Empirical Reality Research Articles

Regionalism beyond state-centrism: African regionalism in comparative perspective

Over the past few decades, regions and regional institutions have gained increased attention in both scholarly literature and policy debates. A fundamental weakness in both debates, however, is the simplified focus on state actors and the official goals and policies of regional international organizations and inter-state frameworks. This article addresses this extant weakness by opening up for a more diverse empirical reality. By drawing on the new regionalism approach and two illustrative, comparative case studies from West Africa and East Africa, we offer new insights about how state and non-state actors interact in both formal and informal domains in order to produce variegated logics of regionalism that are poorly described by other theoretical perspectives. The article concludes by assessing the implications for theory and future research on regionalism in Africa and in other regions.

ARGUMENTASI YURIDIS PEMBERLAKUAN HUKUM KEPERDATAAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA

The configuration of law enforcement in the religious courts has simply been implemented. When he has to deal with the law as a product of politics and the law as a product of fiqih studies, the choice is quite delegative. On the one hand, it meets the demands of empirical reality from the institutionalized wheel of life, while on the other hand, it goes hand in hand with the signalization text of the muqasid sharia. Although the work of the scholars as stated in the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) can be said to be a monumental work, it is still an outline that is impossible to complete in deciding every case faced. Therefore, this article discusses the implementation of Islamic civil law in Indonesia which is considered very appropriate to be applied to Muslims, without disturbing the national legal system and disturbing other people. This article aims to highlight the importance of implementing Islamic civil law in Indonesia with juridical arguments. The results of the analysis show that juridically in the current reform era, the implementation of Islamic civil law in Indonesia has shown a bright spot where many products of legislation related to it have been produced and practiced by Muslims. Based on MPR RI Decree Number IV/MPR/1999 concerning GBHN 1999-2004, Chapter IV, letter A, point 2, the implementation of Islamic civil law in Indonesia is the state’s obligation to uphold the rule of law (law enforcement). In practicing Islamic civil law by Muslims in Indonesia, there are still many obstacles and obstacles. Even though the rule of law has become a state decree, some individuals are not happy with Islam using this issue as one of their political motives.

Philosophical and Discursive Approaches to the Categorisation of Modal Meanings in Multi-modal Texts

The question of overcoming barriers between the study of language and philosophical, immanent perception of the image and other aspects that formulate a coherent text is still open. A multimodal approach to understanding the news coverage strategy in the Telegram can reveal the discursive function and the multimodal perspective. One uses a combination of linguistic and philosophical approaches to analyze multimodal texts. This combination proves that the homogeneous use of the model of proving empirical reality employing philosophical and linguistic segments reveals the modulations. The article aims to explore the theoretical foundations of philosophical and discursive approaches to categorizing modal meanings in multimodal texts. The study results of the ideational architectonics of the 65 analysed multimodal posts on the Ukrainian Telegram channel “SUSPILNE NEWS” as of April 18, 2022 have pointed to a tendency of disconnection of categorical modalities. 19 multimodal texts out of 65 revealed a complete symbiosis of philosophical and linguistic modus operandi (the presence of all linguistic and extralinguistic resources, including video sequences), while 46 posts acted as monomodal tests. Regarding the number of “likes” and views, the posts with all extralinguistic and semiotically heterogeneous resources were more popular and, therefore, more exciting and easier to perceive.

Functional-semantic and expressive potential of the oxymoron in Russian poetry of the XIX century.

Abstract The present article is devoted to the study of antonyms as a stylistic device based on opposites and contradictions, the identification of means of expressiveness. The object of the study is the stylistic figure “oxymoron", considered on the material of poetry of the XIX century. The purpose of the research is to reveal and comprehend the specific essence and features of the oxymoron as a category of poetics, to identify the relationship with the verbal poetic image as a kind of absurdity and paradox. The acceptance of speech paradoxes is explained by allophrony. Special attention is paid to the structural and semantic possibilities of an antonymic pair in the context of a deliberately used speech error. The work is carried out in line with the descriptive method of linguistics. The results of our linguistic research allow us to draw some conclusions: that the linguistic phenomenon is an oxymoron, is anomalous to words with a direct meaning and is characterized in science as a paradox. The acceptance of speech paradoxes, despite the contradictions, is explained by allophrony. The increased expressiveness of the oxymoron is achieved by contrasting, opposites, a combination of epithets incomprehensible to logic, in which a vivid manifestation of feelings, moods, thoughts is expressed, it is implied as an incorrect, unfair combination of ideas in one whole, that is, as a violation, as something that does not have the right to exist in a work of art due to inconsistency, logically mutually exclusive each other even before direct interaction. The oxymoron as a phenomenon of poetic and empirical reality is used as metaphorical names of any physiological deviations in the description of heroes, anomalies in nature containing a paradox. The minimal structure of the oxymoron is a phrase, it is the result of a fusion of contrasting meanings. An adjective and a noun interact in an oxymoron, less often an adverb and a verb, a verb and a adverb, an adverb and an adjective.

Towards a More Nuanced Understanding of Communities: Definitions, Debates, and Dark Sides

In this panel symposium, we collectively explore the nuanced nature of community dynamics and their consequences for individuals and organizations. Although the concept of community has longstanding presence in management literature, our understanding of the concept remains relatively vague. Many different definitions and types of communities have been discussed in various streams of literature, contributing to ambiguity around the term. Moreover, as studies about communities most often focus on their positive aspects, communities’ potential dark sides are understudied. The purpose of this panel symposium is to unpack the various definitions of communities, debate their ramifications, and rebalance our view of communities by bringing the potential dark sides of communities back into the academic fore. By considering different theoretical conceptualizations of community in organizational scholarship and in the empirical reality of communities, we hope to further the growing conversations about community and around the potential challenges of responsible engagement with the communities for organisations and scholars.

Critiquing the SDG Framework Through the Lens of Goal Two: Empirical Reflections from Two Case Studies in India

Theoretically, much skepticism has emerged insofar as the translation of SDG framework at local level is concerned. Comparatively, much less has been done to investigate the empirical reality of this discourse. Using case study exploration technique situated in two urban areas of India – Mumbai and Sitamarhi, this paper explicates how key contentions of the debate manifest at the ground level. Reflections from Mumbai show that SDG’s reliance on targets and indicators masks extreme inequality underlying so-called ‘extraordinary’ achievements in reducing child stunting. Despite its transformatory claims the operationalization of SDG framework adopts a narrow view on inequality and bypasses related structural processes. At the same time, preoccupation with numbers and targets while implementing nutrition programmes for SDG two in the town of Sitamarhi, distorts the reality and diverts priorities away from systemic issues like infrastructural and institutional gaps. SDG framework’s continued engagement with indicators, targets and numbers, indeed hides multiple axes of inequality in nutrition outcomes, creates fallacious claims of successes and therefore, closes the window for potential improvement. Eventually, both Mumbai and Sitamarhi, despite their development contrast, are faced with similar question – what structural and institutional transformation, must precede the operationalization of SDG two?

Hope from Despair*

Hope from Despair^*

Application of critical realism in social work research: Methodological considerations

INTRODUCTION: Critical realism (CR) provides a unique and robust philosophical framework for social work researchers by attending to the role of individual agency and social structure; however, little practical guidance is available regarding how the ontology and epistemology of CR can be applied as a methodological framework for qualitative research. APPROACH: In this article, we explain what CR is in relation to other ontological and epistemological positions and provide some practical suggestions for CR-informed research by drawing on relevant examples from a study that examined the causes of trust among Korean migrants in Aotearoa New Zealand. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the three-layered ontological map of CR justifies the use of series of data-coding processes to identify preliminary tendencies at the surface layer of empirical reality, abductive reasoning to formulate ideas about how observed tendencies are connected at the middle layer of actual reality and retroductive inference to identify causal mechanisms or structures and key conditions embedded in the deeper layer of real reality to produce certain experiences under study.

Perkembangan Digital Marketing Online sebagai Metode Alternatif Produk Wirausaha Mahasiswa Akademi Keuangan Perbankan Nusantara (Sebuah Analisis Perspektif Syariah Islam)

The purpose of this study is to find out the development of online digital marketing by using alternatives to take advantage of the search for the social networking market through the latest provided applications for the sale of business products for the students of the Akademi Keuangan Perbankan (AKUBANK) Nusantara Aceh Timur in the current millennial era. The research was conducted on the efforts of AKUBANK Nusantara students in East Aceh using qualitative research methods, namely matching existing theories with empirical reality using descriptive methods to find out in-depth how the development of online digital marketing is carried out by Akubank Nusantara Aceh Timur students. Data collection in this study was carried out by interviewing business owners, participatory observation methods, and also through documentation methods. The results of this study indicate that students, experiencing an increase from the average business they run, have increased from day to day due to affordable prices, the quality of their products in front of trying alternative methods by utilizing the search for social networking market through the latest provided applications. This is a good sign for the marketing of Akubank Nusantara students in East Aceh itself. After analyzing the suitability of existing theories and rules with practice in the field, it can be concluded that the application of online digital marketing to the businesses of Akubank Nusantara Aceh Timur students is in accordance with sharia marketing.

The Legitimacy of Private Schooling: Education Preferences in Nine European Contexts

ABSTRACT Motivated by empirical reality of differences in the scope and meaning of school choice and private schooling this article focuses on the public demand for increasing diversity of educational options In Europe and the division of public and private provision in it. We aim to test self-interest and ideology-driven logics of education policy preferences in different educational contexts. We operationalize this variety of contexts by the share of private education spending and between-school inequality. We show that, on average, more resourceful individuals are less pro-private-education and those that are ideologically right-leaning are more so. At the system level, private schooling feeds back positively, and this does not differ across educational or ideological divides. Educational inequality, at the same time, de-legitimizes the support for private schooling and its effect differs – higher educated and ideologically right-leaning turn to prefer more public schooling the higher the educational inequality. Thus, the more equal the educational provision, independent of public-private mix, the more entrenched pro-private school preferences will become.

Synthesis of Linked Population Involving Kinship and Influential Ties Using Mate-Search Heuristics

Agent-based simulation has been successful in generative approaches on the emergence of various social phenomena. However, many case-specific studies used to put aside the potential of generating linked individuals. This paper proposes a convergent format of agent-based simulation and demographic microsimulation to grow up a linked population with two known properties of our society: Small-world networks and mate-search heuristics. Given that population is the core entity of a society, a demographic base is developed and individual-level rules from multidisciplinary findings are added to assign the capability of social networks. The results demonstrate how the social structure affects the speed and maximum degree of the targeted diffusion and indicates the correlation between individual-level attributes and aggregate indices in modern society. A comparative study is then conducted to reproduce an extreme case of an empirical reality. The study is expected to offer an illustration for population incorporating influential networks and multidisciplinary hypotheses.

Cymbals playing in a Roman mosaic from Mariamin in Syria

The mosaic of the six female musicians from Mariamin in Syria depicts in exquisite detail a late antique musical performance. The present study focuses on the cymbal tongs player and the finger cymbals player from this mosaic, who have raised little interest so far, yet provide much information on cymbal playing in the Roman-Imperial period. The first part of this work studies the technical aspects of cymbal playing revealed by the Mariamin mosaic. It discusses the typology and playing techniques of cymbal tongs, using a comparative iconographic approach and an experimental reconstruction approach. The Mariamin mosaic portrays a type of cymbal tongs in which the cymbals are struck laterally, in contrast to cymbals tongs in which cymbals are struck frontally, the only type discussed by archaeomusicologists to date. Significantly, lateral cymbal tongs similar to those of Mariamin appear in other late antique mosaics from Bulgaria and Algeria, suggesting that this instrument was widespread. The reconstruction of lateral and frontal cymbal tongs shows that the two instruments sounded different. The Mariamin mosaic also provides information on the use of small cymbals attached directly to fingers. It shows a finger cymbal tying system that seems to differ from the few other Roman examples known to date. It also shows that finger cymbals players could use two different pairs of cymbals to make two different musical notes, one with each hand. These findings illustrate the technical richness of cymbal playing in the Roman Empire. The second part of this work discusses the instrumental associations visible in the Mariamin mosaic, placing them in the context of other late antique representations. The trio of three resonant metallic instruments discernible in the Mariamin band (cymbal tongs, finger cymbals and acetabuli) illustrates the Roman-Imperial taste for abundant metallic tinkling. Finally, the inclusion of cymbal tongs or finger cymbals in musical bands recurs in mythological representations. The cupid disguises of the two children in the Mariamin mosaic echo these images. However, the scene depicted by the mosaic seems anchored in the reality of the late Roman Empire. Remarkably, the Mariamin mosaic shows that ‘simple’ small cymbals could hold an important place in a high-class musical band equipped with prestigious instruments.

Experience Of Living With Islam-Christianity In North Maluku, Indonesia

The article starts from the experience of living with Islam-Christians in the North Maluku province of Indonesia infacing the threat of the spread of the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This religious community, whichhad a conflict in 1999, has a different way of dealing with the spread of COVID-19 with other regions in Indonesia,both regarding the views of positive Covid-19 patients who care for sin and reward, Islamophobia, and physicalworship. continues in buildings of worship during the pandemic. These incidents occurred in the North Malukuprovince of Indonesia as a border area with a distinctive social, cultural and political context, so the field tracingused was a case study. This is in line with the empirical reality of the spread of COVID-19 which is still ongoing, soresearch was conducted intensively participatory in the Muslim-Christian community in North Maluku province. Inthe process of investigating data, informatory are needed, but the question of how the Muslim-Christian communityin North Maluku continues to care for life together amid the COVID-19 pandemic is the main question of thisresearch. Of course, many research articles on COVID-19 have been published, but there has not been a singlestudy on Islamic-Christian relations during the pandemic, let alone a case study of the Muslim-Christiancommunity, which once fought to the point of casualties and is now facing non-natural disasters. The answers to themain research questions will be a contribution of thought for anyone who has the desire to care for their communitythat supports each other. So that a case study of the Muslim-Christian community who has been in conflict andinhabits the coast of eastern Indonesia and is now facing the threat of COVID-19 is an important agenda andcloseness. The value premise of this study is to learn the pattern of relations in the community after the riot betweenMuslims and Christians and religious communities, this non-natural disaster along the spread of COVID-19. As faras the author's knowledge, this study is the latest study on the Muslim-Christian community in North Maluku in theface of COVID-19. These two communities are able to get through difficult times of horizontal conflict, this studywill study how the two religious communities can face the challenges of COVID-19 and become a strong generationafter all of this has passed.

Is translocality a hidden solution to overcome protracted displacement in the DR Congo?

ABSTRACT Policy makers and practitioners usually focus on three durable solutions for IDPs to overcome protracted displacement; return, resettlement and local integration. Based on empirical realities, this paper asks to what extent translocality can be seen as another solution. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data from the city of Bukavu in eastern DRC, we explore how translocality is shaped in practice and how it helps people to overcome protracted displacement. Translocality of Bukavu’s IDPs is mostly oriented towards the community of origin. We argue that this translocality requires mobility or connectivity, or a combination thereof. Mobilisation of resources in the community of origin can then contribute to the livelihoods of urban IDPs, but restraining forces beyond the control of IDPs can make this a risky and costly strategy that is not necessarily sustainable. Although translocality can address the livelihoods challenges related to protracted displacement, it cannot solve all challenges related to displacement. The paper concludes that translocality should – at most – be seen as a semi-durable and partial solution to move out of protractedness rather than as a durable solution to displacement in itself; however, addressing some of the restraining forces could make it a more durable solution.

Rohan Deb Roy, Malarial Subjects: Empire, Medicine and Nonhumans in British India, 1820-1909

In 1902, scientist Patrick Manson likened malaria in Africa to the mythical three-headed dog-beast Cerberus, which guarded the gates to the river Styx in the Greek underworld; malaria similarly guarded the continent itself.1 Ronald Ross would be similarly dramatic in his description of malaria, writing of the disease in a letter to his wife as, “O million-murdering Death.”2 More than a century has passed, and malaria's significance endures. Certainly, malaria is among the ur-examples of how Empire was bounded and shaped by disease. Any historian familiar with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century India especially understands the importance of malaria and the centrality of “Peruvian bark” to the very foundations and sustenance of Empire. Indeed, cinchona had very early on become perceived as a part of the healing power, and implicitly, the civilizing mission, of Empire. Rohan Deb Roy’s meticulously researched and richly detailed book examines malaria and cinchona at the intersection of material culture, global history, and animal histories, with a meticulous sense of space and mobility. In Chapter 1, Deb Roy tracks the mobilities of the plant and its derivatives across British, French, and Dutch imperial networks. and examines the porous boundaries among medicine, botany, chemistry and commerce, as well as its centrality in sustaining both the material and discursive realities of Empire.

Conceptualizing Organizational Advocacy Across the Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector: Goals, Tactics, and Motivation

Advocacy, essential to the unique role of the nonprofit sector, is a term that suffers from a definitional morass that is both crowded and inconsistent, undermining research progress. This problem has been exacerbated by changes in our understanding of the wide variety of nonprofit and voluntary organizations involved in advocacy. To address construct clarity and help research bridge disciplinary silos, we present a framework that, while drawing clearer boundaries around the construct’s peripheries, integrates three major dimensions of organizational advocacy among nonprofits: goals, tactics, and motivations. This integrative framework focuses on the targets, contexts, and types of nonprofit actors associated with these dimensions, pointing to avenues for new lines of comparative research. We demonstrate how this framework can elucidate institutional change and advance the field by promoting new understandings of advocacy that better matches changing empirical reality.

MODERNISASI PENDIDIKAN PESANTREN (STUDI KASUS PONDOK PESANTREN MODERN AL-HUDA TURALAK CIAMIS)

This writing is based on the background of the Modern Islamic boarding school Al-Huda Turalak Ciamis which is an original Indonesian educational institution that has strong traditional roots in the community. In the era of modernization, science and technology are increasingly sophisticated, so that the pesantren education system is maintained. The purpose of this study was to determine the modernization of the modern Islamic boarding school Al-Huda Turalak Ciamis. This research method uses qualitative which is based on matching between empirical reality and applicable theory by using descriptive methods. The approach used in this research is a phenomenological approach. The phenomenological approach is conceptually a study of appearances in objects, events, or conditions in individual perceptions. This theory is used to research Ibn Sina's educational thought and the implications of Islamic education at the Al-Huda Turalak Ciamis Modern Islamic Boarding School. This Islamic boarding school has used a very strict curriculum. Santri must comply with all regulations in education, both general education and Islamic education. The curriculum tries to combine classical and modern learning traditions which are manifested both in the teaching and learning system.

Why do voters vote for third parties in single member districts? A test of four strategic voting conditions

Duverger’s law holds that single member district rules produce two-party systems, but third party voting remains an important feature of these institutional contexts. To explain the discrepancy between theory and empirical reality, Gary Cox specified four conditions that are necessary for the theoretical expectations to bear out. Yet, subsequent research has focused mostly on just one of these conditions, namely, that voters have correct information about the competitiveness of their preferred party in the district. The purpose of this paper is to assess the role of all four conditions. Using original survey data from the 2015 United Kingdom general election, the analysis suggests that violations of the information condition matter, but that violations of the short-term instrumental rationality condition can be a significant factor as well. Consequently, future research should pay more attention to this condition when seeking to explain third party voting.

Hybrid Governance in Online Drug Distribution

A growing share of illicit drug dealing occurs on online platforms. Technological innovations, such as encryption and anonymous payments, have enabled new and more complex ways of organizing transactions. This conceptual essay advances the study of online drug dealing by describing how governance mechanisms from markets, networks, and hierarchies are combined to reduce transactional uncertainty. Based on published research, I argue that cryptomarkets and social media drug distribution prioritize prices, trust, and rules differently, and that this can be understood as hybrid governance. In cryptomarkets, networked reputation scores are important, but their reliability is interdependent of administrators’ sanctioning capacity. Similarly, the open advertisement of prices and products relies on the ability to expose fraudulent vendors. On social media, buyers prioritize easy access and fast delivery and characteristics of market governance, while hierarchical rules are absent, and networked reputations play only a small role. Existing typologies of drug dealing organization do not capture these combinations of governance mechanisms. Hybrid governance and the interdependence of several governance mechanisms better capture the empirical reality of new and emerging modes in online drug distribution.

The Value of Time is Never the Hand of a Clock: Marcel Proust’s Time Regained, E. M. Forster’s A Room with a View and A View without a Room

This study aims at a comparative analysis of the last volume of Marcel Proust’s In Search of Lost Time, Time Regained (1927), and E. M. Forster’s A Room with a View (1908), including its Appendix A View without a Room (1958) to decipher Henri Bergson’s concepts of duration, intuition, elan vital (vital impulse) and Jacques Lacan’s notions of anticipation and retroaction, against the backcloth of modernity and its representations of clock fixated Time. In this framework of analysis, the study draws on Bergson and Lacan’s notions of Time to foreground the inward turn of the characters in the two novels. The article also seeks to find out whether Time is a construct for Lucy, Cecil, and George in A Room with a View and the narrator, Gilberte, Albertine in Time Regained, regarding the gap between past and present. For instance, remodelling, eradication aspects of Time are never negations for the narrator’s creation of Albertine’s image in his memory in Time Regained. Time never eradicates George and Lucy’s shared view that they once achieved in a room in Bertolini Pension in Italy in A View without a Room, despite wartime remodelling of spatiotemporal realms. Ultimately, in both of the novels, the characters experience the social and empirical reality as their present circumstances affect the narration of their past with involuntary memories, producing virtual qualitative multiplicities. Thus, the anticipation emerges within the images of a dark room that resembles the minds of the characters in the two novels.