Employee Satisfaction Inventory Research Articles

Epidemiological Aspect of Physical and Mental Fatigue among Greek Employees in Pharmaceutical Companies: the role of Organizational Commitment and Work Satisfaction

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association of organizational commitment and job satisfaction with physical and mental fatigue among employees working in pharmaceutical companies. The research involved 102 employees of different specialties (medical visitors, administrators, laboratory staff, etc.) with an average age of 43 years. Participants completed the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), the Meyer and Allen Organizational Commitment Questionnaire, and the Employee Satisfaction Inventory (ESI). The results showed that satisfaction from nature of work as well as continuous commitment predicted fatigue (B=-0,428, sig. 0,001, B=0,170, sig. 0,008 respectively). Moreover, the results indicated that working hours per week predicted negatively physical and mental fatigue (B=-0,033, sig. 0,034). In conclusion, research on fatigue or interventions aimed at reducing it should take organizational commitment and job satisfaction into highly consideration.

OCCUPATIONAL STRESS, DEPRESSION AND JOB SATISFACTION OF SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate occupational stress, depression and anxiety of primary education special education teachers, as well as levels of job satisfaction and how these are related to a number of demographic variables. Method: One hundred (100) special education teachers (39 males & 61 females) from the Regional Directorate of Attica took part in this study. Four self-report questionnaires were administered to the participants, i.e., the Perceived Stress Scale-14, the Depression Anxiety Stress-21, the Employee Satisfaction Inventory scale, and the Job Satisfaction Scale. A short health status questionnaire was also administered to the participants with questions related to the demographic data of the participants (gender, age, etc.), questions related to the work of the participants (level of education, years of service, etc.), as well as questions related to participants' health (e.g. How good is your health?). The statistical package SPSSv.21 was used for statistical analysis of the data. A variety of descriptive measures (frequency, percentages, mean, etc.) were used to describe the results. Pearson's linear correlation coefficient r was used to test the correlation between two variables. Additionally, the PROCESS macro (version 3) for SPSS was used in order to conduct moderation analysis. Results: The results showed that participants reported moderate levels of perceived stress, anxiety and depression, as well as levels of job satisfaction. Negative correlations between perceived stress and job satisfaction and between depression and job satisfaction were observed. Regarding stress and health status, elevated levels of stress were related to poorer health. Furthermore, correlations between stress, anxiety and depression with job satisfaction appeared to be influenced by gender, and in most cases the correlations had different directions between males and females. Therefore, occupational stress, depression and anxiety can be considered as predictors of the health status of special education teachers, as high levels of occupational stress and anxiety are strongly related to low levels of self-reported health-well-being, satisfaction. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the need to explore the mental health of special education needs teachers that are associated with specific physical health issues so that measures can be taken for the development of prevention programs and personal strategies in order to cope with stress, anxiety and depression in teachers. Article visualizations:

Investigation of the Effect of Sociodemographic and Occupational Factors on Fatigue, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction among Employees in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Working conditions in modern times are a key factor related to organizational commitment, job satisfaction and fatigue among employees in pharmaceutical companies. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of socio-demographic and work factors on the levels of fatigue, organizational commitment and job satisfaction in employees of pharmaceutical companies. Participants of varied sectors (N = 102) completed the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), the Meyer and Allen Organizational Commitment Questionnaire as well as the Employee Satisfaction Inventory (ESI). The results showed that factors such as age, holding or not a position of responsibility, education, marital status, staff specialization, working hours per week, the total working experience as well as the years of work in the department in which the employees are now occupied, have a statistically significant effect on fatigue, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. In conclusion, it seems that there is an effect of various socio-demographic and work factors on the variables under investigation.

A Study on the Relationship Between Burnout and Job Satisfaction of Iranian EFL Teachers Working in Universities and Schools

A teacher plays an important role in the development of the students’ potential and helps to form their future. This research intends to study the degree of burnout and job satisfaction in English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers of universities and Schools in Iran, as well as their association with demographic characteristics. To measure teachers’ burnout, Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire was applied, which has also been validated by experienced teachers for the Iranian population and the Employee Satisfaction Inventory questionnaire, prepared for the Iranian population, was applied to estimate job satisfaction. Questionnaires were answered completely by 159 teachers, who work at universities and schools in Iran. After data analysis, the findings showed a negative correlation between teachers’ burnout and their job satisfaction; their experience relatively moderate burnout levels, and their job satisfaction level is high. The findings also represented that the type of workplace influences satisfaction regarding the factor “job conditions”. The study was for the first time that Iranian EFL teachers’ burnout and job satisfaction in universities and schools were investigated and the findings showed that by increasing the level of job satisfaction, the perceived burnout decreases, where burnout and job satisfaction presented medium to high negative correlation.

Between the Inside and the Outside World: Coping of Ultra-Orthodox Individuals with Their Work Environment After Academic Studies.

This study has explored how ultra-Orthodox individuals cope when facing secular norms and values in their work environment. The study was conducted in Israel, where 614 ultra-Orthodox adults answered questions regarding demographic characteristics, identities, openness to the workplace, social environment, Brief Cope, community sense of coherence (CSOC) and Employee Satisfaction Inventory. Individuals in the main sectors of the ultra-Orthodox society reported higher CSOC and stronger religiosity while individuals from the minor sectors reported greater openness to the job's social environment. Demographics, coping strategies and CSOC were significant in explaining job satisfaction. The results will be discussed based on stress and coping theories and on the salutogenic theory.

Organizational Culture and Job Satisfaction of Greek Banking Institutions

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between organizational culture and job satisfaction. In particular, the research hypothesis is that the type of organization culture in a specific institution is able to predict the levels of job satisfaction among employees. For the measurement of job satisfaction in the present study, the Employee Satisfaction Inventory - ESI (Koustelios, 1991, Koustelios and Bagiatis, 1997) was used. The inventory was created using Greek employees as a sample. It included 24 items, which measure six dimensions of job satisfaction. The assessment of organizational culture was performed with the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) developed by Cameron and Quinn (2006). It included six questions (Dominant Characteristics, Organizational Leadership, Management of Employees, Organizational Glue, Strategic Emphases, Criteria of Success). Each question had four alternatives (A=Clan, B=Adhocracy, C=Market, D=Hierarchy). According to the results, there is a significant difference between all aspects of current and preferred organizational culture types among employees of Greek banking institutions. The majority of employees would prefer to work in a more friendly environment, where mutual trust and informal relationships among colleagues are dominant, personal ambitions are taken into consideration and teamwork is rewarded. Moreover, the present study showed that organizational culture can partially predict the levels of employees’ job satisfaction. In particular, the adhocracy and the market type are more likely to make employees dissatisfied with their salary, while the opposite happens with the hierarchy type. Nevertheless, further investigation is needed, so that Greek bank employees’ job satisfaction is being well studied and promoted.

Job Satisfaction, Role Conflict and Autonomy of employees in the Greek Banking Organization

The aim of the present study is to measure the levels of job satisfaction, role conflict and autonomy of employees in the Greek Banking Organization. In addition, the investigation of the relation between role conflict and the dimensions of job satisfaction is being attempted and the regulatory impact of autonomy in the aforementioned relationship is being analyzed. For the measurement of job satisfaction in the present study, the Employee Satisfaction Inventory - ESI (Koustelios, 1991, Koustelios and Bagiatis, 1997) was used. The inventory was created using Greek employees as a sample. It included 24 items which measure six dimensions of job satisfaction: 1. Working conditions, 2. Salary, 3. Promotions, 4. Work itself, 5. Immediate superior and 6. The organization as a whole For the measurement of role conflict, the Role Questionnaire (Rizzo, House, & Lirtzman, 1970) was used. The scale consisted of eight items. Finally, for the measurement of employees’ autonomy a scale developed by Beehr (1976) was used. The scale consisted of four items. The results of the study confirmed previous findings, according to which role conflict is negatively correlated with job satisfaction. In addition, autonomy has a moderating role in the relation between role conflict and job satisfaction. Research findings like these should be taken into serious consideration by superiors and managers, so that job satisfaction among Greek bank employees is increased and promoted, leading to higher productivity and general well-being.

Inclusion in Israel: coping resources and job satisfaction as explanatory factors of stress in two cultural groups

The aim of this study was to explore the differences between the two cultural groups of Jewish and Arab teachers on several variables and to analyse their link to stress. Specifically, I examined sense of coherence (SOC), sense of school community and job satisfaction among regular Jewish and Arab teachers in regular schools and classes who have special education students in their classes. Furthermore, I investigated how the different coping resources – SOC and sense of school community – explain the stress reactions of state anxiety and state anger directly and indirectly via job satisfaction and also the direct prediction of stress by job satisfaction.Data were gathered from 634 Jewish and Arab teachers (80% Jews) who completed self‐report questionnaires that measured SOC, sense of community, employee satisfaction inventory, state anxiety and state anger.Differences in SOC and sense of school community were found between the two groups such that Jews reported stronger SOC, and Arabs reported stronger sense of school community. Further differences were revealed in the links of the different coping resources to stress reactions. The results are discussed against the backdrop of cultural background and the salutogenic model.

Job satisfaction among community health workers in Zahedan District, Islamic Republic of Iran

We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 74 community health workers in rural health houses to investigate overall job satisfaction and satisfaction with 8 aspects of the job (work itself, co-workers, management, workload, promotion, organizational structure, working conditions, and payment and benefits). Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire based on the Job Descriptive Index and the Employee Satisfaction Inventory. Overall job satisfaction of respondents was moderate. They were satisfied with the work itself and co-workers, but very dissatisfied with all other aspects, especially payments and benefits. Providing opportunities for promotion and improving payments and work conditions would increase overall job satisfaction and promote quality of care.

Burnout, Job Satisfaction and Instructional Assignment‐related Sources of Stress in Greek Special Education Teachers

In the literature concerning Greek special education teachers, there is little evidence regarding the perceived levels of burnout, job satisfaction, and job‐related stress factors. The present study focused on the above issues. A sample of 127 Greek special education teachers at the primary school level was tested with the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Employee Satisfaction Inventory, and the Inventory of Job‐related Stress Factors (an instrument created for this study). Results indicated that Greek special education teachers reported average to low levels of burnout. They reported moderately high levels of satisfaction with their job, the principal, and the school organisation as a whole; they also reported average satisfaction with work conditions and low satisfaction with prospects of promotion and pay. Four factors were identified on the job‐related stress factors: teaching in a multi‐category classroom, programme organisation and implementation, assessment of students, and collaborations with other special education experts and parents. The special education teachers perceived none of these issues as particularly overwhelming. Moreover, few significant effects of age, gender, and family status were identified. The above results are consistent with other studies that have focused on Greek regular education teachers, which have indicated that, in general, this group do not experience high levels of occupational stress.

The relationship between burnout and job satisfaction among physical education teachers: a multivariate approach

The present study examined the multivariate relationship between job satisfaction and burnout, experienced by Greek physical education school-based teachers. The sample consisted of 175 physical education teachers, from primary and secondary education. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach and Jackson, 1986) and the Employee Satis faction Inventory (Koustelios and Bagiatis, 1997) used to assess burnout and job satis faction respectively. Canonical correlation analysis revealed a negative multivariate relationship between the two constructs ( rc =.61). Canonical loadings indicate that job satisfaction is primarily affected by ‘job itself’ followed by ‘supervision’ and ‘working conditions’, whereas burnout is affected by ‘personal accomplishment’ and ‘emotional exhaustion’. Intrinsic aspects of job satisfaction seemed to correlate stronger to burnout than the extrinsic.

Multivariate relationship and discriminant validity between job satisfaction and burnout

Job satisfaction and burnout are two multidimensional constructs, which represent affective work responses. The present study was designed to examine: the multivariate relationship between burnout and job satisfaction, and the degree of their distinctiveness. Self‐reported questionnaires were administered to 135 academic librarians to assess burnout (Maslach burnout inventory) and job satisfaction (employee satisfaction inventory). A two‐factor model with correlated factors was postulated and supported. Structural equation modeling procedures showed that the two constructs although highly correlated (r=−0.75) represent distinct responses to work.

Job satisfaction among Greek academic librarians

This study, which investigated job satisfaction among academic librarians in Greece, used the Employee Satisfaction Inventory (ESI). The instrument assessed six dimensions of job satisfaction: “working conditions,” “pay,” “promotion,” “job itself,” “supervision,” and “organization as a whole.” Greek academic librarians were most satisfied with “job itself,” “supervision,” and “working conditions” and less satisfied with “pay” and “promotion.” Prior working experience contributed negatively to the prediction of satisfaction with “working conditions,” “supervision,” and “organization as a whole,” whereas participation in decision-making positively influenced “job itself” and “organization as a whole.” These findings are in accordance with prior studies and can be particularly useful for providing a comparative and comprehensive understanding of job satisfaction in the library profession.

The Employee Satisfaction Inventory (ESI): Development of a Scale to Measure Satisfaction of Greek Employees

The aim of this study was to develop an instrument to measure employee's job satisfaction in Greece. Exploratory factor-analytic results indicated a six-factor solution with high internal consistency. The six factors obtained were Working Conditions, Supervisor, Pay, Job Itself, Organization as a Whole, and Promotion. Structural equation modeling analysis (EQS) showed that although the fit of the model is fairly good, there is need for slight improvement.