Employees State Insurance Research Articles

IJCM_401A: Study of patterns and associated factors of occupational injuries among the people seeking health care in the urban area of Mangalore

Background: Injuries occurring at the workplace are among the most important health concerns these days. This study was done to study the patterns of compensations available to those seeking health care for occupational injuries and to assess the level of implementation of occupational safety measures in their workplaces. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was undertaken in the hospitals affiliated to Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, and Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) Hospital, Mangalore included all adults who were seeking health care for occupational injuries during the study period. A pre-tested semi-structured proforma, which included employment details, working conditions, type/s of injuries, availability & utility of Personal Protective Devices, and Compensations availed for health reasons was used and the collected data were analysed using SPSS version 25. The results were expressed as proportions. To compare the groups, the Chi-square test was used and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study included 164 patients with a mean age of 38.6 years (SD: 9.85). Overall, 92.1% did not have any pre-employment training regarding PPEs applicable to their work. Also, 81.7% of the employers did not provide any PPEs. But among Government sector employees, 77.8% of their employers provided them with PPEs. The proportion was highest among Government employees when compared to others regarding the provision of PPEs. This difference across the groups was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Conclusion: High number of injuries at the workplace were related to the musculoskeletal system. Awareness and use of PPEs at the workplace were poor among the study population.

A Study on Pattern of Medico-Legal Cases at ESIC Medical College, Kalaburagi

In casualty, Casualty Medical Officers come across a maximum number of Medico-legal cases. Any case where the doctor feels that it should be investigated by the Police or a Magistrate is considered as Medico legal case. As it is a Medico legal case, there will be an inquiry by the investigating officer and if needed an Investigating officer may require a report of that case to produce to the court. The doctor who has issued report can be called to the court to give the evidence regarding that case. Identifying the pattern of injuries, types of cases, age-wise distribution, and sex distribution of Medico-legal cases reported to the casualty department of the hospital will help administrators, social workers, NGO’s, and policymakers to successfully manage and prevent such cases by devising necessary policies. A retrospective study was conducted at Employee State Insurance Corporation Medical College, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India. All the reported cases to casualty between April 2022 and March 2023 at ESIC Medical College, Kalaburagi were analyzed. Total of 452 Medico-legal cases were analyzed which were attended in casualty in span of one year out of total 11288 Casualty cases. In that 344 were male and 108 female patients. In the present study, the maximum MLCs were Road Traffic Accidents, followed by assault, poisoning and others.

Awareness And Utilization of Esi Benefits Among Employee

Awareness And Utilization of Esi Benefits Among Employee

Enrolment, utilisation, and best practices followed by hemodialysis patients concerning government and private health insurance schemes in tertiary care hospital

BackgroundEnd-stage renal disease (ESRD) consequences have reached epidemic proportions in India, and disease rates are expected to rise further. Every year, around 0.22 million new patients with renal diseases are diagnosed in India. ESRD poses a significant hurdle to receiving affordable therapy due to the exorbitant charges associated with accessing treatment in corporate hospitals. ObjectiveTo investigate hemodialysis patients' enrolment patterns, utilisation rates, and best practices concerning government and private health insurance schemes in a tertiary care hospital setting. MethodsA multi-centric and prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at tertiary care hospitals. Sources of data collection were patients and family members. The questionnaires included sections related to patient demographics, insurance enrollment details, utilisation patterns, and satisfaction with insurance coverage. ResultsResponses were collected from 385 patients undergoing treatment at tertiary care hospitals. The most utilised plans were health cards 107 (29.8%), private schemes 99 (27.6%), Central Government schemes 66 (18.4%), followed by trust 50 (13.9%), society schemes 30 (8.4%), and state schemes 7 (1.9%). The most common Central Government insurance scheme was Employee State Insurance, with 63 (17.5%) of patients enrolled, followed by Ex-servicemen Contributory Health Scheme 2 (0.6%) and Central Government Health Scheme 1 (0.3%). Among those with State Insurance, the Chief Minister Relief Fund Government of Karnataka 3 (0.8%), followed by the Arogya Bhagya Scheme 1 (0.3%). ConclusionsThe utilisation rates of insurance benefits were relatively high among hemodialysis patients, demonstrating the significance of insurance coverage in facilitating their healthcare needs.

Government Health Insurance Schemes and Their Benefits to The Indian Population: An Overview

In today’s scenario accelerating cost of health significantly impact the health of people and the populace creating a monetary burden on poor households. One of the key concerns while tackling healthcare disparities is out-of-pocket expenses (OOPE). Providing financial safety and provide universal coverage to the entire populace are the main goal of health schemes. Health policies in India are based on equity prioritising the needs of the poor and underprivileged. Likewise, there is a discrepancy in the consistency of information and knowledge regarding the scheme among the beneficiaries. A review was created to help medical and nursing professionals to gain comprehensive knowledge of various health schemes. We tried to give an overview of various health schemes including Ayushman Bharat Yojana, Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana (AABY), Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), Rashtriya Swasthya BimaYojana (RSBY), Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Employees State Insurance Scheme (ESIC), Employee Health Scheme and various state-level health schemes. include, Yeshasvini Health Insurance Scheme, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Yojana, Chief Minister Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme, Mukhyamantri Amrutum Yojana, Karunya Health Scheme, Awaz Health Insurance Scheme, Telangana State Govt Employees and Journalist Health Scheme, Dr Ysr Aarogyastri Health Care Trust, Mukhyamantri Chiranjeevi Yojana, Rajasthan Government Health Scheme (RGHS), and Aarogya Raksha.

Mental Health Effects of Online Education among Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Globally, the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the mental health of the general population, including medical students. As part of the control measures, the Government of India implemented a nationwide lockdown, resulting in the closure of medical institutes. However, medical education continued through online teaching platforms, which was a new experience for students and caused them significant stress. Aim: To assess the mental health effects, specifically anxiety and depression disorders, among medical students in Kalaburagi city during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between June 1st and June 30th, 2021, involving four medical colleges in Kalaburagi city: Khaja Banda Nawaz Institute of Medical Sciences (KBNIMS), Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College (MRMC), Government Institute of Medical Sciences (GIMS), and Employees State Insurance Corporation Medical College (ESICMC). A total of 261 students were surveyed using prestructured questionnaires that included socio-demographic information, the Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale for anxiety assessment, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale for depression assessment. The questionnaires were prepared using Google Forms and distributed through WhatsApp groups. The data was collected and analysed using International Business Machines (IBM) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: Out of the 261 students, 99 (37.9%) reported moderate anxiety symptoms, and 72 (27.6%) reported severe anxiety symptoms. The depression score indicated that 119 (45%) students had moderately severe to severe depression symptoms. Conclusion: The study revealed that online teaching and learning methods had a significant impact on students, leading to a higher prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. These mental health issues may adversely affect learning abilities and preparedness for the future. It is crucial for medical colleges to address these concerns and develop effective interventions to support students during pandemic situations and continuous online teaching.

Clinico-radiological and Pathological Characteristics of Lung Cancer and its Correlation with their Occupational Profile among Patients of— Employees State Insurance (ESI) Hospital— A Tertiary Care Center in North India

Clinico-radiological and Pathological Characteristics of Lung Cancer and its Correlation with their Occupational Profile among Patients of— Employees State Insurance (ESI) Hospital— A Tertiary Care Center in North India

Employees Awareness and Utilisation towards Employees State Insurance Scheme with Special Reference to Chalakudy

Employees' State Insurance Scheme of India is an integrated social security scheme customized to provide social protection to workers and their family members, during the time of contingencies, such as, sickness, maternity and death or disablement due to an employment injury or occupational hazard. The provisions of ESI Act have been extended by “appropriate, state or central government. Of establishments, industrial, commercial or agricultural or otherwise. The ESI Act have also extended to certain specific class of establishments, such as, shops, hotels, restaurants, cinemas, preview theatres, motors transport undertakings and newspaper establishments etc., employing 20 employees or more. The fund can be financed by employees and employers by a certain percentage from their wages. This study focus on the awareness and utilisation of ESI scheme and its utilisation by the employees.

Prevalence and risks of reproductive tract infections among women of urban slums in North India

Objective: To identify the prevalence, determinants of reproductive tract infection, and healthcare seeking behavior among ever married women of reproductive age residing in an urban slum of Faridabad, Haryana, North India. Methods: This community based cross-sectional study was conducted among ever married women aged between 15 and 49 years insured under employees state insurance scheme and residing in an urban slum of Faridabad. Simple random sampling technique was used to interview 149 eligible women using a predesigned structured questionnaire. Study variables included sociodemographic profile, family planning methods, menstrual absorbent usage, and symptoms of reproductive tract infection. Binary logistic regression was used to investigate the determinants of reproductive tract infection. Results: Of the women, 46.3% had at least one reproductive tract infection or sexually transmitted infection symptom and 28.9% among them sought treatment for the symptom. Vaginal discharge, itching (14.1%) and lower abdominal pain (30.2%) were the major symptoms reported. Non-usage of condoms as contraceptive was significantly associated with a higher rate of symptoms (50.4% vs. 20.0%). Abortion had a significantly high odds of having reproductive tract infection symptoms (aOR 3.71, 95% CI 1.59-8.62; P<0.01). Less frequent change in absorbent during menstruation was also reported to have a higher rate of symptoms. The majority of those who took treatment sought it from government or employees state insurance dispensary. 2% also went to faith healers. Conclusions: Nearly half of the study population have reproductive tract infection symptom. Abortions and non-usage of condom increase the risk of reproductive tract infection. Menstrual hygiene and condom usage are the significant interventions, which may reduce the prevalence of these symptoms.

Ethical dilemmas of a hospital manager in a corporate hospital in India

The Indian healthcare system is a unique mix of healthcare organizations and providers with varied ownerships like public hospitals, private/corporate, trust-owned/Non-Government Organization run hospitals, central government-owned (Railways, Employee State Insurance, defense sector), and so on. Despite the diversified existence of a large number of healthcare providers, less than 2% of GDP is spent on health in India.

Role of educational level as moderator in health management information system (HMIS) adoption among healthcare professionals in the ESIC main hospital and dispensaries in the Tirunelveli sub-region

Adoption of innovations by firms and workers is an important part of the process of technological change. Health Management Information System (HMIS) is an emerging technology that employs the internet and the typical health services infrastructure of hospitals. The adoption of a technology by users is vital if the organization wants to benefit from the technology advancements and synergies. Education is an important factor in predicting HMIS adoption by healthcare professionals in the Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) main hospital and dispensaries. This study utilized two education levels (Under Graduation and Post Graduation in medical sciences) to moderate the research model that was proposed by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Relying on data from the workplace and employee survey, this study assesses the causal effects of education on technology use and adoption by using instrumental variables for healthcare environment derived from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM2). The models concluded to five major predictors of HMIS adoption among ESIC healthcare professionals: Training, Social influence or Subjective norm , self-efficacy (SE), Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU).

Recent trends in dental visits among socially insured group to a referral centre– A retrospective study

: A retrospective analysis was undertaken to assess the recent trends in dental visits among socially insured group to a referral centre.: The data was collected retrospectively from records and dental database of Employee state insurance unit of a referral centre in Karnataka from February 20, 2018 to March 10, 2018. A total of 558 study subjects’ data was recorded. Depending upon the nature of the data, the statistical tests were chosen according to SPSS. P value 0.005 was considered significant. The minimum age was 4 and maximum was 75 with a mean and standard deviation of 32.27±12.90 years. There were 311(55.7%) males and 247(44.3%) females. A total of 321 (57.5%) of study subjects were self -benefited and 237(42.5%) were dependent of the employee. Out of the total 558 study subject’s majority 126 (22.6%) were referred for chronic apical periodontitis followed by 109(19.5%). Most of the subjects 188(33.7%) were treated for root canal. The minimum cost of the treatment received by the beneficiary was Rs. 240 and maximum was Rs.18055 with mean and standard deviation of Rs.2842.25±1939.8 respectively for the study subjects There was a strong significant association seen with cost and diagnosis of all dental diseases p>0.000 and cost and treatment of diseases p>0.000. : The insurance coverage was beneficial to the subjects as it has reduced the burden of cost borne by the individual alone. Furthermore, it has made the treatment easily accessible, encouraging individuals to take treatment at the early stage, thus reducing the inequality

Missing Middle: Extending Health Insurance Coverage in India

Abstract: In India’s stride towards achieving its goal of Universal Health Coverage, an important and sometimes neglected aspect is that of health insurance. The pandemic has served to highlight the state of healthcare infrastructure along with the impact of government spending on the healthcare sector. However, in the current Union Health Budget (2022-23) there has been only a marginal increase of 0.2 percent over the revised estimates of 2021-22 which clearly indicates that the financial protection extended by the government does not amount too much. Consequently, the public is directed towards the private sector which results in high out-of-pocket expenditures. Though the government schemes include insurance coverage for the ultra-poor, and there is a portion of the population that is covered by private and voluntary insurance, that leaves 30% of the population devoid of any insurance. They have been referred to as the “missing middle.” This paper looks at the health insurance landscape of countries like the USA, China, and Canada. We also look at the data regarding coverage of different schemes and took inputs from hospitals and private insurance providers to gain a perspective on how health insurance coverage in India can be expanded and be made more inclusive. Factors determining demand and supply are analyzed. We recommend that both the private and public sectors need to collaborate to achieve this outcome. Keywords: Universal Health Coverage, Missing Middle, Health Insurance, Employee State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), Private Health Insurance, Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojna (PMJAY).

Online DBMS for Improving Labor Availability and Access to Labor Welfare Schemes

In India, the construction industry contributes more than 5% of the country’s GDP and 78 percent of gross capital creation. On the other hand, projects are becoming more complicated daily, necessitating new approaches to achieve good long-term construction work. Since the building industry is a labor-intensive industry, overcoming labor shortages has proven difficult. The project manager and other professionals want to finish the job on time, but labor shortages cause time and cost overruns. Furthermore, concerns about worker safety, financial incentives, and the lack of access to provident funds (PF) and employee state insurance (ESI) have caused young people to lose interest in the construction industry. This study examines and reviews the definition of labor scarcity, problems in access to labor welfare schemes, and labor protection policies in the construction industry and recommends the most effective and appropriate mitigation steps to address these issues.

Assessing the Validity of Nine Different Formulae for LDL-C Estimation in a Tertiary Care Centre

Introduction: Conventionally, Friedewald’s formula has been used to calculate Low Density Lipoprotein- Cholesterol (LDL-C) due to its simplicity and convenience although it has limitations. Many researchers have proposed different formulae to increase the accuracy of calculated LDL-C, but none of those have concluded about a single best formula owing to differences in selected study populations. As LDL-C measurement is of utmost importance for assessing the cardiovascular risk according to National Cholesterol Education Programme’s (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III), a search for a better formula to improve accuracy of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction is essential. Aim: To assess the validity of calculated LDL-C by nine formulae and compare them to values obtained by the direct method. Materials and Methods: A total of 324 participants were assessed retrospectively for serum lipid profile by standard methods from December 2020 to February 2021 at Employee State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Sanathnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. LDL-C was calculated using nine different formulae (Ahmadi, Anand, Chen, de Cordova, Friedewald, Hattori, Martin-Hopkins, Puavillai and Vujovic) and correlated with direct LDL-C. For further analysis, subjects were divided into five groups based on the triglyceride levels (TG) viz; group 1 (TG < 100 mg/dL), group 2 (TG:101-150 mg/dL), group 3 (TG:151-200 mg/dL), group 4 (TG: 201-400), group 5 (TG > 400 mg/dL). Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Results: Total of 324 lipid profile reports were analysed and the calculated LDL-C by nine formulas were compared . At TG levels <100 mg/dL, Puavillai was the most accurate. Between TG levels 100-200 mg/dL, Martin-Hopkins showed better accuracy and correlation with direct LDL-C. At TG levels 200-400 and >400 mg/dL, Puavillai had better accuracy. But, none of the formulae showed strong correlation with Direct LDL-C at TG >400 mg/dL. ROC curves also showed that Puavillai performed better among all formulae, at all TG levels. conclusion: Among the nine equations, Puavillai and Martin- Hopkins showed highest accuracy and better performance than others in the present study population. Martin-Hopkins can be used at TG levels of 100-200 mg/dl while Puavillai can be used at lower and higher TG levels in this demographic population for estimating LDL-C.

Kirloskar Brothers Ltd v/s Employees State Insurance Corporation

Kirloskar Brothers Ltd v/s Employees State Insurance Corporation

A Review on Beneficiaries’ Contentment Towards Medical Services Under Employees’ State Insurance Scheme

WCI (Workers' Compensation Insurance) is a large-scale social security programme. In contrast to health insurance, this type of insurance covers all medical expenses, regardless of how much the covered individual provides. The study's key objectives are to increase policy understanding and satisfaction with the Employee State Insurance Corporation (ESIC). The benefits of Employees' State Insurance (ESIS) were investigated as part of the study.

Healthcare Cost Reduction and Health Insurance Policy Improvement

ObjectivesReducing healthcare costs is a constant endeavor of all healthcare organizations, governments, policy makers, and individuals. A comparative study of available healthcare policies from the patient’s perspective is not available. Furthermore, an analysis of how the various components of these policies affect the healthcare cost of a patient is required. MethodsData were collected from 150 hospitalized patients in India regarding their views on 7 healthcare cost categories covering 22 cost components. These are statistically analyzed under 4 commonly used health insurance policies (2 government insurance schemes: ex-servicemen contributory health scheme and employee state insurance; private insurance schemes; and self-financing—ie, no insurance) to assess which healthcare cost component is more important under which policy option. ResultsUnder 7 healthcare cost categories, 22 cost components were studied, and out of these 22, 16 were found statistically significant. Results revealed that the treatment of all 16 significant cost components under the 4 health insurance policy options was statistically different. ConclusionsPatients covered under government sector health insurance policies were found to be less concerned about healthcare costs, whereas those covered under private health insurance policies were found to be more cost-conscious. Access to healthcare or transportation costs to the healthcare facility is a key concern area for self-financed patients.

Clinical profile of hemodialysis patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India

Background: CKD (chronic kidney disease) is one of the major complications of diabetes and hypertension. With increase in prevalence of non-communicable diseases, the patients presenting with the symptoms of CKD are also rising. Most of the patients suffering from CKD eventually land up on renal replacement therapy, putting extra burden economically as well as psychologically to the self and their family. The aim of the study is to find out the socio demographic and clinical profile of the patients suffering from CKD attending a tertiary care hospital in Delhi.Methods: It was a record based descriptive analysis, conducted between January 2019 and June 2019 in one of the ESIC (Employee State Insurance Corporation) hospital of Delhi. Medical Records of the only those patients were considered whose complete data were present in the record file. Data about Socio demographic profiles , clinical data, duration of CKD, duration of haemodialysis, viral markers, number of blood transfusions, vascular access, number of failed AV fistula etc. were entered in MS Excel and analysed through SPSS 11.Results: Hospital records of 473 CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis were analyzed. It was found that 315 (67%) were males and 158 (33%) were females. Majority of the patients i.e. 245 were in the age group of 41-60 years followed by 166 who were in the age group of 21 to 40. Out of total patients, 195 (41.2%) participants were undergoing hemodialysis twice a week, 276 (58.4%) thrice a week, 2 (0.4) patients were undergoing hemodialysis session four times a week. Majority of the participants i.e. 414 (88%) were Hindu. Out of total 473 participants, 439 (93%) participants had sero negative for viral marker (i.e. HbsAg, HCV, HIV I and II) and 33 (7%) participants were sero positive for viral marker. Most common etiology of CKD was found to be hypertension in our study followed by diabetes.Conclusions: Patients suffering from chronic kidney diseases are increasing day by day with increasing prevalence of hypertension. Most of the patients of CKD patients were middle aged males. Most of the patients have to visit 3 times a week to any health care institution for hemodialysis. Many of the patients are getting infected with viral hepatitis during course of the illness.

Oral Health Complications in Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Oral health evaluation is one aspect of diabetes care, that is usually not practised in majority of health care settings in India. Aims: To-identify the various complications related to oral health among Type 2 diabetics in a secondary care hospital in South India; and to identify the various determinants associated with it. Methods: In this cross-sectional study among the employees state insurance beneficiaries, we conveniently sampled the Type 2 diabetes patients attending the outpatient department for routine diabetic care and evaluated for some preidentified oral health conditions. Results: We recruited 124 participants, 76 (61.3%) males. The average duration of diabetes was 6.5 years (inter-quartile range-3–7 years). Gingivitis (n = 97, 78.2%) was the most common complication. Other important complications include-loss of functionality (n = 88, 71%), calculous (n = 87, 70.2%), and gingival recession (n = 56, 45.2%). In multivariate logistics regression modeling, young diabetics (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] −6.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] −2.2,17.6) and male populations (AOR − 2.6; 95% CI − 1.1, 6.0) were at higher risk of developing multiple complications. Conclusions: Diabetic population frequently suffers with oral complications. Health care professionals can include the importance of dental health care in the routine health education session for diabetics. In addition, clinicians can recommend dental evaluation to the diabetics apart from other clinical biochemical evaluation.