Empirical Graph Research Articles

The economics of process control in energy management

The benefits associated with process control as a means of energy management in the chemical recovery cycle or in combined heat and power plants are reviewed. The conclusions are substantiated with actual results from recent implementation of the expressed ideas.The choice of system sophistication requires a careful analysis of the potential savings available from the process. Guidance to how such a survey can be performed and where the sources of the economics lie is also given. The relationship between the complexity of the processes under consideration and the desired level of optimisation to the required intelligence level of the system is developed into an empirical graph. This graph will also give an indication of the pay back pericd to be expected from a vendor based system developed for the particular application.

The Economics of Process Control in Energy Management

The benefits associated with process control as a means of energy management in the chemical recovery cycle or in combined heat and power plants are reviewed. The conclusions are substantiated with actual results from recent implementation of the expressed ideas.The choice of system sophistication requires a careful analysis of the potential savings available from the process. Guidance to how such a survey can be performed and where the sources of the economics lie is also given. The relationship between the complexity of the processes under consideration and the desired level of optimisation to the required intelligence level of the system is developed into an empirical graph. This graph will also give an indication of the pay back pericd to be expected from a vendor based system developed for the particular application.

Estimating a graph from triad counts

An empirical graph [Ggrave] is described by a random graph model which generates [Ggrave] from an unknown graph G by independent removals and additions of edges. We consider the problem of estimating G by using the triad counts in [Ggrave], i.e. the numbers of different induced subgraphs of order three in [Ggrave]. We describe methods of estimating a transitive graph and a forest, and we indicate a possible approach for a general graph G.

Deteemination of Total Chlorine Residual in Treated Wastewaters by Electrode

Abstract Total chlorine residuals of wastewater effluents as determined by an Orion 97–70 residual chlorine electrode and the phenylarsine oxide (PAO) back-titration were compared. At ≤1 ppm levels, the electrode and titrimetric methods compared favorably, but at>l ppm chlorine concentration the electrode was preferred. Use of the electrode for measuring chlorine residuals was limited to samples with a biochemical oxygen demand ≥50 mg/1 oxygen, while the PAO back-titration could be employed above this limit. The electrode was useful for field analysis; however, the electrode reading was strongly dependent upon temperature. An empirical graph was developed which allowed a post-analysis correction for the temperature differential between samples and standards.

Depositional Mechanisms from the Size Analysis of Clastic Sediments

ABSTRACT The problem of discrimination between the different mechanisms or processes and the different environments of deposition from the size distribution of coarse clastic sediments (gravels, sands, silts, and their lithified equivalents) has been investigated by satistical methods. Several discriminant functions with their levels of significance are established by multivariate discriminatory analysis in order to distinguish between adjacent mechanisms and environments having closely similar energy conditions. The variations in the sample statistics through space and/or time are concordant within the different mechanisms and environments. An empirical graph of 12 versus {[SKg]/[SMz] · S(12)} on a log-log paper is useful only when two or more number of samples are available for discrimination, but the discriminant functions can be used even for single samples. Presently, it is possible to distinguish between aeolian, marine, fluvial, and turbidity current mechanisms; and between littoral (beach) and shallow agitated water (down to 300 feet) environments within the spectrum of marine depositional processes.

Model Tests of Coastal Protective Structures in USSR

A variety of designs of underwater breakwaters, their process of wave destruction and dynamically balanced shore profile development were developed in extensive laboratory tests and comparative observations in nature, by the Soviet Institute of Engineers of the Maritime Fleet in Odessa. Twenty types of structures, under the influence of a variety of incidence waves and three stages of immersion, were tested and statistically evaluated as to their costal protective efficiency. Empirical equation and graph formulate the relationship of incidence wave parameters and breakwater dimensions for planned structures. Breakwaters with vertical surfaces generate turbulent destruction of waves with limited passage of sediment, whereas with both sides sloped 1 : 1 structures destroy the waves calmly and transfer one and a half times more beach material. In both cases decrease of the crest immersion produces a considerable decrease in the sediment transport capacity. Maximum disintegration occurs on the upper part of the vertical or sloped breakwater. Curved surface structures show considerably less abrasive effect, appearing only at the lower half of the front surface.

A GENERALIZED CAGNIARD GRAPH FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF GEOELECTRICAL SOUNDING DATA

AbstractThe Cagniard method of interpreting geoelectrical sounding data is based on the use of an empirical graph which expresses the relation between the resistivity and thickness of the second subsurface layer on one side, and on the other side the replacement resistivity and replacement thickness which are derived from the two‐layer sounding curve which is asymptotic to the second branch of the observed sounding curve. In his method separate graphs of this type are required for different values of the resistivity of the third subsurface layer. In the present paper a generalized Cagniard graph is derived which has the advantage of being independent of the value of the resistivity of the third subsurface layer. Finally, the accuracy of the method is discussed, and a procedure is described for extending its use to cases where more than three subsurface layers intervene.