly sponsored employment generation programmes like MNREGA as a viable alternative employment option, especially for women in rural areas. Given the abysmally low levels of participation of women in the labour markets of both U.P. and W.B., does the explanation lie in economic factors such as lack of jobs alone or do gender biased cultural norms also play a role? Our analysis suggests that it is a combination of both these factors to which a low and declining women’s participation in labour markets must be attributed to.

Effectiveness of post-disaster coping strategies among the farming households in the coastal districts of Odisha, India

Farmers in developing countries generally faced vulnerability in consumption due to income shocks caused by crop damage, price falls, disasters, etc. The ability to respond to such income shocks is determined by their asset structure labour endowment, access to credit and so on. Using information from 459 sample households in the three coastal districts of Odisha; India, this paper examines the effectiveness of ex-post coping strategies adopted by the farming households in the study regions. Based on wealth index score, we classified the sample households in to poor, medium and rich income groups for a deeper understanding of the impact floods on their consumption patterns. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression model was used for examining the effectiveness of post disaster coping strategies adopted the sample households. The results of regression model show that the practice of borrowing money from formal/informal sources is one of the most effective strategies resorted by the sample households in the study regions. Seasonal migration is an alternative strategy followed by poor and middle-income households in the study regions, whereas accessing to government or non-governmental assistance measures is an effective strategy on the part of richer households. Among the socio-economic characteristics, the educational attainment of household heads and the landholding size possessed by households have had a significant influence on narrowing down the consumption gaps. In this scenario, along with an effective implementation of welfare and employment generation programmes like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), a widen access to the formal loan market helps farmers reduce migration and provide a secure income to the people which, in turn, helps them reduce their relative consumption gaps.

Factors and practices: farmers' adaptation to climate change in Bangladesh

Abstract Climate literature is highly pronounced about the impending threat to agriculture taking into account the climate change scenario and suggesting adaptation as a possible option to opt for. Considering this, the study seeks to comprehend the factors influencing farmers’ adaptation strategies to cope with climate change in coastal Bangladesh (Koyra Upazila, Khulna). In order to achieve the objectives descriptive, multivariate, and binary logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Findings demonstrate that the most often used adaptation strategies were crop, water, and infrastructure management. Regression result shows that factors such as gender, labor in the family, farming experience, and the damaged sector are important factors in determining how well adaption methods are implemented. Binary logistic regression analysis explains that age (p = ≤0.041), income (p = ≤0.037), and farm size (p = ≤0.005) are significant factors in deciding on a new adaption option. The outcomes of this research can be used to reevaluate current frameworks and strategies for coping with climate change and to identify the factors that influence policy formulation. In order to improve the water management system for agriculture, policies such as Cash-for-Work (CFW) and Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest (EGPP) may be used to boost local agriculture.

FACTORS GOVERNING FOOD SECURITY AMONG RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN TRIBAL DISTRICT OF SOUTH GUJARAT

Availability of food is associated with purchasing power and food insecurity is caused by poverty. The needs of the poor should be protected by improving their purchasing power, through proper planning of agricultural activities for future that can produce more employment and income generation programmes. Around 20.4 per cent of Gujarat's current population does not get enough calories from food as compared to the all-India figure of 13.4 per cent. The problem of food insecurity is basically not found in all sections of the people, rather it is mostly confined to certain marginalized sections. It includes scheduled tribes (STs) as they are socially and economically disadvantaged due to their isolation both geographically as well as culturally from the mainstream population. The attempt has been made to study the major factors governing food security in the Dangs - a tribal district of south Gujarat having 95 per cent scheduled tribe population. Results showed that household size, dependency ratio and age of the household head has significant negative association with food security whereas animal herd size and above poverty level status of household have positive influence on food security. The government should focus on awareness creation on effective family planning and the impact of large family size on ensuring food security, Government can initiate or strengthen old programmes for alternative income generation through facilitation of labour-intensive schemes.

A Case Study on Implementation and Growth of the Self- Employment Among Men and Women in India

The article mentions an aspect of gender equality through offering employment to both men and women. Self-employment is the key to gender equality that helps to improve the financial condition of the nation. In the past, women in India have faced financial issues due to gender discrimination. Along with that, this research study has discussed the implementation and growth of self-employment among men and women in India. In the nation self-employment has helped to increase the financial profit of the organization. Along with that, the Indian government has taken different schemes that help to increase self-employment rate that help to improve social structure in India. Keyword :Self-employment, Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY), Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM, Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)

A Study on Trend and Pattern of Beneficiaries of Prime Minister Employment Generation Scheme

MSME has been considered as one of the major dynamic forces for the economic development in developing economy. MSME’s continuous immense contribution towards manufacturing, exports, employment opportunities empowering rural youth by providing equitable opportunities directly or indirectly is strengthening the economy. The growth of enterprise sector is also developing a strong base for entrepreneurship development which is considered to be as one of the major indicator of economic development. Every new start up needs to raise capital to implement new ideas, easy availability of finance for same is acting as one of major challenge. The Government of India through its institution has made several arrangements by launching several schemes, financial assistance to meet the diverse financial requirement. In Goa the Prime Minister Employment Generation Program is managed by two Government agencies i.e. Khadi Village Industries and Department of Industries, Trade and Commerce. This paper is a sincere attempt to study the trend and pattern of financing start up entrepreneurs through Prime Minister Employment Generation Program by Department of Industries Trade and Commerce in Goa.

COVID-19 disaster and employment generation program in a developing economy

We develop a three-sector Harris-Todaro (HT)-type model for a developing economy to analyse the failure of the employment generation program in the rural sector as a policy response to counter Covid-19-induced reverse migration of labour. First, we distinguish between two alternative modes of implementation of the program and show how they produce diverse outcomes on both unemployment and welfare. Welfare is measured in terms of Sen’s (Sen, J Public Econ 4:387–403, 1974) index which is inequality (distributional) sensitive. If the authority’s sole target is to lower unemployment, the policy fails miserably because it not only raises unemployment but also worsens welfare. On the contrary, if the policy aims at both rural infrastructure development and additional employment creation, it does not necessarily worsen social welfare. However, the rural employment generation program may turn out to be counterproductive in the latter case provided the urban region is relatively more labour abundant vis-a-vis the entire rural region. Numerical examples are constructed to validate the sufficient and necessary condition leading to the counterproductive outcome. Finally, we have advocated in favour of a composite policy that might succeed in minimizing further possible damage of the COVID-19 disaster.

Accelerating Employability through Social Safety Net in Rural Bangladesh: Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest

This article assesses the effectiveness of the employment generation programme for the poorest (EGPP) and its impact on ensuring employment opportunities and employability of targeted beneficiaries in rural areas in Bangladesh. In particular, it examines the appropriateness of targeted beneficiaries, selection, and the impact of the programme on changing their livelihood and economic indicators. Respondents were selected from 12 unions of four districts of the Chattogram division, and data were collected using the interview method and key informant interview. First, the findings suggest that accurately selecting beneficiaries and households was a challenging task owing to inappropriate wage rates, social context and political influences. Besides, misappropriation of the selection process of beneficiaries is one of the main concerns of this programme. Second, the EGPP has improved the income levels of a significant number of beneficiaries and made a positive impact on their certain basic needs and livelihood indicators. Despite drawbacks in the implementation, the study concludes that the provision of adequate measures of employment generation programmes based on equity and geographical demands will notably contribute to ensuring the employability of the unemployed and marginalised sections of the country.

Evolution of poverty alleviation programme in India

Since independence, India has made huge economic progress which no doubt has raised the standard of living of our people but still the journey to eradicate poverty is quite long. One third of Indian population is living below the minimum income which is required for subsistence. Poverty is a major social determinant of health as poor people lack access to basic social amenities like safe water, sanitation, food security, health infrastructure etc., which makes them highly vulnerable to deadly diseases. On the other hand, catastrophic expenditure on health and loss of economic productivity due to disease makes millions of people poor every year. Seeing the grave situation, Government of India has launched various poverty alleviation programmes from time to time. In this review we discuss evolution of employment generation programme since its inception in India. We also focus on upcoming challenges in further reducing the poverty rate and future opportunities.

Performance of Khadi and Village Industries in Jammu and Kashmir under Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme

The KVIB is acting vibrantly in creating job opportunities for the down-trodden and rural artisans. In 2008, a reinvigorate creditlinked subsidy programme initiated by the Ministry of MSMEs popularly known as Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme. At the national level, KVIC has been made a nodal agency of the scheme for its implementation with KVIB as the implementing agencies in J&K. In the present study, it was found that the achievement of KVIs was significant in terms of a number of cases sanctioned, amount of money released, production and sales while as in terms of employment it was not as good as expected. The performance of KVIs could further be enhanced by providing financial and technical assistance, training, supporting, monitoring and development of promotional activities and marketing arrangements

Pandemia e desemprego no Brasil

Resumo A pandemia da COVID-19 é um problema de saúde pública global que imprimiu uma nova dinâmica à economia mundial. A rápida propagação da doença e o uso do distanciamento como forma de prevenção expuseram as desigualdades sociais e urbanas das cidades capitalistas. No Brasil, como em outros países, o isolamento social promoveu rápidas mudanças no mercado de trabalho, com impactos mais severos para 37,3 milhões de pessoas que vivem na informalidade, já que elas não têm direitos como Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço (FGTS) e seguro-desemprego. Para a Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), as primeiras demissões estão ocorrendo entre aqueles que vivem do trabalho precário, como terceirizados, balconistas, garçons, funcionários de cozinha, diaristas, manipuladores de bagagem e produtos de limpeza. Assim, faremos uma breve síntese das consequências que a crise sanitária vem promovendo para os trabalhadores brasileiros, bem como proporemos medidas de enfrentamento que não se limitem aos auxílios emergenciais. A recuperação e a criação de ocupações dependerão, entre outros fatores, da retomada dos gastos com programas sociais e econômicos que reduziram as desigualdades sociais no início deste século, como o Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento em Favelas (PAC-Favelas); o Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida; o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF); e o Programa de Geração de Emprego e Renda (Proger) com recursos do Fundo de Amparo ao Trabalhador (FAT). Esses programas podem e devem ser ampliados a fim de fazer com a que a economia retome o crescimento em longo prazo.

A Rapid Overview: The Resiliency of Rural Households after Flood 2020 Amidst Pandemic COVID-19 in Bangladesh

The mini study was conducted after the flood 2020 to observe the household level resiliency of extreme poor at most flood prone rural areas in Bangladesh. Primary data was collected from extreme poor households who are participants government’s social safety net programme “Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest (EGPP)”. Those households are located at flood prone areas of Bangladesh, The National Resilience Programme (NRP) is also working there in limited scale. Bangladesh is a low-lying nation highly exposed to the threat of repeated floods, due to the country being susceptible to receiving monsoon rains between June and October each year. During the monsoon flood 2020, 1.5 million people was affected by flooding, and a third of the country’s districts have been affected by flooding. Data was collected between November and December of 2020 for the mini-survey.The mini survey finds that the respondent households are bounce back to normal life after flood 2020 from analysis of primary data and interpretation. But this recovery it is not bounce back better or worse. It can be said that household level resilience has increased for short term. In this study resilience level has assessed based on how rural households cope with and overcome recurrent disaster like flood in 2020. The study looked at livelihood, income, place of residence, types of houses, household assets, land ownership, access to information on flood warning messages, internal displacement, loss & damages, recovery mechanism of losses, access to cash savings & loan and their perception about recent flood 2020 and resiliency over flood.Findings of the study shows that, engagement in agriculture is low because those sampled households are extreme poor and have no cultivable land and very few percentages of household heads are engaged in off-firm based professions. Evidence shows that almost of half of respondents, 46.67% households have increased their income immediate after received training and input support on Income Generating Activates (IGA). Those households who have incremental earnings, can earn additional money BDT 250 to BDT 2000 beside their main income.It is noticeable findings that 93.33% of respondents have been informed early warning before flood 2020 from Union Parishad and NGOs. The respondents also experienced price hike in commodity market during flood 2020.79.63% said that the flood 2020 amidst COVID-19 have affected their income, their income had reduced. Few numbers of respondents (11.67%) said that they sold asset because of disasters. Respondents who have sold assets, all of them said that they sold livestock for their recovery. Flood 2020 affected respondents’ households informed that had managed cost of house repair and maintenance from their own daily income.Good percentage of respondents said that they have access to finance, which is helpful for recovery after disasters. The survey finds that only 26.67% of respondents have cash savings. Survey findings showed that 43.33% respondents have taken loan at normal time or after disaster. Only 03.33% respondents are living on government sites, those are landless people or internally displaced because of river erosion.In conclusion, from the primary data analysis, we can say that Flood 2020 affected households have recovered for short term by their own and some of institutional resources. The recovery, resilient capacity can be increased through skill and knowledge transfer for alternative livelihood options considering disaster risks.