Agricultural Employment Research Articles

Review on Food in Security Status and Its Major Coping Strategies in Rural Ethiopia

The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. According to the most recent studies, 842 million people or 12 percent of the world's population were unable to meet their dietary energy needs globally. According to recent studies, Ethiopia is one of the world's poorest nations, with a significant portion of its population living below the poverty line and the majority of the rural population (roughly 9.7 million people) experiencing food insecurity. Coping Strategies against Food Insecurity used by farm households in the rural area of Ethiopia include livestock sales, agricultural employment and, sale of wood or charcoal, small scale trading, selling cow dung and crop residues, reduction of food consumption. Finally, the current food security policy programs in Ethiopia are Sustainable Production & Market Systems, Business & Entrepreneurship, Resilience Nutrition, Cross-Cutting Issues, Small scale irrigation and Policy options to minimize food insecurity based on Strengthen productivity and incomes, Linkages maximizing synergy and Provide direct access to food. Improve the coping mechanism of the rural households by improving their capacity to protect themselves from food insecurity through enhancing their knowledge on preservation and storage of food and credit schemes, diversification of income, and employment.

Minat Masyarakat dalam Bidang Pertanian “Kasus Masyarakat Kampung Udapi Hilir Kabupaten Manokwari, Papua”

The absorption of employment in agriculture is the focal point of the problem, where the interest in working is important. This research examines people's interest in agriculture; analyze attitudes, subjective norms, and social control in agriculture; analyze the relationship of attitudes, social norms, social control, and characteristics of respondents to community interest. The research was conducted in Udapi Hilir Village, Manokwari Regency using a survey method to 94 respondents. Data analysis using simple tabulation and partial least square test. The results of the study conclude that the community is not interested in being a provider of production facilities and administrators of farmer groups but is interested in becoming farmers and farm laborers. The attitude agrees that agriculture requires high labor, high production costs, risk of failure, and requires storage space. People's subjective norms that agriculture is the main source of livelihood, food source, and requires a large areal of land. Social control in the form of production inputs and subsidies for production costs from the government. Farming experience, productive age, production facilities assistance, production facilities cost subsidies, and production marketing assistance affect interest in farming.

Maternal and paternal employment in agriculture and early childhood development: A cross-sectional analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data.

Considerable literature from low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs) links maternal employment to child nutritional status. However, less is known about the role of parental employment and occupation type in shaping child development outcomes. Additionally, little empirical work has examined the mechanisms through which parental occupation influences child outcomes. Our objective was to investigate the associations between maternal and paternal employment (comparing agricultural and non-agricultural employment) and child development and to examine childcare practices and women's empowerment as potential mechanisms. We pooled nine Demographic and Health Surveys (Benin, Burundi, Cambodia, Congo, Haiti, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, and Uganda) with data on 8,516 children aged 36-59 months. We used generalised linear models to estimate associations between parental employment and child development, child stimulation (number of activities provided by the mother, father, and other household members), child supervision (not left alone or with older child for >1 hour), early childhood care and education programme (ECCE) attendance, and women's empowerment. In our sample, all fathers and 85% of mothers were employed. In 40% of families, both parents were employed in agriculture. After adjusting for child, parental and household confounders, we found that parental agricultural employment, relative to non-agricultural employment, was associated with poorer child development (relative risk (RR) 0.86 (95% CI 0.80, 0.92), more child stimulation provided by other household members (mean difference (MD) 0.26 (95% CI 0.09, 0.42)), less adequate child supervision (RR, 0.83 (95% 0.78, 0.80)), less ECCE attendance (RR 0.46 (95% CI 0.39, 0.54)), and lower women's empowerment (MD -1.01 (95% CI -1.18, -0.84)). Parental agricultural employment may be an important risk factor for early childhood development. More research using more comprehensive exposure and outcome measures is needed to unpack these complex relationships and to inform interventions and policies to support working parents in the agricultural sector with young children.

Multisite Agricultural Veterans Affairs Farming and Recovery Mental Health Services (VA FARMS) Pilot Program: Protocol for a Responsive Mixed Methods Evaluation Study

Veterans Affairs Farming and Recovery Mental Health Services (VA FARMS) is an innovative pilot program to provide supportive resources for veterans with interests in agricultural vocations. Implemented at 10 pilot sites, VA FARMS will provide mental health services and resources for veterans while supporting training in gardening and agriculture. As each pilot site project has unique goals, outreach strategies, and implementation efforts based on the local environment and veteran population, evaluating the pilot program provides a unique challenge for evaluators. This paper describes the protocol to evaluate VA FARMS, which was specifically designed to enable site variation by providing both site-specific and cross-site understanding of site implementation processes and outcomes. The objectives of this paper are to (1) describe the protocol used for evaluating VA FARMS, as an innovative Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) agriculturally based, mental health, and employment pilot program serving veterans at 10 pilot sites across the Veterans Health Administration enterprise; and (2) provide guidance to other evaluators assessing innovative programs. This evaluation uses the context, inputs, process, product (CIPP) model, which evaluates a program's content and implementation to identify strengths and areas for improvement. Data collection will use a concurrent mixed methods approach. Quantitative data collection will involve quarterly program surveys, as well as three individual veteran participant surveys administered upon the veteran's entrance and exit of the pilot program and 3 months postexit. Quantitative data will include baseline descriptive statistics and follow-up statistics on veteran health care utilization, health care status, and agriculture employment status. Qualitative data collection will include participant observation at each pilot site, and interviews with participants, staff, and community stakeholders. Qualitative data will provide insights about pilot program implementation processes, veterans' experiences, and short-term participation outcomes. Evaluation efforts began in December 2018 and are ongoing. Between October 2018 and September 2020, 494 veterans had enrolled in VA FARMS and 1326 veterans were reached through program activities such as demonstrations, informational presentations, and town-hall discussions. A total of 1623 community members and 655 VA employees were similarly reached by VA FARMS programming during that time. Data were collected between October 2018 and September 2020 in the form of 336 veteran surveys, 30 veteran interviews, 27 staff interviews, and 11 community partner interviews. Data analysis is expected to be completed by October 2022. This evaluation protocol will provide guidance to other evaluators assessing innovative programs. In its application to the VA FARMS pilot, the evaluation aims to add to existing literature on nature-based therapies and the rehabilitation outcomes of agricultural training programs for veterans. Results will provide programmatic insights on the implementation of pilot programs, along with needed improvements and modifications for the future expansion of VA FARMS and other veteran-focused agricultural programs. DERR1-10.2196/40496.

Health check-ups for the French under-consuming agricultural population: A pilot evaluation of the Instants santé MSA program

BackgroundThe social protection scheme in charge of farmers and agricultural employees (MSA) in France has developed a two-step health promotion program with a nurse appointment followed by a consultation with a doctor of the participant's choosing to reach its under-consuming beneficiaries and enroll them back into a care pathway. Our objective was to carry out a pilot evaluation of this program. MethodsThe evaluation was carried out on the population invited during the second semester of 2017 using data from the program's service providers (date of invitation, of nurse appointment…), regional MSA bodies (consultation voucher), and reimbursement data (other care consumption). Participation rates were calculated overall and by participant characteristics. Medical needs were identified during the nurse appointment and new care pathways were assessed using reimbursement data. Multivariable regression models identified factors associated with participation. Results2366 beneficiaries were included in the analysis. 1559 (65.89%) were men and mean age was 52.41 (standard deviation = 14.86). 409 (17.29%) attended the nurse appointment. There was a significant increase in participation with age, in farmers vs. employees (odds ratio = 1.905, 95% confidence interval = 1.393–2.604), and in people living in the most disadvantaged areas (odds ratio = 1.579, 95% confidence interval=1.079–2.312). Participation to the consultation following the nurse appointment was high (62.35%–73.11%). 87.53% of participants had at least one medical need, and new care pathways were more frequent among those who had attended the nurse appointment (55.50% vs. 34.80%, p < 0.0001). ConclusionsThis pilot evaluation shows promising results which need to be confirmed with a national evaluation of the program and longer-term evidence.

A sectoral analysis of Trade openness and Women employment in selected East African Countries

Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya improved their trade openness by 26 and 8 points, respectively, between 1995 and 1998 as a percentage of these countries’ gross domestic product. percent from 1998 to 2008. East African Community employment is dominated by agriculture, which motivated this study. Generally, this study pursued an analysis of openness of trade and women employment in selected EAC countries. The study examined the impact of openness of trade on both agriculture and service sector employment of women. In particular, the purpose of this study was to investigate how trade opening affects the employment of women in the agricultural sector in some EAC counties. and explore how trade opening affects the employment of women in the service sector in some counties of the EAC. The results show that trade opening had a negative impact on women’s employment in the agricultural sector, but had a positive impact on the service sector. This implies trade openness has shifted female employment pattern from agriculture to services sector. The study was conducted using a longitudinal panel design. The study concludes that efforts should be made to retain female workers in agriculture by retraining them, while promoting their employment through trade facilitation services and support with marketing. Concerning agricultural sector, the study recommends retraining of female workers in the agricultural sector to improve their skills set as well as providing credit to enable them move from lower cadre employment in agriculture.

Improving implementation of innovations in agriculture

This article presents ways to improve the introduction of innovations in agriculture. One of the main factors in the growth of production and employment in agriculture is the application and wide distribution of innovations. Practice shows that innovation is the most important source of improving product quality, saving labor and material costs, increasing labor productivity, improving production and increasing industry efficiency. The results showed that the area of cereal crops in 1991 was 1079.9 thousand hectares, in 2020 it was 1578.3 thousand hectares, vegetable crops were 165.6 thousand hectares in 1991 to 220.0 thousand hectares in 2020, and potatoes were 40.0 thousand hectares in 1991 to 2020 increased by 89.6 thousand hectares. The total area of agricultural crops was 4200.0 thousand hectares in 1991 and 53309.4 thousand hectares in 2020, which was decreased. Noteworthy, innovative methods must be introduced for effective use of products, technology, and equipment, while employees’ qualifications must be improved to ensure the smooth implementation of these innovations.

Nigeria as the Poverty Headquarters of the World: Implications for Her National Development and Relationship with External World

Nigeria is an African country located on the Gulf of Guinea with many landmarks and wildlife reserves. She is blessed with arable land, natural resources and human capital. Before independence in 1960, Nigeria depended on Agriculture as her mainstay. She was exporting agricultural products and feeding her citizens from agriculture which also provided employment for a large number of her populations. However, when crude oil was discovered in Nigeria in the late 1950s, Nigeria began to earn high revenue from crude oil which became her major source of earning foreign exchange. Nigeria began to neglect agriculture and its products as areas of revenue earning, making her mono-economy in nature. The citizens became uninterested in engaging in agriculture for employment. Steady increase in the populations especially in the urban areas outrageously led to continuous rise in poverty of the citizens in Nigeria. This situation continues to slow down her developmental efforts and also affects her relationship with the external world. This occasioned the reasons why Nigeria is being described as the poverty headquarters of the world. This has provoked several questions on how Nigeria that is supposed to be the giant of Africa, found herself in the present situation of being the poverty headquarters of the World. This study therefore investigated Nigeria as the poverty headquarters of the world and its implications for her national development and relationship with external World, focusing on the concept of poverty, National development, the indices of a poor nation and the characteristics of Nigeria economy. The study is a qualitative research that relied on secondary source of data and anchored on dependency theory as its theoretical framework of analysis. The study revealed that the poverty nature of Nigeria as a nation has overbearing implications for her national development and her relationship with the external world. The paper therefore recommended that Nigeria should strategically reduce corruption to the barest minimum and initiate good policies that can reduce poverty in the long- run. There is need for effective monitoring of public finances and diversification of economic activities from mono-resource economy so as to create opportunities of empowerment for Nigerians.

Farm productivity and social sustainability in formalized value chain governance: the case of the potato industry in Pakistan

Abstract Farm productivity and social sustainability are essential to realizing agro-based value chains’ full potential. This paper aims to empirically conduct an analysis of the impact of formal value chain governance practices on farm productivity and social sustainability in Pakistan's potato industry. A multi-stage sampling method was employed from 10 villages to examine growers’ motivations to adopt the contract and its effect on their income and farm employment. The main findings of this study stipulate that buyers’ technical assistance and provision of quality inputs are the growers’ primary motives for contracting, non-contracted farms earned 40% less than contracted farms from each unit invested, contracted farms employed more labor with better wages, and welfare arrangements than the non-contracting farms. The study concluded that formal value chain governance practices significantly affect farm productivity and social sustainability and can spur growth in the agricultural sector in developing countries. The results reveal that any governmental initiative aiming to support formal value chain governance should consider the role that intermediaries play in the value chain and accordingly minimize their risks and food losses and improve social outcomes.

Maternal employment in high-value agriculture and child nutrition: Evidence from the Ethiopian cut-flower industry

Maternal employment in high-value agriculture and child nutrition: Evidence from the Ethiopian cut-flower industry

O impacto do agroecossistema na pegada ecológica: novas evidências para a perspectiva da agricultura verde existente no Paquistão

ABSTRACT: The focus of this research study investigated the impact of agroecosystem on the ecological footprint in Pakistan, using the time series data over the period from 1990 to 2019. The econometric methods of time series were employed to investigate the long-term association between an agroecosystem and ecological footprint. After performing the stationarity tests Johansen approach was employed. Results of the Johansen method imply that long-term co-integration exists between the exogenous and endogenous variables. Moreover, the ARDL model was performed and long-run results were validated by the bound testing approach. The elasticity of the short-run form of the ARDL model reveals that agricultural land, employment, energy consumption, fertilizer use, and biomass burned dry matter in agriculture have a positive relationship with the agroecosystem. In contrast in the log-run form of ARDL agricultural land, employment, energy consumption, fertilizer use in agriculture and temperature have a positive impact on ecological footprint. Results of the impulse response function revealed that employment and fertilizer use in agriculture have positive while energy consumption and livestock in number have a negative influence on the ecological footprint. Thus, rigorous practices of agriculture for higher production put extra pressure on the agroecosystem. As a result, the stability of the agroecosystem deteriorates and reduces. To minimize the ecological ecosystem, modern technology is required to reduce carbon emission, enhance greener production and improve the biocapacity of the land in the country. This study would help the researcher, planner, policymaker and academicians to provide a proper guideline and vision to provide sustainable food and environment.

The contribution of Horticulture 4.0 innovations to more sustainable horticulture

Robotics, artificial intelligence (AI) and sensor-based solutions offer the opportunity to meet the current challenges in horticulture. To accelerate the integration of these technologies in the horticultural sector, the German Ministry of Agriculture established the funding priority Horticulture 4.0. Twelve research and development (R&D) and a networking and transfer project are funded to ensure international competitiveness and increase sustainability. This paper focuses on potential digital applications to be implemented in horticultural farms and analyses the technologies at the meta level by literature review and qualitative research. First, the 4.0 technologies based in the R&D projects are classified according to Industry 4.0 visions and systemized by degree of digital assistance. Six projects focus on a complete automation of production steps in horticulture, four of them on intelligent pest management. Thus, a use case “Digital insect trap” was established with automated detection and counting of insect pests and a digital assistance system for pest management. The results of these analyses provide a basis for future research on technology assessment. The impacts of this use case on sustainability of horticultural production are identified. There are various technical and economic effects on farm management, e.g. investment costs, reduced working time, live pest monitoring without delay and pest management on a broader data base. Less use of pesticides and more biodiversity in field and orchard cultivation are identified as potential ecologic effects. There are no indications that the employment in horticultural farms is affected, but the safety of employee's work place when using autonomous systems could be identified as social effects.

Developing a Poverty Model in Papua using Geographically Weighted Regression

Poverty is one of the world's main problems, which has been very difficult to overcome. The poverty rate has influences on economic growth in an area. The greater the poverty rate in an area, the more difficult it is for an area to grow economically. Many factors affect the level of poverty. Geographical location, level of education, population growth in each region, significantly affect the poverty level. The many factors that affect the poverty level make it difficult for us to predict which factors will influence the level of poverty in an area, making it difficult for us to solve the problem. This research was made to predict what factors influence the level of poverty in Papua, Indonesia. This study uses a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method due to the existence of spatial heterogeneity. It produces model estimates that are local for each location and different from other locations to get a model with the most influential factors in each region. The results of this study are as follows. First, agricultural employees affected the poverty rate in each location in Papua. Second, house area and households with access to safe water are significant variables in Yapen, Biak Numfor, and Supiori.

Applying the Multilevel Approach in Estimation of Income Population Differences

Income inequality remains one of the most burning issues discussed in the world. The difficulty of the problem arises from its multiple manifestations at regional and local levels and unique patterns within countries. This paper employs a multilevel approach to identify factors that influence income and wage inequalities at regional and municipal scales in Russia. We carried out the study on data from 2017 municipalities of 75 Russian regions from 2015 to 2019. A Hierarchical Linear Model with Cross-Classified Random Effects (HLMHCM) allowed us to establish that most of the total variances in population income and average wages accounted for the regional scale. Our analysis revealed different variances of income per capita and average wage; we disclosed the reasons for these disparities. We also found a mixed relationship between income inequality and social transfers. These variables influence income growth but change the relationship between income and labour productivity. Our study underlined that the impacts of shares of employees in agriculture and manufacturing should be considered together with labour productivity in these industries.

Forming and effective using of human resources in agricultural

The subject of scientific research is the theoretical and practical principles of the formation and effective use of human resources in the agriculture of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the strategic directions of the use of human resources in agriculture. The data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the results of other scientists' research and own developments were used. The following methods of scientific research are applied: abstract-logical; monographic; statistical and economic; balance; systematic approach, etc. A generalized definition of human resources is proposed as a set of active population characterized by socio-demographic, professional qualification, psychophysiological characteristics and participating in social and labor relations in enterprises (organizations, institutions) on the basis of employment and/or self-employment (entrepreneurs, owners of capital, employers), actively looking for work (unemployed), starting their own business. Based on the analysis of the formation and use of human resources in agriculture in the pre-war period and taking into account the current war situation in the country, the pessimistic trends of demographic indicators and economic activity of the rural population were determined as the basis for the formation of human resources in agricultural enterprises. Taking this into account and the recorded high level of informal employment in agriculture, a methodical approach to determining the forecasted indicators of the need to create jobs in the agricultural sector to ensure the effective use of availablehuman resources in rural areas is substantiated. Taking into account the excess of the supply of labor on the labor market in agriculture over its demand, the positive dynamics of the development of small forms of business in the industry, the unfilled potential capacity of the domestic market of labor-intensive agro-food products, in Ukraine, the perspective of comprehensive support for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the agricultural sector of the economy has been proven. on the part of the state, territorial communities, etc. It was determined that the effective use of human resources in agriculture in wartime and postwar times will be ensured by achieving the following economic effects: increasing the level of formal employment and labor income of the rural population, filling the domestic market with labor-intensive products, ensuring food security for households and the country. On the basis of the conducted SWOT-analysis of the development of labor-intensive production of products in small agribusiness, a strategic choice matrix for the use of human resources in agriculture was developed. This will contribute to the developm of related sectors of the economy: logistics and processing, trade, machine-building enterprises and will require additional recruitment of personnel – a multiplier effect. Key words: human resources, agriculture, employment, unemployment, agricultural enterprise, economic effect.

The Reality of the Response of Agricultural Extension Workers in Nineveh Governorate to The Sources of Agricultural Information and Their Relation with Some Variables

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; ABSTRACT&#x0D; The research was aimed to recognizing the reality of the response of agricultural extension workers in the governorate of Nineveh for the sources of agricultural information , and its relation with Independent importance of each source from the view point of the agricultural extension workers , specifying the newness of the sources and their application, the need of them by the agricultural extension workers finding the correlation between the reality of the response of the agricultural extension workers (Nineveh governorate) for the sources of agricultural information and the independent variables which are represented by ( gender, scientific qualification, personal experience, specialization and contacting with farmers in rural areas). That was done by a questionnaire designed for collecting data it included three alternatives for measuring agricultural information sources (thirteen sources for information). After making sure that the question face validity, reliability has been measured using the method (alpha- chronbmch) where the stability coefficient was (0.83). The research covered all those working in agricultural extension in the agricultural offices and departments of the agricultural directorate of Nineveh and whose number is (430) agricultural employees distributed on (32) agricultural offices including the centre agricultural department. After excluding (30) employees for the reliability sample, a random simple sample was chosen consisting of (128) agricultural employees representing (32%) of the total number of the workers. Results revealed that the average of response of agricultural ten extension workers to be on a medial scale by (59%), (personal expertise, magazines and guiding bulletins) the first stages with percentage weight ranged from (80,46% - 84,2%) according to the reality of the response of agricultural extension workers for the sources of agricultural information, results revealed concerning the newness of information that the agricultural magazines and personal experience have got the first ranks compared with other sources with percentage weight ranged from (70,78% - 70,46%), as for the application of new ideas (training courses and personal experience) have occupied the first ranks compared with other information sources with percentage weight ranged from (83,20% - 77,96%), as for the need to source, results have revealed that the (training courses, references and scientific books) have occupied the first ranks with percentage weight ranged from ( 80,78% - 80,64%) and it has become clear that there is an abstract and correlation between the scientific qualification and the reality of the response of the agricultural extension workers for the sources of agricultural information, also results indicate that there is no significant correlation between the reality of the response of the agricultural for extension workers the sources of agricultural information and ( age, job experience, specialization and communicating with farmers in rural areas).&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Evaluation of The Training Course Carried Out by ICARDA in The Conservation Agriculture for Some Agricultural Employees in The Northern Region- Iraq

The research aims to evaluate the level of training in general from the point view of the trainees representing some of the agricultural employees working in the northern region. To evaluate the level of training in each of the field of training : Trainees' competence - the subject of conservation agriculture - training methods and aids - the environment of the implementation of training and in each criteria of each field criteria, and then finding the effect of all trainees' characteristics in the evaluation of training level, to determine the differences in the level of training and finding the effect of all trainees' characteristics, as well as identify the problems that facing trainees at the course, and the suggestions made by the trainees. The research included all the trainees in the ICARDA training course on the subject of conservation agriculture, which is 25 trainees data were collected through a questionnaire after verifying its validity and reliability then analyzed by using the Regression, the Mann-Whiteny test, the Kruskall-Wallis test, the results showed that the level of training was high in general and that the field of competence of trainers came in first rank with a percentage of 56%, while the field of conservation agriculture ranked last with 89.5%,and the impact factor for the all trainees characters is 16% .The results showed no significant differences in the evaluation of training level according to the different characteristics of the trainees for each one, and the most important problems encountered by the trainees in the training course: the short period of reporting by the date of the beginning of the course, shortened the number of days of the course. The most important proposals of the trainees: the establishment of training courses in places where the technology is already applied, focus on the participatory approach used in the course and continued use it in the next courses.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Global food stability and its socio‐economic determinants towards sustainable development goal 2 (Zero Hunger)

AbstractFood security is guaranteed only when unexpected shocks, e.g., epidemics, economic crises, and extreme climates can be well responded to the stable food supply. Food stability, which is not exclusive of the status that we have enough food stock to satisfy a population's food demand to avoid people from hunger for a certain period until the regular food supply recovers, has never been quantified. Here, we propose a new metric, the ratio of stock to demand, to quantify how domestic food consumption need of a population can be satisfied by the domestic food stock. This study collects the data available for 117 economies from 1991 to 2018 to analyze the grain stock‐demand ratio (GSDR) and its determinants of the world. In terms of GSDR, global food stability has increased. In particular, the increased stability found expression in Asia and Africa. The increased stability was mainly driven by the growth of grain stock‐production ratio (GSPR) and grain cropping yield (GCY) most significantly from 2000 to 2010 and the decrease of average labor input in unit agricultural land (ALI) majorly from 1991 to 2000. Meanwhile, GSDR was pulled down significantly by the sharp fall of grain crop land (% of total agricultural land) (GCL) from the year 1991 to 2000 and continuous decrease of employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (EIA) particularly from 2000 to 2018. Based on the results, policy suggestions are proposed towards sustainable development goal 2 (Zero Hunger).

130 Years of Polish Emigration in Denmark

This article summarises the 130-year history of the Polish community in Denmark (the round anniversary is due in 2023). The first Poles in Denmark were seasonal workers who started arriving in the country in the late 19th century where they found employment in agriculture. The 1920s saw the development of Polish organisations in Denmark: the Association of Polish Workers (1925), later renamed the Association of Poles in Denmark, and numerous Polish Houses. The following decades brought further initiatives undertaken by members of the Polish community in Denmark concerning both their integration and the propagation of Polish culture.

He said, she said: The impact of gender and marriage perceptions on self and proxy reporting of labor

The accurate estimation of agricultural employment and labor productivity are crucial in understanding opportunities for improvements in productivity and economic growth in developing countries. Available labor statistics mostly come from surveys in developing countries, which mostly rely on one person providing information about all household members. However, there are only a few empirical studies that provide a framework for understanding the potential advantages and disadvantages of using self and proxy reporters to collect such data. Using self and proxy reports from surveys in Ghana, we find significant differences in estimated labor productivity with very different implications in terms of policy-making. We find that differences in reporting are most likely due to gender and marriage satisfaction of both self and proxy reporters, so differences in reporting are due to bias and are not classical measurement error.