Empirical Implications Research Articles

Intercultural relations among Filipino immigrants living in Macau

As society becomes increasingly diverse over time, the interaction among different cultural groups is an essential topic in intercultural research. Berry (2017) proposed three hypotheses of intercultural relations: multiculturalism, contact, and integration, in trying to answer the question, “How shall we all live together?”. Since most studies on intercultural relations are conducted in the context of Western culture, less empirical evidence about the three hypotheses examination is drawn from the plural societies other than Western ones. Therefore, this study evaluates three hypotheses on intercultural relations with regards to Filipino immigrants in Macau, and expects to provide new empirical research support for testing relevant hypotheses on intercultural relations and enrich the existing literature. A total of 233 community samples (58.5 % females; Mage= 28.24) were recruited and employed scales from the MIRIPS questionnaire to collect data on co-ethnic contact, host contact, perceived discrimination, acculturation strategies, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Path analysis revealed that: (1) With respect to the multicultural hypothesis, perceived discrimination was positively related with integration and separation; (2) With respect to the contact hypothesis, co-ethnic contact was positively related with perceived discrimination; co-ethnic contact was positively related with integration and separation, and host contact was positively related with assimilation; (3) With respect to the integration hypothesis, integration was the most preferred strategy for the participants and was associated with better psychological adaptation (termed self-esteem and life satisfaction). These findings partially support the validity of the hypotheses. Finally, future research directions and empirical implications are discussed.

Critical evaluation of disruptive transportation in Indonesia

This study analyzes the highly disruptive transportation business in Indonesia. The purpose of observation is to completely synthesize disruptive transportation that causes bad externalities in society. Data sources come from primary data of interviews and secondary data of related literature. The research method uses critical qualitative with a combination of in-depth interviews with several stakeholders. Key findings suggest that trust, consistency, capital ownership and proximity of new entrants to incumbents are important in disruptive innovation processes, empirical implications that transportation in Indonesia has undergone a definite economic shift. The results showed that although the government has publicly expressed its full support for any individual who will develop a business in the digital economy model, it is not effective enough to be consistent in the transportation business. Policy recommendations include adaptive training incentive programs for incumbent groups and accelerated funding assistance for new entrant groups, in addition to strengthening active collaboration between the government and the private sector is urgently needed.

The International Criminal Court and the Justice Cascade

Abstract We present an original interpretation of the justice cascade theory developed by Kathryn Sikkink and her coauthors as it pertains to the icc’s engagements with African states since 2004. In doing so, we challenge a prominent and acclaimed critique of this theory: Oumar Ba’s States of Justice. Ba presents four qualitative case studies informed by fieldwork, focused on the admissibility challenges, selective cooperation, and obstructionism involving Uganda, Libya, Kenya, and Côte d’Ivoire. We closely examine the key publications in which the justice cascade theory is introduced, refined, and critiqued, identifying misinterpretations of this theory in Ba’s work and elucidating its empirical implications. Furthermore, we perform a citation analysis of States of Justice, demonstrating that the book, by virtually omitting primary sources of any type, misimplements its own empirical strategy. We introduce fresh legal analyses of compliance with the Rome Statute of the icc in the four relevant cases, revealing the dearth of evidence of noncompliance in all but the Kenyan case. Finally, we discuss legal analysis as a means of testing theories of international law and courts, and we illustrate the relevance of the justice cascade theory to current debates on the establishment of new international tribunals.

Public service users’ responses to performance information: Bayesian learning or motivated reasoning?

Abstract Although performance information is widely promoted to improve the accountability of public service provision, behavioral research has revealed that motivated reasoning leads recipients to update their beliefs inaccurately. However, the reasoning processes of service users have been largely neglected. We develop a theory of public service users’ motivated reasoning about performance information stemming from their identification with the organization providing their services. We address a significant challenge to studying motivated reasoning—that widely used existing research designs cannot rule out alternative cognitive explanations, especially Bayesian learning, such that existing findings could be driven by strong prior beliefs rather than biased processing of new information. We use a research design incorporating Bayesian learning as a benchmark to identify departures from accuracy motivated reasoning process. We assess the empirical implications of the theory using a preregistered information provision experiment among parents with children using public schools. To assess their identity-based motivated reasoning, we provide them with noisy, but true, performance information about their school. Overall, we find no evidence of directionally motivated reasoning. Instead, parents change their beliefs in response to performance feedback in a way that largely reflects conservative Bayesian learning. Performance reporting to service users is less vulnerable to motivational biases in this context than suggested by the general literature on motivated reasoning. Furthermore, exploratory findings show that performance information can correct erroneous beliefs among misinformed service users, suggesting that investment in reporting performance to service users is worthwhile to inform their beliefs and improve accountability.

Do price trajectory data increase the efficiency of market impact estimation?

Market impact is an important problem faced by large institutional investors and active market participants. In this paper, we rigorously investigate whether price trajectory data from the metaorder increases the efficiency of estimation, from the view of the Fisher information, which is directly related to the asymptotic efficiency of statistical estimation. We show that, for popular market impact models, estimation methods based on partial price trajectory data, especially those containing early trade prices, can outperform established estimation methods (e.g. VWAP-based) asymptotically. We discuss theoretical and empirical implications of such phenomenon, and how they could be readily incorporated into practice.

Interrelationship Between Entrepreneurial Alertness and Intention Among University Students: A Moderated Mediation Model

Purpose Based on the theory of planned behavior and social cognitive theory, this study investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial alertness (EA) and entrepreneurial intention (EI) through the mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and the moderating role of entrepreneurial climate (EC) in the “triple disruptions” of pandemic, Industry 4.0, and innovative technology. Design/Approach/Methods This study collected data from 717 Chinese university students and adopted a moderated mediation model to verify the proposed construct. All data were acquired online via Wenjuanxing software and analyzed with SPSS and SmartPLS. Findings Results show that (1) EA, ESE, and EC are significant predictors of EI; (2) ESE partially mediates the relationship between EA and EI; and (3) EC moderates the relationship between ESE and EI. Originality/Value The originality of this study lies in its use of an inner- and outer-moderator framework to examine student entrepreneurial intentions. The results of this study demonstrate that EA, ESE, and EC are crucial determinants of EI among Chinese university students. These findings of this study have empirical implications for governments, universities, and individuals insofar as they can be used to enhance students’ ability to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities, foster ESE, create ECs, and facilitate EI by offering multiple entrepreneurship-related resources.

Short and Long Run Effects of Leniency Programs on Cartel Stability and Prosecution

Abstract This study investigates the effects of leniency programs on cartel duration, cartel fines, and the length of investigations, providing empirical insights that contribute to the ongoing debate regarding their theoretical and empirical implications. The introduction of leniency programs in two different jurisdictions (EU and Spain) at different times and the exogeneity of the introduction date enable us to identify their impact using difference-in-differences estimations. We empirically show that leniency programs, by destabilizing existing cartels, allow for the detection of the longer-lasting ones in the short run. In the long run, our results suggest that destabilization effects prevail, and leniency programs discourage the creation of new cartels. Specifically, our findings indicate that the duration of detected cartels almost doubles in the short run and nearly halves in the long run. Finally, our study reveals that the introduction of leniency programs results in a significant increase in the average fines per cartel case, both before and after taking into account the fine reductions resulting from these programs. This suggests that leniency programs contribute to stronger sanctions against cartels, enhancing their general deterrent effect. However, our findings also indicate that leniency programs lengthen the average duration of cartel investigations, which may hinder the ability of competition authorities to proactively pursue other cases.

CompLaw: A Coding Protocol and Database for the Comparative Study of Judicial Review

Abstract A growing theoretical literature identifies how the process of constitutional review shapes judicial decision-making, legislative behavior, and even the constitutionality of legislation and executive actions. However, the empirical interrogation of these theoretical arguments is limited by the absence of a common protocol for coding constitutional review decisions across courts and time. We introduce such a coding protocol and database (CompLaw) of rulings by 42 constitutional courts. To illustrate the value of CompLaw, we examine a heretofore untested empirical implication about how review timing relates to rulings of unconstitutionality (Ward and Gabel 2019). First, we conduct a nuanced analysis of rulings by the French Constitutional Council over a 13-year period. We then examine the relationship between review timing and strike rates with a set of national constitutional courts in one year. Our data analysis highlights the benefits and flexibility of the CompLaw coding protocol for scholars of judicial review.

Effects of the built environment on travel distance in bus-oriented, medium-sized cities in China

The impact of the built environment and weather conditions on travel behavior has been widely studied. However, limited studies have focused on better understanding such effects in medium-sized cities with bus-oriented transit systems, particularly from a separate perspective of travelers’ origins and destinations. We took Weinan, China, as a representative of second-tier cities in developing countries that concentrate on bus-oriented development strategies. New evidence of feature importance and nonlinear effects of crucial factors were revealed by an interpretable machine learning-based approach combining XGBoost and Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) with multi-source data. Most key factors were critical at both origins and destinations, such as the density of residential and commercial facilities. However, several important factors, such as road density and boarding time, had strong imbalanced effects on travel behavior. These findings provide novel insights and empirical implications to support urban planning strategies in medium-sized cities.

Exploring elementary preservice teachers’ responsive teaching in mathematics through an artificial intelligence-based Chatbot

We aimed to investigate the responsive teaching practice of preservice teachers (PSTs) using an artificial intelligence-based chatbot designed to serve the dual roles of a virtual student and a virtual mentor. We identified four unique profiles of PST's questioning patterns using latent profile analysis. We examined the changes in PSTs' questioning patterns after receiving feedback from a virtual mentor and investigated the differences in their self-assessments regarding interaction effectiveness by profile. PSTs' tendency to adjust their questions varied. There was no statistical difference in the effectiveness of interactions among profiles. We include theoretical and empirical implications for teacher education.

The stock market reaction to political and economic changes: the Spanish case

As other European countries, Spain has experienced a turmoil in which new political parties emerged with force after the global financial crisis in 2008. In this context, we analyze whether the empirical implications of the opportunistic and partisan theories, as well as the Uncertain Information Hypothesis, are met in the Spanish stock market, considering the size and the industry of the companies. The horizon of our study takes into account the seven general elections, 24 regional elections and 4 European elections held from 2002 to 2019, period in which Spain is fully integrated in the economic and monetary union and under the macroeconomic imbalance procedure. Our results do not support the opportunistic and partisan theories, or the Uncertain Information Hypothesis. Our evidence suggests that the short-term negative market reaction to the general elections is linked to the uncertainty with a change in the political sign of the incumbent. Besides, it is not related to size or industry characteristics.

Contextualizing corporate entrepreneurship: a systematic review and future research agenda

ABSTRACT Corporate entrepreneurship (CE) is an essential concept in entrepreneurship research. Many scholars have shown CE theoretical and empirical implications for firms’ survival, development, and growth. We use a systematic literature review approach to analyse and discuss 214 articles published in top-tier journals from 1985 to 2023. This review proposes a conceptual model and highlights that little attention has been given to discussing the role of context in the corporate entrepreneurial process. Thus, we propose a research agenda for contextualizing corporate entrepreneurship concerning business, social, spatial, institutional, organizational, and ownership contexts.

Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 on Alberta correctional workers

COVID-19 and the subsequent public health responses disrupted the routines and lives of people globally. The impact was felt by correctional workers who navigated rapidly changing public health policies and many disruptions to operations within both institutional and community correctional services. In the current study, we unpack qualitative findings emerging from an online mental health and well-being survey, during COVID-19, of 571 correctional workers employed in the Canadian province of Alberta. Results emphasize how correctional work was strained by the on-set of the COVID-19 pandemic, creating other risks and vulnerabilities for both staff and incarcerated people. Respondents highlighted impacts to their workload, routine, personal and institutional security, relationships with colleagues and incarcerated people, and their competing perspectives on the enforcement and ethics of ensuing public health measures intended to contain the spread of the virus. We discuss the empirical implications of these findings and areas for future research post pandemic.

Middle power plays: How and when Mach middle managers use downward abuse and upward guanxi to gain and maintain power

SummaryGiven Machiavellianism's strong historical and theoretical roots in power and politics, there are surprisingly few empirical studies, if any, that directly examine how Machiavellians attain and maintain power in organizations. Understanding this is important because Machiavellian employees have managed to effectively gain power to reach managerial positions of influence in organizations despite their negative reputation. Further, there are contradictory theories and peripheral empirical findings that suggest they gain power either by strategically forging important connections or through coercive force. We propose that a Mach middle manager perspective can help illuminate which power‐gaining strategy is used. Drawing from the Machiavellianism literature and power dependence theory, we theorize how Mach middle managers gain coercive power through abusive supervision on those with less power (their subordinates), while building close guanxi with those with more power (their senior manager) to obtain relational empowerment. Moreover, we theorize that they maintain power by increasing both power‐gaining strategies when Mach middle managers perceive a high threat to hierarchy from subordinates, suggesting these parallel relations are positively connected. We found support for our theoretical model using data from a multi‐confederate experimental lab study and two multi‐wave field studies. The theoretical and empirical implications of our findings are discussed.

Money or fit? The tradeoff of intrinsic and extrinsic variables in hospitality managers' job choice

With the hospitality industry facing an ongoing labor shortage exacerbated by the pandemic, this study extends research on job applicants' preferences for job offers, drawing primarily from the person-environment fit theory. It focuses on understanding the importance of entry-level salary, person-job (PJ) fit, and person-organization (PO) fit within the context of hospitality businesses. Using a two-phase model that unifies and extends the job choice of single-attribute and multiple-attribute job offers, this study uses mixed ANOVA analyses to test the proposed hypotheses. Our main result shows that job applicants experiencing high perceived financial stress are more likely to accept the job offer with both PJ fit and PO fit when compared to (a) the job offer with a higher entry-level salary and PJ fit and (b) the job offer with a higher entry-level salary and PO fit. Based on these findings, several theoretical and empirical implications are discussed.

Digital Technology Adoption in Entrepreneurs: Are Ex-Migrant Workers More Adaptive?

Research Originality: Migrant workers should have improved their skills and be more adaptive to applying digital technology. This research contribution focuses on ex-migrant workers with current careers as business owners.Research Objectives: This research reviewed the determinant factor of technological adoption on entrepreneurs with the experience of ex-migrants based on some factors, such as migrant, demographic, and business.Research Methods: The applied method of this study is - logit regression analysis. This study examined 329 business owners of 1.518 workers as surveyed by the National Workforce Survey, SAKERNAS, in Mataram, in the period 2022.Empirical Results: The research result was the lower digital technology adoption of ex-migrant business owners than the non-ex-migrant workers. The causal factor was the poor educational level of ex-migrant workers in Indonesia.Implications: The empirical implication of this study is - to determine the empowerment program of ex-migrant workers regarding the digital technology utility within the scope of entrepreneurship activities and technological transfer through the ex-migrant workers of Indonesia. JEL Classification: J6, M2, O3How to Cite:Haer, J., Gravitiani, E., & Putro, T. R. (2024). Digital Technology Adoption in Entrepreneurs: Are Ex-Migrant Workers More Adaptive?. Etikonomi, 23(1), 1 – 10. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v23i1.34681.

The Effect of Workplace Spirituality and HRM Practices on Job Performancethe Mediating and Moderating Approach

Providing the vital roles of nurses in defining the sustainability of the healthcare system, nursing performance is recognized to be significant in providing quality care of patients. However, job performance reported in Pakistani public hospitals over the past few years has been deteriorated. There have been numerous researches about factors that affect job performance like HRM practices, spirituality at work and employee engagement. So, in this regard, leadership desires to change the behavior to engage the nurses in improving performance. The current study examines the direct effect of HRM practices and spirituality at work on job performance and on the employee engagement. The indirect mediating effect of employee engagement is examined on the associations and the moderating effect of change leadership between employee engagement and job performance is also examined. Purposive sampling was used to collect the data. There were 390 practical data from fifteen public hospitals in Pakistan were applied for further data analysis. The software PLS-SEM was applied to measure the structural model. Further the bootstrapping supported on the effect of inner life and employee participation and career development on employee engagement and on job performance is significant. In addition, the study found the partial mediating effect of employee engagement between inner life and career development on job performance is significant. The moderating effect of change leadership between employee engagement and job performance is also significant. The empirical implication showed that HRM practices and spirituality at work confines the negative effect of shortage of nurses and also increasing nursing job performance of nurses and providing better working atmosphere. However, there is no need to any intervention from the top management to modify the nursing behaviors. Future research could increase on the scope of the study.

The Value of Cash: Evidence from Indonesia Listed Firms

This study investigates the influence of Islamic law on the value of cash holdings. The empirical analysis was conducted using Indonesian-listed companies from 2012 to 2020 as the research sample. It is hypothesized that companies adhering to Islamic law will increase the value of cash holdings. Considering the ownership structure, it is hypothesized that higher ownership by institutions and corporate insiders in Islamic-compliant companies will lead to higher value of cash holdings. The empirical results of this study reveal that companies adhering to Islamic principles do indeed increase the value of cash holdings. Additionally, higher institutional and insider ownership in Islamic-compliant companies increase the value of cash holdings. The empirical implications of this study suggest that religious beliefs influence managerial decision-making, leading to more cautious control over cash. Both religion and ownership structure play important roles in the efficient use of cash by managers.
 Keywords: Islamic law, value of cash holdings, ownership structure

초등교사의 다문화 인식 및 수용 태도의 실체적 의미에 관한 질적연구

This study explored the substantive meaning of elementary school teachers’ multicultural awareness and acceptance attitudes. To this end, this study began two researchers’ self-report statements. Then, research questions were formulated and multicultural awareness was divided into uncanny, prejudice, discrimination, and hatred. In addition, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with eight elementary school teachers to collect and analyze relevant data. As a result of the study, it was found that elementary school teachers teach multicultural students and that their self-perception changes as teachers. In this process, elementary school teachers build relationships with multicultural students by going through the pre-meeting stage, the meeting stage, and the post-meeting stage. From this, the elementary teachers reflected on their existing selves. They understand that their self changed from an initial integrated perception to a separate perception, and they experienced the strengthening of their Persona as a teacher. The findings of the study reveal the empirical implications of what elementary teachers experience in multicultural awareness and acceptance and how they are guided in this process. Based on the results of the study, the researcher discussed the need for educational practice and training for pre-service teachers and teachers who have entered the teaching profession to experience multicultural awareness and separation of self, and discussed the direction of teacher education to separate the personal and professional self for the professionalism of the teaching profession and the need to solidify the area of teacher-centered pedagogy.

The nexus of project management approaches in sustainable development: innovative behaviors as a mechanism in the Polish financial industry

PurposeBased on the social exchange theory, the aim of the present study is to examine the effects, both direct and indirect (through sustainability-oriented innovative behaviors [SIBs]), of sustainable project leadership (SPL) on sustainable project performance (SPP). Project management approaches (PMAs) (traditional, hybrid and agile) were examined as conditional factors in the “SPL–SIBs” relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs structural equation modeling based on data collected from 197 software engineering project team members working in the financial industry in Poland.FindingsThe study revealed that SPL significantly, positively affected SPP. It also provided evidence for the significant mediating impact of SIBs in the relationship between SPL and SPP and the conditional effect of agile and hybrid PMAs on the “SPL–SIBs” relationship.Originality/valueThe novelty of this work lies in introducing sustainable leadership into project management research, proposing and testing a unique and complex research framework, designing valid scales for measuring SPL and SPP, and suggesting many theoretical and empirical implications.