Empirical Reality Research Articles

Women between Religion and Spirituality: Observing Religious Experience in Everyday Japanese Life

A large majority of Japanese people describe themselves as mushūkyō, ‘non-religious’, even though they participate in several religious-related cultural practices that socialize them to accept spiritual attitudes without the mediation of organized religion. This phenomenon fits well into the ‘spiritual but not religious’ formula of the contemporary Northern European and North American sociological debate, in which the ‘religion’ and ‘spiritual’ categories denote interdependent, although not always reciprocated, domains. Drawing upon two sets of qualitative data on women belonging to five religious organizations (Shinnyoen, Risshō kōseikai, the Roman Catholic Church in Japan, Sōga Gakkai, and God Light Association (GLA)), in this study, I argue that the religion–spirituality distinction not only fails to capture the empirical reality of contemporary Japanese religions, it also does not take into account new modalities of religious and spiritual experiences of people with such affiliations. Their experiences are expressed through the socio-cultural milieu and the language of religion and spirituality available to them in contiguous and complementary ways. In this respect, the aim of this article is to discuss such aspects of Japanese women’s religious and spiritual experiences that have often eluded scholars writing on Japanese religiosity in order to broaden the focus of reflection to include the mushūkyō aspect and the presumed religion–spirituality mismatch.

Analisis Kritis Terhadap Anatomi Teori Strukturalisme Claude Levi-Strauss (Larangan Incest dalam Sistem Pernikahan dan Kekerabatan, serta Relevansinya dengan Pendidikan Islam)

Structuralism is not related to empirical reality, but with models built according to empirical reality. That the prohibition of incest in the system of marriage and kinship is universal, applies to all societies, including Muslim societies. Islam forbids marrying fellow relatives who still have blood relations, even more than that, or called mahrom. With the Incest prohibition there will be inter-group exchanges, communication between groups will occur, which will then form a society. If there is no prohibition on incest, there will be no group exchange, which in turn will not result in communication between groups, and a society will not be formed. The kinship system, marriage rules and lineages form a togetherness whose function is to ensure the permanence of social groups, namely by bringing together mutual relationships, namely relationships based on marriage as a network. The process of forming new social groups through marriage between groups that do not have blood relations enabling the occurrence of a richer educational process with values, knowledge and skills, then forming a new, progressive, multiketed civilized society that has strong ties. In Islamic education the form of society that is created is a civilized society that is progressive, universal but has a unity of aqeedah, namely faith and devotion only to Allah SWT.

The digitalization of the social situation—a sociological exploratory experiment

Technological developments in the field of digital media have significantly transformed social interaction on many levels. These changes challenge micro-sociological research because some of its concepts and assumptions are no longer able to adequately reflect empirical reality. One of the fundamental micro-sociological units, the “social situation”, has expanded in many respects and its interaction order has undergone substantial changes. While Erving Goffman assumed a “body-to-body” starting point in social situations and defined them as environments where individuals find themselves accessible to the naked senses of all others who are bodily co-present, recent technological developments fundamentally challenge this classic definition as interaction situations are increasingly digitally mediated. In this paper, I use Karin Knorr Cetina’s concept of the “synthetic situation” to take these new developments into account and re-conceptualize the social situation. To analyze the differences between Goffman’s notion of the social situation and the technology-laden synthetic situation, I use an innovative exploratory experimental setup. I present two dimensions of the differences compared to Goffman’s concept: the dynamisation of the synthetic situation and the manifold situational influences of “synthetic actors”.

One or more rates of ageing? The extended gamma-Gompertz model (EGG)

Hidden heterogeneity poses serious challenges to survival analysis because the observed (aggregate) and the unobservable (individual) hazard functions may differ markedly from each other. However, the recent discovery of the so-called “mortality plateau” (i.e., the approximately constant value when mortality levels off, at very old ages) has brought new insights and pushed researchers towards the use of the gamma-Gompertz mortality model. Among the assumptions of this model, two are particularly relevant here: the shape, not the level, of the individual hazard function is a constant and so is the rate of ageing, i.e., the relative increase in mortality risks as people get older. The latter, however, does not pass empirical tests: the rate of ageing seems to vary (albeit only slightly) by age, gender, birth cohort and country. In this paper, we propose a new model (EGG, or extended gamma-Gompertz) which overcomes this limitation by allowing the rate of ageing to increase gradually with age before converging to a constant value, as in Gompertz. While preserving all the fine theoretical and empirical properties of its simpler predecessor, the EGG model adapts better to empirical reality, i.e., in this paper, the mortality profile of the cohorts born between 1820 and 1899 in five countries with high-quality data. The advantages of this more refined mortality model are discussed.

Grasping the empirical realities of peace in post-war northern Mitrovica

ABSTRACTWhile previous research has focused on the conflicts and division in Mitrovica, Kosovo, the present article explores how peace and conflict are intertwined in the post-war city by focusing on sites where communities live side by side in an otherwise segregated city. A key finding is that the most conflictual residential areas in northern Mitrovica also are places where what we call peace acts, peace issues and peace perceptions are found. Our research suggests that even in spaces in the city where a history of violence is entrenched, the situation can seldom be reduced to be seen only as purely conflictual; rather, these ‘hotspots’ often prove to be spaces where reproduction of peace – however quotidian – also occurs at the same time. This points us to the complexity of the realities of peace, where remnants of war and potential for a co-existing peace often overlap and are sometimes intrinsically intertwined.

Pluralism to a Fault: Jewish Political Organizations in Interwar Poland

ABSTRACTJews, unlike Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Germans, did not pose a direct, irredentist threat to interwar Polish territorial integrity. They were not a territorially concentrated group with border revision claims against the Polish state, nor was a neighboring government prepared to intervene on their behalf. In this sense, Jews presented the least tangible threat to Polish national security. Yet this article will illustrate that, despite the fundamental difference between Jews and other minorities, the Polish Ministry of Interior still pursued a divide and rule scenario with respect to Jewish political organizations – an insight overlooked in existing literature. By combining the theoretical insights and systematic research design of social scientific work with the empirical reality of historical research, this article examines a new facet of interwar minority politics, and contributes to the political science literature on state management of minority opposition.

Human Factor and Disasters: Possible Equations

Introduction:This research starts from the assumption that work accidents, in addition to fortuitous or individual phenomena, imply social and organizational factors, and highlights the social character of the production of the accident at work. For this reason, this study investigates the living conditions and the ways of workers in the oil and gas industry in Brazil.Aim:To analyze the human factors in the relationship with work accidents on oil platforms from the social dimensions.Methods:It is qualitative research and it has as instruments of collection the focal group and individual interviews with workers and managers of the platforms, participant observation, and documentary analysis.Results:The research is still being carried out, but some reflections are possible so far: accidents at work depend on the direct or indirect relationship of workers with the work process itself, the modalities of production of work, and management of work. Possible causes underlying the accident are the quality of life and the conceptions of health and safety. Associated with it are social constructs and the multifactorial causes of occupational accidents including the relations between acts and unsafe conditions.Discussion:The increase in outsourcing and the decrease in training quality, as well as the prioritization of production, targets the detriment of meeting safety criteria. There is a need to reassess labor management, safety policies, and outsourcing processes. Lack of awareness of the proper use of safety equipment and the organization of the work environment are major causes of work-related accidents. The human factor focuses on the individual, group, organizational, and social dimensions in complex interactions. The identification of social processes between working groups in empirical reality, the influence of elements of culture, organizational management, and their impacts on relations and on safe work performance allows an understanding of social risks.

Gender dan GayaKepemimpinan Perempuan Di Jabatan Publik: Studi Fenomenologi Pelaksanaan Syariat Islam di Aceh

Acehnese women are known to be very unique, have distinctive moralist leadership styles and high fighting spirit with the nickname "Cut NyakDhien". These characteristics are inherent in their identity and able to integrate for the achievement of organizational goals. The objective of this study is the style of Acehnese women's leadership in public position. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach that seeks to interpret events related to the situation holistically with empirical social reality. The results of this study are the presence of Acehnese women in the organization is very significant in the representation of organizational decision making. Representation also has a strategic function as communicative internalization that is firm in instilling the values of gender equality in every activity and the pattern of relations between the structure, role and function of a system. The moralist leadership pattern in organizational development in carrying out social and cultural duties and responsibilities can be done through a process of negotiation and mutual cooperation, where all forms of differences can find harmony with the distribution of roles and functions that are balanced from position and full commitment to Acehnese women in the Islamic law . Keywords: Gender, Leadership Style, Public Position, Islamic Shari'a

Xenophobic violence and criminality in the KwaZulu-Natal townships

This study’s focus on the xenophobic violence in South Africa is topical, mostly concentrating on the economic competition between foreign nationals and local people as a root cause. Whilst the South African government’s record of poor governance has led to a high crime rate, poor service delivery, corruption and poorly implemented and enforced legislations have been overlooked and disassociated with xenophobia. The current study explores other forces that have triggered the xenophobic violence in South Africa in 2015 with a clear focus on the province of KwaZulu-Natal. The study aims to ascertain some of the causes and dimensions of the xenophobic violence and the government’s inability to detect and respond to such a catastrophe in KwaZulu-Natal. The research methodology chosen was interpretivism, utilising qualitative in-depth interviews. Seventeen informants, comprised of community activists, non-governmental organisations and government officials, including the South African Police Service, were interviewed. Four major themes that triggered and influenced xenophobia emerged in this study. Firstly, there is economic competition amongst foreign nationals who use local gangs to attack their competitors, as well as competition between foreigners and local business owners. Secondly, the study established an association between xenophobia and criminal business, where both victims and perpetrators compete over turf and skills in committing crimes. Thirdly, the study noted the inability of the state to employ risk-reduction to prevent and mitigate the impacts of xenophobia. Fourthly, the state apparatus’s failed to detect, prevent or mitigate the impact and respond timeously. A number of themes and issues untouched in previous research surfaced. This study necessitates the need for municipalities to develop or review by-laws on economic development in the townships and in the informal settlements by regulating informal businesses. The research study will further encourage the government to apply effective, efficient and appropriate crime-intelligence strategies that can detect or combat any sign of xenophobia in all sectors of society. The study will contribute to the conceptual and theoretical empirical developments and realities regarding the issues, as well as the policy, as most studies published on xenophobic violence have concentrated on the economic dimension, to the exclusion of other underlying causes.

Referencia fantástica y literatura de transgresión

Además de ofrecer una revisión crítica de los diversos planteamientos y formas de abordar la esencia de la literatura fantástica, entre los que destacan los de T. Todorov, R. Caillois, I. Bessière, A. Mª. Barrenechea y R. Campra, este artículo propone una delïnición de lo fantástico basada en criterios semánticos, pues sostiene que, aunque en la literatura fantástica actúan efectivamente factores sintácticos y pragmáticos, lo hacen sobre aspectos semánticos.
 En definitiva, afirma que lo fantástico viene determinado por la relación que el referente literario mantiene con la realidad empírica, aunque su autor no olvida que "lo real" es una construcción social e histórica y, por tanto, cambiante, lo que puede propiciar que la consideración de un elemento o de un texto como fantástico varíe con la época. Finalmente ofrece una reflexión sobre la posibilidad de cierto grado de verosimilitud a pesar de la transgresión.

The Meaning of Leisure in Moral Education: Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas

본 연구의 목적은 아리스토텔레스 윤리학과 토마스 아퀴나스 윤리학의 대비를 염두에 두고 ‘여가’(schola)의 도덕교육적 의미를 밝히는 데에 있다. 도덕의 의미를 무언가를 행하는 것과의 관련 속에서 규정하는 사고방식의 저변에는 오늘날의 도덕적 현실이 위기에 처해 있다는 도덕적 조바심이 깔려 있다고 보아야 하며, 이러한 조바심 속에서 여가를 향유하려는 원의는 뿌리내리기 어렵다. 토마스 아퀴나스의 윤리학에서 이론적 활동은, 실제적 활동이 삶의 현실을 개선하는 일종의 노동인 것과는 대조적으로, 삶의 현실에 이해를 부여하는 여가-친화적 활동으로 이해된다. 이론적 관심이 결여된 실제적 활동은 그것이 아무리 고된 수고와 노력을 동반한다고 하더라도 ‘실천’의 의미가 결여된 ‘노동’에 불과하다. ‘사물’(res)의 있음에 대한 순수한 수용과 긍정은 여가의 삶 속에서 비로소 실현된다. 아리스토텔레스는 ‘비여가’(a-scholia)의 영역으로부터 ‘여가’의 영역을 따로 떼어내는 것이 도덕을 확립하는 일이라고 간주한 반면 토마스 아퀴나스는 여가를 선택하고 향유하는 것이 도덕을 확립하는 실천이라고 보았다. 요컨대 윤리학의 면에서 아리스토텔레스와 토마스 아퀴나스는, 전자는 여가를 가지기 위하여 여가 없이 지낸 반면 후자는 여가를 향유하는 삶을 선택했다는 점에서 극명한 대조를 이룬다.Thomas Aquinas can shed light upon clarifying the meaning of leisure(‘schola’) in moral education. In Thomas Aquinas’ ethics, the theoretical activity has been regarded as the practice to establish the meaning of morality. The theoretical activity is essentially leisure-based activity that is far from the intellectual labor. It is incompatible with the practical activity and the will to enjoy leisure. The practical interest that is independent of the theoretical interest could be a serious concern in that it limits the meaning of morality and moral education to empirical reality. The core of enjoying leisure is pure acceptance and affirmation of the existence of ‘res’, and only in this affirmation good can be realized. Aristotle regarded separating the leisure from the ‘a-scholia’ as establishing the meaning of morality, while Thomas Aquinas regarded the enjoyment of leisure as the only practice establishing the meaning of morality. In ethics, Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas make a sharp contrast in that the former lived without leisure for leisure, while the latter enjoyed the life of leisure.

Doctrines and realities in viscous and heavy-oil reservoir engineering

Doctrines often develop with minimal empirical support. This observation is clear in reservoir engineering for heavy and viscous oils. Our objective is to develop a deeper appreciation of the empirical realities to permit improvement of recovery plans and thereby enable projects that are deemed uneconomic by the application of the misleading doctrines. Accordingly, this paper reviews the evidence for and against three doctrines in current use to develop recovery plans: (i) optimal recovery is obtained using a voidage replacement ratio (VRR = injected/produced volume) of 1, (ii) the Buckley-Leverett formulation applies uniformly to heavier oils, and (iii) viscous fingering dominates unstable multiphase flows.Of primary importance is the doctrine that optimal waterflood response is obtained for a VRR of 1 both on an instantaneous and cumulative basis. In the last decade, however, empirical, laboratory, and simulation investigations have demonstrated that, particularly for heavier oils, periods of VRR <1 significantly increase the oil recovery and reduce water production. Optimal voidage management increases oil recovery by an amount similar to a variety of EOR techniques at minimal cost. A second doctrine is that the multiphase flows within the reservoir occur via the slipping of phases past each other, as formalized by the Buckley-Leverett formulation. Again, empirical and laboratory evidence demonstrates that in some cases two-phase flow occurs by emulsification of one phase, e.g., injected water disperses as small micron size droplets within a continuous oil phase. Such emulsion flows yield results that contradict current doctrines; e.g., decline curves are not monotonic but have steps associated with the type of emulsion. Finally, viscous fingering is often attributed to the instability of flow when the displacing phase (water) has a viscosity smaller than that of the displaced phase (oil). Though elegant mathematical formulations explain such unstable flows under idealized laboratory conditions, the reality is that slow pressure diffusion within heavy oil sand is the originating factor in channelized reservoir flows because commercial injection rates cause altered porosity distributions that initiate the preferential path flow.The appreciation of the empirical realities permits improvement of commercial recovery planning and enables a greater number of projects. These concepts are applicable in almost all viscous and heavy-oil reservoirs; they may also be applicable for lighter oils that possess oil chemistry that is typical of heavier oils, e.g., high acid content.

Effectiveness of Arguments Used in the Creation of Protected Areas of Sustainable Use in Brazil: A Case Study from the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado

Studies on the effectiveness of the discourse motivating the creation of protected areas (PAs) and their empirical reality are scarce. The lack of knowledge in this area affects programs and policies on the maintenance and creation of protected areas. Thus, we investigated this matter using the case study of the Nascente Geraizeiras Sustainable Development Reserve (NGSDR) in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The reserve comprises a transition area between Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest, two critical biomes in the world of biodiversity and the only two hotspots in Brazil. Changes in land use were identified over a period of 30 years, from 1987 to 2017, based on a compilation of the arguments associated with the creation of the PA, geographic information system (GIS) techniques, remote sensing (RS) data, and landscape ecology indices. Seven types of land use were identified using Random Forest classifier R software: native forest, silviculture, pasture, bare soil, rocky outcrop, watercourses, and agriculture. The overall mean accuracy of the classification was 90% for all five periods. The results demonstrated that the creation of protected areas is supported by contexts of land use still based on traditional. The case study showed the discourse served as a fundamental strategy in the beginning of the mobilization that culminated in the creation of the NGSDR, in the containment of forestry, in an increase in native forest areas, and in reduced fragmentation, leading to an improvement in the conservation status of the landscape. The present study encourages future researchers to apply the evaluated approach and demonstrates its potential in assessing the formulation of programs and policies on protected areas worldwide, providing valid indicators for the improvement of ecosystem services.

Differentiation in security and defence policy

This paper first assesses the salience of academic theories in the realm of security and defense policy, from the fields of both International Relations and European Studies. Theory is of relatively little assistance in understanding the phenomenon of a strictly—or even autonomously—European Union foreign and defence policy—in part precisely because of what I call negative differentiation. The second part homes in on the empirical reality of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). In this particular policy area, differentiation has always been the norm, or the negative starting point—rather than a developing trend or a potential solution. The third part evaluates the current (post-2016) “re-launch” of CSDP and the widely discussed dynamic behind the EU’s quest for “strategic autonomy”. This section analyses the depth and sustainability behind what is widely seen as a new attempt either to break away from or to positively embrace differentiation and to engineer an unprecedented marshalling of the collective security and defense resources of the European Union.

Time Capsule: Nas’s Illmatic (1994) as an Iteration of Utopian Time

Queensbridge is the largest government-housing scheme in the US. The building opened in 1939 to house lower income families. In terms of its initial architectural structure, Queensbridge is designed to capture natural sunlight, and is a modernist state-funded venture typical of its time. This article considers the formative modernist design of Queensbridge as a backdrop to the hip-hop artist Nas’s 1994 masterpiece Illmatic. Illmatic is the focus of recent academic studies, many of which hail Nas for the formal ingenuity of his lyrics and his songs’ implicit socio-political content: the content of which deals with the systematic perpetration of criminality among black youth in the post-Reagan period. Nas’s quasi-realist account of growing up in Queensbridge, his immersion in a life of crime, to his discovery of hip-hop as an art form, has since assumed legendary status. The article considers Illmatic from the perspective of ‘time’ in two specific contexts. The first takes empirical reality as its concern, exploring the album’s coming-of-age narrative as a story about growing up in the poverty of the New York ghetto. A second iteration, the second strand, concerns anti-eschatological renderings of time. Taking this second strand to be an iteration of ‘utopian time,’ the analysis turns to Lucy Sargisson’s transgressive utopianism. Illmatic, I argue, instantiates the coming-into-being of Nas as subject and furnishes the tools to critically transgress categorical binds involved in representing subjectivity. Illmatic is an album about representation and its utopian critique.

An Indian Quasi-Fregean Theory of Number

A very interesting account of the reference of number words in classical Indian philosophy was given by Maheśa Chandra (1836–1906) in his Brief Notes on the Modern Nyāya System of Philosophy and its Technical Terms (BN), a primer on Navya-Nyāya terminology and doctrines. Despite its English title, BN is a Sanskrit work. The section on “number” (saṃkhyā) provides an exposition of a theory of number which can account for both the adjectival and the substantival use of number words in Sanskrit. According to D. H. H. Ingalls (1916–1999), some ideas about the reference of number words in BN are close to the Frege–Russell theory of natural number. Ingalls’s comparison refers to a concept of number in Navya-Nyāya which is related to the things numbered via the so-called “circumtaining relation” (paryāpti). Although there is no theory of sets in Navya-Nyāya, Navya-Naiyāyikas do have a realist theory of properties (dharma) and their theory of number is a theory of properties as constituents of empirical reality, anchored to their system of ontological categories. As shown by George Bealer, properties can serve the same purpose as sets in the Frege–Russell theory of natural number. In the present paper, we attempt a formal reconstruction of Maheśa Chandra’s exposition of the Navya-Nyāya theory of number, which accounts for its affinity to George Bealer’s neo-Fregean analysis. As part of our appraisal of the momentousness and robustness of the “circumtaining” concept of number, we show that it can be cast into a precise recursive definition of natural number and we prove property versions of Peano’s axioms from this definition.

The politics of value in urban development: Valuing conflict in agonistic pluralism

In this article, we consider the role of value pluralism in theorising urban development and the politics of participatory planning. Rather than situating analyses of urban development in a monist or universalist ethics, where values are reducible to a single universal (e.g. human rights), or a normative pluralism based on the tension between different bearers of political value (e.g. liberty and equality), we argue for a plural ethics to make sense of the complex empirical reality of our cities. Post-consensus theories of planning treat the presence of conflict as an enduring reality in urban development, with Chantal Mouffe providing one way of conceptualising a productive politics of conflict. We extend Mouffe’s plural politics through an appeal to value pluralism in the form of anthropological theories of value. A better understanding of the plural and incommensurable nature of values not only contributes to our understanding of the operation of agonistic pluralism, it also provides a more robust theoretical account of how different urban actors in the city transition from antagonism to agonism, which Mouffe suggests is necessary for a more inclusive urban politics. The politics of value resides in the struggle for legitimacy of particular regimes of value; not just to determine economic value, but to define what value is, and how different values dominate, encompass or otherwise relate to one another. This moral politics approach, via value theory, provides one way of tracing an ethical urbanism that exists between conflict and consensus. It allows us to reframe the central challenge of agonistic pluralism as the transition from antagonistic positions, marked by moral intransigence and immutability, towards more flexible value positions that allow ‘adversaries’ to enter into a viable agonistic politics.

Philosophy and Logical Positivism

Logical positivists claim that the whole of human knowledge can be reduced to analytic and synthetic sentences, and this means that the only possible knowledge is provided by science. Metaphysics is thus meaningless, because its sentences do not comply with the rules set forth by logical analysis of language. What, then, is the philosopher’s job? The members of the Vienna Circle answer that his task is to clarify the concepts used within empirical and formal sciences, while analytic philosophers stress instead the importance of ordinary language’s analysis. But the outcome is in both cases clear: philosophy is linguistic analysis. Howeber, by reducing the whole of reality to empirical reality, logical positivists do metaphysics. We do not have the “elimination” of metaphysics, but just the proposal of an empiricist brand of metaphysics.

A internacionalização das ações de ensino, pesquisa e extensão na Universidade Regional de Blumenau

Nesta pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, orientada pelo método compreensivo, propomo-nos a analisar os processos de internacionalização da educação superior na Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), instituição localizada em Santa Catarina, Brasil. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos nos estudos teórico-conceituais de Knight, De Wit, Leask, Santos e Almeida Filho. Em relação ao marco metodológico, a geração de dados ocorreu em duas fases. Na primeira fase, desenvolvemos estudo teórico em rede de cooperação internacional, envolvendo pesquisadores de nove países ibero-americanos, acerca dos conceitos de internacionalização; e, em paralelo, exploramos a realidade empírica local, realizando leitura de documentos públicos e entrevista semiestruturada com coordenador de relações internacionais da instituição investigada. Na segunda fase da pesquisa, ampliamos o número de documentos analisados, abrangendo políticas institucionais de internacionalização. Dessa análise, resultou a compreensão de que há dois principais eixos balizadores nos processos de internacionalização na FURB: a) acordos e convênios de cooperação internacional, visando à mobilidade acadêmica, com destaque para universidades da Alemanha, Suécia e Portugal; b) inserção de disciplinas ministradas em inglês nos currículos da Graduação e dos Programas de Pós-Graduação, bem como a oferta de cursos livres voltados à proficiência linguística. Esses eixos denotam os esforços da comunidade acadêmica em promover a internacionalização das ações de ensino, pesquisa e extensão, com o intuito de criar um ambiente global na instituição.

Police Officers as Warriors or Guardians: Empirical Reality or Intriguing Rhetoric?

Policing experts have suggested that shifting from a warrior mindset – officers viewing themselves as warriors fighting crime – to a guardian mindset – officers valuing working with the public to reduce crime – is a valuable method for improving police-community relations across the United States. However, little empirical evidence has been used to inform this debate. To address this gap, we examined survey data from two U.S. police departments to assess the validity of the Warrior/Guardian framework. Factor analyses suggested that the warrior and guardian mindsets are distinct, but related concepts. Furthermore, these mindsets are associated with different attitudinal outcomes (e.g. the guardian mindset was associated with greater prioritization of communication during citizen encounters). Thus, the Warrior/Guardian framework is supported empirically. Overlap between the Warrior/Guardian framework and existing police culture literature is discussed and police culture is offered as a potential explanation for variation in warrior and guardian orientations.