Empirical Parameters Research Articles

An empirical parameter identification method considering hysteresis effects for LiFePO4 battery's electrochemical model

Compared with other types of lithium-ion batteries, there is an obvious hysteresis effect in LiFePO4 battery, which leads to inaccurate parameter identification for its mechanical modelling. This article proposes an empirical parameter identification method for the P2D model of LiFePO4 battery, which takes the hysteresis effect into consideration. The proposed method adds a modified zero-state model to describe hysteresis effects during the identification process of lithium intercalation intervals. Simulation results prove that errors of identified parameters under various working conditions are relatively small, and the average relative error is within 0.5 %. The proposed method to compensate for hysteresis effect is relatively simple and easy to implement, and can improve the accuracy and generalization ability of the electrochemical model of LiFePO4 batteries.

Upper Bound Analysis of Ultimate Pullout Capacity for a Single Pile Using Hoek–Brown Failure Criterion

As a typical pullout foundation, the uplift pile has been widely used in ocean projects or geotechnical engineering, but the accurate prediction of its ultimate pullout capacity has always been a difficulty in engineering design. This study focused on a single pile in rock formation, and constructed a curved uplift failure mechanism in the case that the whole rock mass around the pile was damaged. In this mechanism, the rock mass failure was assumed to comply with the Hoek–Brown failure criterion. Then, the theoretical prediction formulas for the rock failure surface and the ultimate pullout capacity of the pile were derived by using the upper bound theorem. The influence laws of factors such as different rock mass parameters, pile parameters and additional surface load on the pile capacity and failure range were analyzed. Further, the proposed method was validated by comparing with the numerical simulation results. The results show that the ultimate pullout capacity of the pile increases with the increase in the length/diameter ratio, rock empirical parameter A, tensile strength, compressive strength, unit weight and additional surface load, but decreases with the increase in rock empirical parameter B. Empirical parameters A and B are key factors affecting the pile capacity and rock failure range, and should be attached importance to in engineering design. The research work in this study can provide some theoretical reference for the design of the uplift pile in rock formation.

Molecular dynamics simulations of several linear homopolymers: Assessment and comparison of shock properties

Understanding the behavior of polymers under shock loading is essential for their applications in car equipment, aircraft, space structure and plastic bonded explosives. Despite much effort, both experimentally and numerically over the last twenty years, there are specificities of the shock behavior of polymers that are still unclear. These include the relation of the shocked state to the dynamic glass transition and the deviation of the Hugoniot locus from the usual linear relation us=c+Sup, with us the shock velocity, c, the bulk sound velocity, up the particle velocity and S an empirical fitting parameter. To address these questions this work studies direct shock simulations in molecular dynamics (MD) of three different polymers, cis-1,4-polybutadiene, polystyrene and phenoxy resin. After thoroughly assessing that the polymer configurations created in this work are correct with respect to mass density, structure factor, chain dimensions and Hugoniot locus, this work focuses on two aspects of the behavior under shock loading. (i) The deviation of the Hugoniot locus from the linear relation us=c+Sup is related to a change in the relative contribution to the shock energy of the bonding and non-bonding potential energies as the shock strength increases. (ii) The shear stress relaxations behind the shock front are compared for the three polymers. It is found that the polymers with the highest glass transition temperature have the most slowly relaxing shear stress behind the shock front.

An improved van der Pol wake oscillator model for a 1DOF circular cylinder undergoing vortex induced vibrations

An optimization procedure is presented for prescribing the empirical coupling parameters of a modified coupled van der Pol (VDP) wake oscillator and mass–spring–damper system for a one degree of freedom (1DOF) circular cylinder system undergoing vortex induced vibrations (VIV). This approach allows for the generalization of the traditional VDP model to cover a large VIV parameter range. The procedure is developed using experimental data covering the parameter space: 3<U∗<11, 8<m∗<20, 0.003<ζ<0.063, ReD=4000. The VDP model contains empirical coupling coefficients that describe the regime specific dynamic damping, ϵ, and wake coupling, β. Two calibration procedures are considered and the improvements over the traditional VDP model in predicting the VIV response are discussed. Subsequently, a regression fit is used to prescribe the two empirical coupling coefficients as functions of m∗, ζ and U∗. The generalized model results in a better prediction of the VIV response in terms of identification of lock-in regimes, lock-in frequency and amplitude response over several regimes when compared to the classical models. The use of a functional representation replaces the need for using tables and reduces user input for determining regime-specific coupling coefficients.

Semiempirical modeling of the transient response of pore pressure to rainfall and snowmelt in a dormant landslide

This study proposes a simplified, semiempirical hydrological model of the pressure response in a landslide. Various hydrometeorological variables were measured in a dormant landslide underlain by soft sedimentary rocks in a high snowfall area in central Japan. We assessed whether the short-term response of the pore pressure to water inputs by rainfall and/or snowmelt can be predicted using a modified linear diffusion model that describes the seasonal trends of the pore pressure. We applied field observations and regression analysis to characterize the buffering function of the vadose zone. The apparent hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic diffusivity in the vadose zone were low during summer and high during winter and can be described by an empirical function of the pore pressure prior to an event. The pattern of pressure waveforms was accurately reproduced for various water inputs via empirical parameter functions. The model can also reproduce the pore-pressure peaks at different depths and locations within the same landslide with practical certainty. This modeling demonstrated a method that has the potential to predict future landslide instability as long as data from pore-pressure monitoring and water input forecasting are available.

Structure and mechanical properties of novel lightweight refractory high entropy alloys NbMoTiZr-(Al/V): a combined first principles and experimental study

NbMoTaW refractory high entropy alloy (RHEA) has excellent high temperature mechanical properties, but low room temperature ductility and high density severely limit its practical applications. In the present work, to overcome this deficiency, the composition was adjusted, and the mechanical properties of four novel as-cast NbMoTiZr-(Al/V) lightweight refractory high entropy alloys (LRHEAs) were investigated by theoretical calculations combined with experimental methods. The first-principle calculations approach based on density functional theory predicts the mechanical properties of LRHEAs and explains the alloying effects at the atomic and electronic levels. The body-centered-cubic (BCC) phase structure of the alloys were predicted on the formation enthalpy and cohesive energy, as well as empirical parameters such as ΔSmix, ΔHmix, VEC, and the atomic size difference, in conjunction with CALPHAD and XRD. The microstructure of the LRHEAs were also analyzed by SEM. The experimental results, along with the calculated elastic constants and moduli, show significant improvement in the strength and ductility of NbMoTiZr-(Al/V) LRHEAs compared to NbMoTaW RHEA. LRHEAs exhibit elastic anisotropy and are therefore more suitable for use in engineering applications. The strengthening mechanisms of the alloys were analyzed in terms of total and partial densities of states, overlapping Mulliken population, charge density contour and atomic distances. The increased plasticity of LRHEAs is mainly due to the formation of Ti-Ti, Zr-Zr and Zr-Al metallic bonds in the alloys. The calculated results agree with the experimental results, indicating that first-principles calculations are an effective method for predicting the improved properties of lightweight refractory high-entropy alloys. The present work provides a good guideline for the design and research of lightweight refractory high entropy alloys.

A WENO SPH scheme with improved transport velocity and consistent divergence operator

The Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ALE-SPH) formulation can guarantee stable solutions preventing the adoption of empirical parameters such as artificial viscosity. However, the convergence rate of the ALE-SPH formulation is still limited by the inaccuracy of the SPH spatial operators. In this work, a Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) spatial reconstruction is then adopted to minimise the numerical diffusion introduced by the approximate Riemann solver (which ensures stability), in combination with two alternative approaches to restore the consistency of the scheme: corrected divergence SPH operators and the particle regularisation guaranteed by the correction of the transport velocity. The present work has been developed in the framework of the DualSPHysics open-source code. The beneficial effect of the WENO reconstruction to reduce numerical diffusion in ALE-SPH schemes is first confirmed by analysing the propagation of a small pressure perturbation in a fluid initially at rest. With the aid of a 2-D vortex test case, it is then demonstrated that the two aforementioned techniques to restore consistency effectively reduce saturation in the convergence to the analytical solution. Moreover, high-order (above second) convergence is achieved. Yet, the presented scheme is tested by means of a circular blast wave problem to demonstrate that the restoration of consistency is a key feature to guarantee accuracy even in the presence of a discontinuous pressure field. Finally, a standing wave has been reproduced with the aim of assessing the capability of the proposed approach to simulate free-surface flows.

Nitriding high entropy alloy films: Opportunities and challenges

High entropy nitride (HEN) films have attracted much attention due to their versatile properties, such as satisfactory mechanical properties, excellent anti-oxidation performance, outstanding corrosion resistance, and vitally important thermostability, indicating high application potentials. This paper reviews the four core effects and discusses several empirical parameters for phase prediction in HEAs. Then, this review focuses on the recent developments of HEN films, introducing how N contents as well as other factors influences the microstructures and thus leads to changes in relevant properties, such as mechanical, tribological, and chemical stabilities, what follows is the related mechanisms contributing to. Lastly, future trends and outlooks are briefly introduced. This review is aimed to give a comprehensive introduction to recent developments in HEN films, and to make it convenient to explore the research gaps for students and researchers.

Physicochemical significance of Topological indices: Importance in drug discovery research.

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) studies describing the correlations between biological activity as dependent parameters and physicochemical and structural descriptors, including topological indices (TIs) as independent parameters, play an important role in drug discovery research. The emergence of graph theory in exploring the structural attributes of the chemical space has led to the evolution of various TIs, which have made their way into drug discovery. The TIs are easy to compute compared to the empirical parameters, but they lack physiochemical interpretation, which is essential in understanding the mechanism of action. Hence, efforts have been made to review the work on the advances in topological indices, their physicochemical significance, and their role in developing QSAR models. A literature search has been carried out, and the research article providing evidence of the physicochemical significance of the topological parameters as well as some recent studies utilizing these parameters in the development of QSAR models, have been evaluated. In this review, the physicochemical significance of TIs have been described through their correlations between empirical parameters in terms of explainable physicochemical properties, along with their application in the development of predictive QSAR models. Most of these findings suggest a common trend of TIs correlation with MR rather than logP or other parameters; nevertheless, the developed models may be useful in both drug and vaccine development.

Learning from the 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile twist: Two-parameter range-separated local hybrid functional with high accuracy for triplet and charge-transfer excitations.

The recent ωLH22t range-separated local hybrid (RSLH) is shown to provide outstanding accuracy for the notorious benchmark problem of the two lowest excited-state potential energy curves for the amino group twist in 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN). However, the design of ωLH22t as a general-purpose functional resulted in less convincing performance for triplet excitations, which is an important advantage of previous LHs. Furthermore, ωLH22t uses 8 empirical parameters to achieve broad accuracy. In this work, the RSLH ωLH23ct-sir is constructed with minimal empiricism by optimizing its local mixing function prefactor and range-separation parameter for only 8 excitation energies. ωLH23ct-sir maintains the excellent performance of ωLH22t for the DMABN twist and charge-transfer benchmarks but significantly improves the errors for triplet excitation energies (0.17 vs 0.24eV). Additional test calculations for the AE6BH6 thermochemistry test set and large dipole moment and static polarizability test sets confirm that the focus on excitation energies in the optimization of ωLH23ct-sir has not caused any dramatic errors for ground-state properties. Although ωLH23ct-sir cannot replace ωLH22t as a general-purpose functional, it is preferable for problems requiring a universally good description of localized and charge-transfer excitations of both singlet and triplet multiplicity. Current limitations on the application of ωLH23ct-sir and other RSLHs to the study of singlet-triplet gaps of emitters for thermally activated delayed fluorescence are discussed. This work also includes the first systematic analysis of the influence of the local mixing function prefactor and the range-separation parameter in an RSLH on different types of excitations.

Laminar flow in a channel bounded by porous/rough walls: Revisiting Beavers-Joseph-Saffman

The fully developed, steady, incompressible, laminar flow in a channel delimited by rough and/or permeable walls is considered. The influence of the micro-structured bounding surfaces on the channel flow behavior is mimicked by imposing high-order effective boundary conditions which stem from homogenization theory and do not contain empirical parameters. A closed-form solution of the Navier–Stokes equations is found for the flow in the channel, with conditions at each virtual boundary linking the slip velocities to shear stress and streamwise pressure gradient. The boundary condition for the longitudinal velocity coincides with a little-noticed extension of the so-called Beavers-Joseph condition, first derived by Saffman (1971); it applies to both permeable and rough surfaces, including the case of separated flow (Couette-Poiseuille motion with adverse pressure gradient). The analytical solution obtained for the velocity distribution in the channel is validated against full feature-resolving simulations of the flow for either highly ordered or random textures, highlighting the accuracy and the applicability range of the model. The Stokes-based model used to identify slip and interface permeability coefficients in the effective boundary conditions is found to be reliable and accurate up to ϵReτ≈10, with ϵ ratio of microscopic to macroscopic length scales and Reτ the shear-velocity Reynolds number. Above this threshold, the coefficients must account for advective effects: a new upscaling procedure, based on an Oseen’s approximation, is thus proposed and validated, extending considerably beyond the Stokes regime.

Review of deep learning algorithms in molecular simulations and perspective applications on petroleum engineering

In the last few decades, deep learning (DL) has afforded solutions to macroscopic problems in petroleum engineering, but mechanistic problems at the microscale have not benefited from it. Mechanism studies have been the strong demands for the emerging projects, such as the gas storage and hydrate production, and for some problems encountered in the storage process, which are common found as the chemical interaction between injected gas and mineral, and the formation of hydrate. Emerging advances in DL technology enable solving molecular dynamics (MD) with quantum accuracy. The conventional quantum chemical method is computational expensive, whereas the classical MD method cannot guarantee high accuracy because of its empirical force field parameters. With the help of the DL force field, precision at the quantum chemistry level can be achieved in MD. Moreover, the DL force field promotes the computational speed compared with first-principles calculations. In this review, the basic knowledge of the molecular force field and deep neural network (DNN) is first introduced. Then, three representative open-source packages relevant to the DL force field are introduced. As the most common components in the development of oil and gas reservoirs, water and methane are studied from the aspects of computational efficiency and chemical reaction respectively, providing the foundation of oil and gas researches. However, in the oil and gas problems, the complex molecular topo structures and various element types set a high challenge for the DL techniques in MD. Regarding the computational efficiency, it needs improvement via GPU and parallel accelerations to compete with classical MD. Even with such difficulties, the booming of this technique in the area of petroleum engineering can be predictable.

Experimental investigation on the problems in the achievement of super-smooth surface of cemented carbide WC-Co through diamond turning

The processing of cemented carbide (WC-Co) with mechanical methods has become problematic in the production of functional parts and molds due to the great brittleness and hardness. The application of ductile-regime machining to process the WC-Co has been attempted, but the outcomes are not satisfactory. To better understand the processing of WC-Co, the Vickers indentation, nanoindentation, single point diamond turning, and taper cutting experiments are carried out by referring to the empirical parameters, instrument options, and published works. Firstly, the effectiveness of the reported models in predicting the critical uncut chip thickness of brittle-ductile transition of WC-Co are verified and discussed in terms of the experimental observations. Then the impact of diamond turning on the morphologies and mechanical properties of the machined surface are examined. After that, the defects that affect the surface quality of WC-Co are analyzed. The results indicate that the deterioration of surface quality is dominantly decided by the breakage of WC grain. The grain breakage induced defects and further observations of taper cutting on the WC-Co reveal that the critical uncut chip thickness (40–50 nm) required to produce a super-smooth surface is much smaller than the depths predicted by the reported models of brittle-ductile transition (0.674–1.008 μm). Such difference may be derived from the improper use of fracture toughness and application of models that treat the workpiece material as a continuous and evenly distributed medium. Finally, a modified diamond turning process is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the analysis.

The Impact of Different Filters on the Gravity Field Recovery Based on the GOCE Gradient Data

The electrostatic gravity gradiometer carried by the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite is affected by accelerometer noise and other factors; hence, the observation data present complex error characteristics in the low-frequency domain. The accuracy of the recovered gravity field will be directly affected by the design of the filters based on the error characteristics of the gradient data. In this study, the applicability of various filters to different errors in observation is evaluated, such as the 1/f error and the orbital frequency errors. The experimental results show that the cascade filter (DARMA), which is formed of a differential filter and an autoregressive moving average filter (ARMA) filter, has the best accuracy for the characteristic of the 1/f low-frequency error. The strategy of introducing empirical parameters can reduce the orbital frequency errors, whereas the application of a notch filter will worsen the final solution. Frequent orbit changes and other changes in the observed environment have little impact on the new version gradient data (the data product is coded 0202), while the influence cannot be ignored on the results of the old version data (the data product is coded 0103). The influence can be effectively minimized by shortening the length of the arc. By analyzing the above experimental findings, it can be concluded that the inversion accuracy can be effectively improved by choosing the appropriate filter combination and filter estimation frequency when solving the gravity field model based on the gradient data of the GOCE satellite. This is of reference significance for the updating of the existing models.

Determination of Thermophysical Properties of Alternative Motor Fuels as an Environmental Aspect of Internal Combustion Engines

The article analyzes the state of the global problem of the fuel and energy crisis and environmental pollution by the combustion products of hydrocarbon fuels of industrial and transport power plants. To ensure the energy security of the state, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine developed and adopted the «Energy Strategy of Energy Saving of Ukraine for the period until 2030», which was updated in 2008, to protect the country from energy risks. In addition, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the «Concept of a targeted scientific and technical program for the development of the production and use of biological fuels». To increase the efficiency of using alternative motor fuels, as one of the aspects of solving the problem, an original method and results of calculating the thermophysical properties of a wide class of such motor fuels (hydrogen, natural gas, biogas, mine gas, coke, blast furnace and synthesis gas, etc.) are proposed. A description of the developed mathematical model for determining parameters of phase equilibria and thermophysical properties of dense molecular systems (dense gases and liquids) is given. Calculation procedures are based on the thermodynamic theory of disturbances without the involvement of empirical parameters. Features of the proposed method are: limitation of initial information, high accuracy, the possibility of application in any practically important ranges of states. Calculation errors are at the level of traditional experimental errors.

A state parameter of cement admixed clay with different stress paths

ABSTRACT This paper presents an appropriate physical parameter for cement admixed clay, termed as the state parameter that combines the influence of void ratio, stress level, and cement content reference to an ultimate (steady) state. Data from a triaxial testing program on Pasak Clay with different stress paths was presented and demonstrated to be dependent on the state parameter. The strength and pore water pressure at the failure of cement mixed clay were directly associated with mean stress and decreasing state parameters. The 3-D surface for deviatoric stress, mean stress, and state parameter at certain distortional strains was proposed based on a stress path triaxial test. The stiffness of cement-treated clay increased with a decreasing state parameter and increase in mean stress. The concept of state parameter is a basic physical concept and has broad application as an empirical normalising parameter and constitutive modelling of soil behaviour.

Assessment of the nonempirical r2SCAN-QIDH double-hybrid density functional against large and diverse datasets.

We update the Quadratic Integrand Double-Hybrid (QIDH) model [J. Chem. Phys. 141, 031101 (2014)] by incorporating the nonempirical restored-regularized Strongly Constrained and Appropriately Normed (r2SCAN) meta-generalized gradient approximation exchange-correlation functional, thus devising a robust density functional approximation free of any empirical parameter and incorporating all the constraints so far known for the exchange-correlation kernel. We assessed the new r2SCAN-QIDH expression on the GMTKN55 database and further extend its application to various types of non-covalent interactions (e.g., S66 × 8, O24 × 5). The assessment done shows that the model becomes very competitive in accuracy with respect to parent exchange-correlation functionals of any type, but without relying on any fitted parameter or numerical training.

Study on vortex-induced multimodal coupled vibration of arch bridge suspenders

The objective of this paper was to investigate the 2-DOF suspender response under the condition of vortex-induced force and reveal the multimodal coupling mechanism. Firstly, an elastically mounted segmental model of suspender was established. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to obtain the time history displacement signals in cross-flow and in-line directions, the empirical parameters were obtained by identify those signals. The nonlinear partial differential motion equation of suspender with two degrees of freedom was established based on Hamilton's principle, which considered the dynamic strain, bending stiffness and vortex-induced force of suspender. The Galerkin method was used to discretize the nonlinear partial differential equations into nonlinear motion governing equations, which considered the first three order modes. A numerical method was used to solve the motion governing equation, the time history displacement curve, phase diagram, amplitude spectrum and Poincare map of the multi-modal responses in the cross-flow and in-line directions were obtained. With the weak coupling effect of nonlinear stiffness and vortex-induced force, the cross-flow and in-line responses demonstrate period doubling bifurcation, quasi-periodic vibration, period doubling vibration, crises and transient chaotic phenomena. However, with the strong coupling effect, the crises and transient chaos in response amplitude disappear. More importantly, planar/non-planar multimodal internal resonance were found in this work. With the weak multimodal coupling effect in suspender response, the low-order modal response is dominant; as the multimodal coupling effect increases, the high-order modal response becomes predominant. In addition, the system energy not only transfers from high-order modal response to low-order modal response, but also the system energy transfer from low-order modal response to high-order modal response. These conclusions are useful for the design and practical engineering of suspenders, which have high theoretical research value in understanding the mechanism of multimodal coupling effects on suspender response.

Multiphase flow gas transport in a deep geological repository

Gas transport in porous media is of interest in many industrial applications, such as the oil and gas industry, geological storage, and deep geological repositories for radioactive waste. In a deep geological repository, gas will be generated due to the corrosion of metallic components and the degradation of organic materials. This leads to a build-up of gas pressure, which may activate gas transport through the host rock as well as the excavation-damaged zone around backfilled galleries.&#x0D; In order to understand different transport mechanisms involved, numerical simulations were performed, and the results were compared with laboratory data. In the framework of the EURAD/GAS project, a gas pressure-dependent permeability model was implemented into the finite element code OpenGeoSys-6 (OGS-6) [1]. The permeability alteration in this model is a function of gas pressure. The laboratory experiments showed that the rate of permeability change are different at low and high gas pressures. Therefore, the permeability model employed a threshold pressure ( to categorize this behaviour.&#x0D; and are empirical parameters. Moreover, two other permeability models were employed to study the hydro-mechanical behaviour of the host rock and permeability changes. In the strain-dependent permeability model, the permeability change was related to the elasto-plastic behaviour of the host rock, and in the embedded fracture model, it was related to the opening and closure of fractures [3] [4]. Thus, volumetric elastic strain and equivalent plastic strain are employed to be the controlling variables.&#x0D; The initial permeability of the intact rock samples were determined by applying a constant pressure at the upstream and downstream of the samples (i.e. constant pressure gradient). The imperical parameters were determined by matching experimental and numerical results.&#x0D; Two types of gas injection tests carried out by the Institute for Rock Mechanics (IFG GmbH, See Figure 1) were used to investigate the gas transport through Opalinus Clay and to examine the permeability models [2]. The first experiment demonstrates an advective-diffusiion gas transport through the sample and an elastic deformation. The second experiment highlights the formation of a tensile fracture (plastic deformation and preferred flow path). In both experiments the advective transport is the dominant transport mechanism. The strain-dependent permeability model was successfully applied to reproduce the hydro-mechanical behaviour of the host rock in both elastic deformation test and tensile fracture test (see Figures 2 and 3). The hydro-mechanical response of a saturated single phase flow model was compared with the behaviour of a saturated two-phase flow model. Both single phase and two-phase flow models were able to describe the hydraulic as well as mechanical behaviour of the experiments performed. Therefore, one can conclude that in these experiments the water phase (wet-phase) was immobile.&#x0D; A gas injection test under triaxial conditions was performed by École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in saturated Opalinus Clay (Fig. 4). The numerical simulations reproduced the hydro-mechanical behaviour of the sample during the gas injection test. A two-phase flow model was applied to simulate the experiment. The relative permeabilities and capillary pressure functions followed Mualem approach and van Genuchten formulation, respectively. The outflow volume and mechanical response of the sample were measured. The experimental results were in good agreement with the numerical ones. The results of the modelling illustrated the penetration of gas into the sample and hence, the displacement of water (see Figures 5 and 6).

Surrogate based sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification of floating wind turbine mooring systems

A Floater module containing several empirical parameters has been added to the TNO’s Cost model in order to include the analysis of floating wind turbine support structures and mooring systems. It is of our interest to know which model parameters within the Floater module contribute most significantly to the mooring system costs and ultimately to the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The strategy employed relies on constructing a surrogate model (based on Kriging), which is then used to perform global sensitivity analysis. For the scenarios studied here, it was found that the model parameter related to the mooring line breaking load coefficient remained the most sensitive to the capital expenditure (CapEx) cost, while the model parameter related to the failure event cost for mooring line repair remained most sensitive to the operational expenditure (OpEx) cost. Additionally, the study aimed at expanding the deterministic Cost model to systematically account for stochastic model parameter inputs in order to reduce modelling uncertainties and contribute towards more reliable mooring line designs.