Empirical Domain Research Articles

The Priority of Natural Laws in Kant's Early Philosophy

It is widely held that, in his pre-Critical works, Kant endorsed a necessitation account of laws of nature, where laws are grounded in essences or causal powers. Against this, I argue that the early Kant endorsed the priority of laws in explaining and unifying the natural world, as well as their irreducible role in grounding natural necessity. Laws are a key constituent of Kant’s explanatory naturalism, rather than undermining it. By laying out neglected distinctions Kant draws among types of natural law, grounding relations, and ontological levels, I show that his early works present a coherent and sophisticated laws-first account of the natural order. Laws are a key constituent of Kant’s explanatory naturalism with respect to the empirical domain, and do not undermine it.

The identity constructions in narratives of migration in Southern Maranhão

Partindo da proposição de que narrativas e identidades emergem de contextos sociais e de que a discursividade é uma lente privilegiada para investigar as práticas sociais e experiências pessoais, a presente pesquisa de caráter interpretativo/qualitativo tem como domínio empírico as narrativas de pessoas que vivenciaram um processo de migração recente em Balsas, cidade do Sul do Maranhão. Nesse cenário, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar como as identidades, especificamente sob o ponto de vista de quem nasceu na região, são construídas linguística e textualmente em um espaço geográfico marcado pelas transformações sociais e econômicas do movimento migratório recente. As análises das narrativas permitiram evidenciar as identidades em um ambiente de transformações rápidas, com uma multiplicidade de indivíduos, onde as construções identitárias não são unificadas, mas estão sempre em transformação.

Constructions in Minimalism: A Functional Perspective on Cyclicity.

This article presents a perspective on syntactic cyclicity in minimalism that is compatible with fundamental ideas in construction–grammar approaches. In particular, I outline the minimalist approach to syntactic structure building and highlight that units of potentially any phrasal size can be atomic items in the syntactic derivation, showing that the opposition between simplex linguistic items (“words”) and more complex ones (“phrases”) in minimalism is in principle as artificial as in many construction–grammar approaches. Based on this perspective on structure building, I focus on the empirical domain of subextraction patterns out of complex subjects, adjuncts, and complements, and I demonstrate that the acceptability patterns in this domain can be explained by a functional approach to syntactic cyclicity: Unacceptable patterns are ruled out not for configurational (and hence syntactic) reasons, but rather they systematically follow from infelicitous interpretations at the syntax–discourse interface. This raises the question of whether syntactic cyclicity is (at least in part) motivated by performance (read: “language-in-use”) constraints, which I consider another area for fruitful interaction between construction–grammar and usage-based accounts on the one hand and minimalism on the other hand.

Enhanced Thermostability and Enzymatic Activity of Cel6A Variants from Thermobifida fusca by Empirical Domain Engineering (Short Title: Domain Engineering of Cel6A).

Cellulases are a set of lignocellulolytic enzymes, capable of producing eco-friendly low-cost renewable bioethanol. However, low stability and hydrolytic activity limit their wide-scale applicability at the industrial scale. In this work, we report the domain engineering of endoglucanase (cel6A) of Thermobifida fusca to improve their catalytic activity and thermal stability. Later, enzymatic activity and thermostability of the most efficient variant named as cel6A.CBC was analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations. This variant demonstrated profound activity against soluble and insoluble cellulosic substrates like filter paper, alkali-treated bagasse, regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC), and bacterial microcrystalline cellulose. The variant cel6A.CBC showed the highest catalysis of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and other related insoluble substrates at a pH of 6.0 and a temperature of 60 °C. Furthermore, a sound rationale was observed between experimental findings and molecular modeling of cel6A.CBC which revealed thermostability of cel6A.CBC at 26.85, 60.85, and 74.85 °C as well as structural flexibility at 126.85 °C. Therefore, a thermostable derivative of cel6A engineered in the present work has enhanced biological performance and can be a useful construct for the mass production of bioethanol from plant biomass.

Doi Moi and Vietnamese threat perception of Chinese economic growth

AbstractA growing body of literature has recently emerged establishing that political socialization influences foreign policy preferences of the public. But the empirical domain of this literature has been confined largely to American foreign policy and whether and how this empirical regularity holds in a non-democratic, non-western setting is unknown. Filling this lacuna, this research note studies the Vietnamese public attitudes toward Chinese economic expansion. I argue that Vietnamese citizens who grew up amid Doi Moi (renovation) had a political socialization experience very different from that of the birth cohorts who immediately preceded them. I demonstrate that the traditional ‘socialist brotherhood’ rhetoric that used to moderate otherwise hostile public opinions about China became insignificant through the course of the reform. This abrupt change led to markedly divergent views between the pre- and post-Doi Moi birth groups on China. Using the data from the latest Pew Global Attitude Survey, I demonstrate that Doi Moi increased the Vietnamese public's negative perception of Chinese economic expansion.

Identifying the value of data analytics in the context of government supervision: Insights from the customs domain

eCommerce, Brexit, new safety and security concerns are only a few examples of the challenges that government organisations, in particular customs administrations, face today when controlling goods crossing borders. To deal with the enormous volumes of trade customs administrations rely more and more on information technology (IT) and risk assessment, and are starting to explore the possibilities that data analytics (DA) can offer to support their supervision tasks. Driven by customs as our empirical domain, we explore the use of DA to support the supervision role of government. Although data analytics is considered to be a technological breakthrough, there is so far only a limited understanding of how governments can translate this potential into actual value and what are barriers and trade-offs that need to be overcome to lead to value realisation. The main question that we explore in this paper is: How to identify the value of DA in a government supervision context, and what are barriers and trade-offs to be considered and overcome in order to realise this value? Building on leading models from the information system (IS) literature, and by using case studies from the customs domain, we developed the Value of Data Analytics in Government Supervision (VDAGS) framework. The framework can help managers and policy-makers to gain a better understanding of the benefits and trade-offs of using DA when developing DA strategies or when embarking on new DA projects. Future research can examine the applicability of the VDAGS framework in other domains of government supervision.

Ecological Sensemaking and the Attention-Based View for Farmers: What They Know

We extend the ecological sensemaking construct to outline the conceptual linkage between the Karl Weick’s sensemaking concept and William Ocasio’s Attention-Based View. We illustrate this linkage within the empirical domain of farms. Collecting interview data from 38 farmers, we present a thematic analysis to show that actors embedded in their local environment accurately make sense of ecological processes at the local level but may not have the attentional extent to make sense of planetary processes. This study synthesizes concepts in physical materiality, sociomateriality, technology, ecological sensemaking, geographical scale, attentional grain and attentional extent to explain the ontological and epistemological position of ecological sensemaking. We provide a method to unpack the enactment, selection and retention sensemaking micro-processes from which may be deployed in future studies of ecological sensemaking in natural resource-based industries. We discuss implications for actors working in any environment for which ecological material is ubiquitous and a key business input. We call for more research to bring forward ecological sensemaking as a process of organising.

Geomarketing e o problema da questão locacional nos estudos de marketing

Objetivo do estudo: Revelar o real interesse dos pesquisadores de marketing pela questão locacional (geomarketing) e demonstrar como aspectos metodológicos (implicações dos métodos locacionais) e teóricos (diferenças conceituais) atuam na estagnação e na baixa participação da produção científica de estudos de geomarketing.Metodologia/abordagem: Coleta de dados por meio de questionário, bases de dados científicas e demográficas, tratados por métodos estatísticos (teste-t/regressão) e locacionais.Principais resultados: O grande interesse dos pesquisadores de marketing pela questão locacional não se reflete em volume de produção científica. Implicações dos diferentes métodos locacionais nos resultados de um problema de marketing são pouco exploradas. O uso de sistemas de informação geográfica (GIS) e a vinculação teórica das pesquisas à estrutura seminal do marketing se apresentam como elementos que dificultam pesquisas em geomarketing, se colocando também como possíveis justificativas para o baixo número de publicações de geomarketing nas áreas de negócios (administração/marketing).Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Métodos locacionais podem ser reproduzidos sem GIS. As implicações associadas aos métodos locacionais podem ser utilizadas como direcionadores da solução para cada problema de pesquisa. Os problemas de geomarketing podem ser vinculados à teoria do marketing, desde que o lugar se apresente como elemento de ligação com o mercado e sua dinâmica, e não como objeto desconectado do comportamento dos consumidores.Relevância/originalidade: A pesquisa mostra como evitar a aplicação inconsistente de técnicas, conceitos e rótulos geográficos nos vários domínios empíricos do marketing regional, um ponto relevante para aumentar o número de pesquisas de geomarketing em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil.

Future temporal focus in resilience research: when leader resilience provides a role model

PurposeDespite more and more researchers recommend that time-related issues should be considered into the resilience research, temporal issue is still largely neglected in empirical domain. The purpose of this study is to introduce the concept of future temporal focus, while investigating whether and when leader resilience contributes to subordinates' level of conveyed resilience.Design/methodology/approachSurvey responses from a two-source field study involving 222 supervisor–subordinate dyads were collected. Regression-based moderation and bootstrapping analyses were adapted to analyze data and test hypotheses by using the PROCESS syntax in SPSS software.FindingsResults showed that there is no significant effect of leader resilience on subordinate resilience. However, consistent with hypotheses, leader's future temporal focus and resilience had a significant interactive effect on subordinate's resilience. That is, when leaders had higher level of future temporal focus, their resilience would be positively correlated with subordinate resilience.Practical implicationsThe findings of the study provide important practical insights into developing relevant training and intervention programs in organizations to cultivate employee resilience. These can also be strengthened by encouraging leaders' future-oriented cognition on work-related domains and leader–member exchange relationship.Originality/valueOverall, this study introduced temporal focus into resilience theory by providing evidence of its impacts on employee behaviors, and emphasized the important role of future temporal focus of leader.

Special Issue “Formal Approaches to Grammaticalization”: Introduction

Across languages and language families, it has been observed that some changes in the conventions of interpretation of specific functional meanings and their corresponding linguistic markers are not random, but follow clear and consistent patterns. In light of these systematicities, unidirectional grammaticalization “pathways” or “trajectories” have been proposed to capture these diachronic phenomena. Less well-understood, however, is how and why these particular changes occur, why they should be unidirectional or cyclic, and what (communicative) mechanisms and (semantic) representations support them. This special issue of PLSA assembles work from a number of scholars working across different empirical domains—and with different theoretical backgrounds and commitments—to take stock of both advances in this research program over the past decade, as well as the development of new ways of understanding semantic change phenomena.

The Annus Mirabilis paper: years of peak productivity in scientific careers

This paper defines the ‘miraculous year’ as the most productive year in academics’ scientific careers. It tests the hypothesis that annual productivity is unevenly distributed with a Lotka-like distribution at both individual and group levels. To gain generalizability, we model distributions of annual publication productivity in three independent mini studies. The studies include Israeli star scientists, highly cited physicists, and economists in an elite American university. The findings show that most scientists enjoy a peak annus mirabilis with a minority having a few such peaks. Academic age at which the annus mirabilis takes place gravitates towards the center of a career, especially amongst older scientists. The results support the hypothesis that scientific careers are punctuated by exceptionally productive years. We discuss how administrative constraints may affect levels of productivity. The paper opens up a new empirical domain for further empirical tests of career productivity and calls for policy discussions around the implications of the idea of the annus mirabilis.

Building smart communities for sustainable development:

PurposeTourism is an important economic activity, and a significant contributor to employment, growth and sustainable development for most of the predominantly small island developing states of the Caribbean. Community-based tourism, given its intuitively natural alignment with the interests and greater inclusiveness of local actors and communities, is considered to be an important contributor to sustainable tourism. This study aims to evaluate the potential for digital technologies to amplify the distinctiveness, enhance service delivery and ultimately contribute to the sustainability of community tourism contexts.Design/methodology/approachThe research uses a form of participatory action research that involves active collaboration between researchers and practitioners. The authors propose a framework approach for implementing smart community initiatives within a community tourism context.FindingsThe human-centered, participatory framework approach described in this research can help to empower community tourism by providing increased visibility and enhanced service delivery for small operators. These outcomes can become important contributions to enhancing inclusive and sustainable development and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable local communities – a key outcome for sustainable development goal 11 – sustainable cities and communities.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is ongoing with the value outcomes still emerging. The empirical domain is confined to a single geographical context, so the findings and insights may not be generalizable.Practical implicationsBeyond the emerging research insights, the project produced specific digital artifacts such as geospatial data and technology platforms; and process outcomes such as training, capacity-building and empowerment of community members. In particular, youth trained to create and maintain the digital infrastructure (community mapping) provide an important local capability that can be re-purposed for other types of field-based data collection activities, thus providing alternative economic opportunities.Originality/valueThe map-based information and digital content are localized to a specific geographical context, using data mapped by local actors, who possess the best local knowledge about what the community has to offer. The approach and supporting technologies can be readily replicated into other communities.

Embodied cognition: dimensions, domains and applications

This article is intended as a response to Goldinger et al. and to all those, an increasing minority in the sciences, who still belittle the contribution of embodied cognition to our understanding of human cognitive behaviour. In this article (section 1), I introduce the notion of embodiment and explain its dimensions and reach. I review (section 2) a range of embodied cognition theories and highlight the principles and criteria on which they rely or draw from. I focus (section 3) on three crucial empirical domains in which an embodied perspective has driven novel insights about the relationship between mind and cognition. I argue that embodiment is not just a philosophical mantra empty of empirical content. I draw attention (section 4) to some of the recent ways in which principles underlying embodied cognition have begun to be applied in different fields (contemporary psychology). I review some of these interventions and suggest that discussing these applications not only provides additional evidence against any poverty claim but can also help moving the field forward in important ways. Contra Goldinger et al., I therefore conclude (section 5) that embodied cognition is a very fruitful research programme for the empirical sciences and that can adequately explain many aspects of human cognitive behaviour.

Unrealistic models for realistic computations: how idealisations help represent mathematical structures and found scientific computing

We examine two very different approaches to formalising real computation, commonly referred to as “Computable Analysis” and “the BSS approach”. The main models of computation underlying these approaches—bit computation (or Type-2 Effectivity) and BSS, respectively—have also been put forward as appropriate foundations for scientific computing. The two frameworks offer useful computability and complexity results about problems whose underlying domain is an uncountable space (such as $${\mathbb {R}}$$ or $${\mathbb {C}}$$). Since typically the problems dealt with in physical sciences, applied mathematics, economics, and engineering are also defined in uncountable domains, it is fitting that we choose between these two approaches a foundational framework for scientific computing. However, the models are incompatible as to their results. What is more, the BSS model is highly idealised and unrealistic; yet, it is the de facto implicit model in various areas of computational mathematics, with virtually no problems for the everyday practice. This paper serves three purposes. First, we attempt to delineate what the goal of developing foundations for scientific computing exactly is. We distinguish between two very different interpretations of that goal, and on the separate basis of each one, we put forward answers about the appropriateness of each framework. Second, we provide an account of the fruitfulness and wide use of BSS, despite its unrealistic assumptions. Third, according to one of our proposed interpretations of the scope of foundations, the target domain of both models is a certain mathematical structure (namely, floating-point arithmetic). In a clear sense, then, we are using idealised models to study a purely mathematical structure (actually a class of such structures). The third purpose is to point out and explain this intriguing (perhaps unique) phenomenon and attempt to make connections with the typical case of idealised models of empirical domains.

A split approach to the selection of allomorphs: Vowel length alternating allomorphy in Dutch

In this article it is argued that the selection of allomorphs is distributed over two modules, viz. Vocabulary Insertion and Phonology. This is done on the basis of a case study of vowel length alternating allomorphs in Dutch. The data show a split pattern: some empirical domains can be fully captured by phonological principles. For these cases, the phonologically most optimal allomorph will be selected. In other empirical domains, phonological principles still account for many of the attested data. Yet, one attests lexicalised exceptions as well, which are clearly phonologically non-optimal. The data echo opposing views in the literature: some proposals attempt to reduce allomorph selection to phonology, others focus on the fact that many examples are simply not phonologically optimal and suggest that allomorph selection should not be done by Phonology. I argue that the opposing nature of these two types of data is actually indicative of the way the selection of allomorphs is organised. More specifically, both Vocabulary Insertion and Phonology can determine the selection of allomorphs. Vocabulary Insertion is responsible for stored information, Phonology is responsible for phonologically optimising patterns.

Optimising realism of synthetic images using cycle generative adversarial networks for improved part segmentation

In this paper we report on improving part segmentation performance for robotic vision using convolutional neural networks by optimising the visual realism of synthetic agricultural images. In Part I, a cycle consistent generative adversarial network was applied to synthetic and empirical images with the objective to generate more realistic synthetic images by translating them to the empirical domain. We hypothesise that plant part image features (e.g. color, texture) become more similar to the empirical domain after translation of the synthetic images. Results confirm this with an improved mean color distribution correlation with the empirical data prior of 0.62 and post translation of 0.90. Furthermore, the mean image features of contrast, homogeneity, energy and entropy moved closer to the empirical mean, post translation. In Part II, 7 experiments were performed using convolutional neural networks with different combinations of synthetic, synthetic translated to empirical and empirical images. We hypothesise that the translated images can be used for (i) improved learning of empirical images, and (ii) that learning without any fine-tuning with empirical images is improved by bootstrapping with translated images over bootstrapping with synthetic images.Results confirm our hypotheses in Part II. First a maximum intersection-over-union performance was achieved of 0.52 when bootstrapping with translated images and fine-tuning with empirical images; an 8% increase compared to only using synthetic images. Second, training without any empirical fine-tuning resulted in an average IOU of 0.31; a 55% performance increase over previous methods that only used synthetic images. The key contribution of this paper to robotic vision is to provide supporting evidence that domain adaptation can be successfully used to translate and improve synthetic data to the real empirical domain that results in improved segmentation learning whilst lowering the dependency on manually annotated data.

Empirical structure of DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality disorder traits in Arabic-speaking Algerian culture

Mental health professionals using the DSM-5 and ICD-11 are allowed to describe personality disorders in terms of trait domain qualifiers (i.e., Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism/Dissociality, Disinhibition, Anankastia, and Psychoticism). The present study sought to evaluate the structural validity of both DSM-5 and ICD-11 traits in Algerian culture. Algerian university students (N = 638; 67.9% women) were administered the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 – Brief Form (PID-5-BF). The expected empirical domain organization of DSM-5 and ICD-11 traits was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by a post hoc confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). As anticipated, the five-factor pattern overall corresponded to the five DSM-5 trait domains, including a domain of Psychoticism. Likewise, the four-factor structure overall aligned with the ICD-11 trait domain qualifiers, including a single factor denoting Disinhibition versus low Anankastia. However, a few items showed less adequate functioning across the two models, possibly due to cultural differences. Findings provided some support for the structural validity of DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality disorder trait models in Algerian culture, and the trait patterns overall resembled international findings on DSM-5 and ICD-11 trait domains. Future research warrants replication in clinical populations, and association with various health outcomes should be explored.

Child Relativized Minimality and Grammaticality Judgement.

Grammaticality judgements are the fundamental experimental source of generative linguistic theory. They may be difficult to elicit, especially in some populations, but generally they inform us neatly about what the grammar licenses or, on the contrary, bans. On the other hand, acceptability is multifactorial and therefore, unlike grammaticality judgement, can be quantified. In this paper I consider a particular empirical domain, that of Relativized Minimality (RM) in acquisition, and its relation to the dichotomy between grammaticality and acceptability. Friedmann et al. (2009) argued that children hold a stricter version of RM than adults. In particular, children would require a disjoint feature specification, not just a distinct feature specification, between target and intervener. The literature shows asymmetries in comprehension of subject and object relative clauses in various languages which fulfill the predictions of child RM. Variation between adults and children might be expected not only in production and comprehension, but also in grammaticality judgement. If so, children would be predicted to reject object relatives as well as the classic RM violations. Alternatively, if child RM is a processing effect, the prediction is that children would be able to tease apart object relative clauses from RM violations under favorable processing conditions. The question I address is: do children assimilate RM violations and object relative clauses? Grammaticality judgement should provide an answer to this question. In this paper I present an experiment targeting grammaticality judgement for object relatives and RM violations and report preliminary results for a group of 6-year-old Catalan-speaking children showing that object relatives and RM violations are not judged in a parallel fashion, since RM violations are rejected more often than object relatives.

Mixed categories: The morphosyntax of noun modification by Irina Nikolaeva and Andrew Spencer

Reviewed by: Mixed categories: The morphosyntax of noun modification by Irina Nikolaeva and Andrew Spencer Antonio Fábregas Mixed categories: The morphosyntax of noun modification. By Irina Nikolaeva and Andrew Spencer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xi, 396. ISBN 9781108415514. $125 (Hb). A scientific theory is judged by its ability to provide a principled explanation of less straightforward facts that lie at the margins of the data normally discussed and captured by other theories. To the extent that those data naturally follow from the new proposal, a theory is successful in defining a new paradigm. Mixed categories, by Irina Nikolaeva and Andrew Spencer, is an excellent example of how to deliver a maximally explicit morphological theory in a way that complies with these scientific desiderata. As always, one can agree or disagree with some of the assumptions [End Page 951] made, but there is no doubt that this book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of grammatical categories and the relation between lexical and syntactic representations. In this respect, the title of the book might be a bit misleading in that it suggests that the book is devoted to a particular empirical phenomenon. That is not the case, even if the empirical phenomenon that names the book is discussed in depth and analyzed in a broad range of manifestations. This monograph goes far beyond the specific empirical domain that names it, as it defines in a maximally explicit way a full-fledged theory about the lexicon that addresses some of the foundational questions in morphology, from the divide between inflection and derivation to the integration of lexical information with syntactic structures. N&S present in this monograph an expansion of Spencer's generalized paradigm function morphology, an inferential word-and-paradigm theory that integrates Stump's (2016) paradigm function morphology with recursive function application in order to capture in a principled way both concatenative and nonconcatenative morphology. The theory itself challenges syntacticocentric approaches to word formation, such as Halle & Marantz 1993. But before I discuss N&S's contribution to these foundational issues, let us do justice to the phenomenon that the authors chose as title of the book by presenting their specific analysis. N&S follow Spencer 2013 in defining 'mixed categories' as 'lexical types that have not only some properties of the morphology, syntax, or semantics of one category, but also some properties of the morphology, syntax, or semantics of another category' (22). This categorial mixing is widely illustrated in the book, with examples that frequently have been obtained by the authors themselves, from a broad variety of languages. The Upper Sorbian possessive adjective bratowe in 1 (Corbett 1987) is a good example of a mixed category in the nominal domain (97). (1) The categorial mixing is visible in that the possessive adjective acts both as an adjective and as a noun. Externally, bratowe is an adjective in that it agrees in case and number with the head noun that it modifies (nominative plural). Internally, bratowe behaves as a noun that licenses the presence of a possessive determiner mojeho, which agrees with the nominal base bratr- in gender and number (masculine singular) and inflects for genitive case. For some syntactically inclined morphologists (such as myself), it has always been tempting to use these data to support a syntactic analysis of inflection and derivation. Roughly, the analysis would be to propose that the possessive adjective suffix -ow combines not with a morpheme 'brother', but with a syntactic phrase corresponding to 'my brother'. This dual projection analysis (discussed in detail by N&S in Ch. 4) would correspond roughly to 2. (2) N&S, however, show that this analysis cannot be right, specifically that the base of the possessive adjective cannot be a phrase (137). A coordinated base is, for instance, ungrammatical. (3) A dual projection analysis could try to argue that coordination is different from other phrases, but in any instance 3 shows that a phrasal analysis cannot be adopted without other (perhaps idiosyncratic) provisos. N&S then argue in detail that the solution for mixed categories is to be found in the lexicon, but in a very specific model of the lexicon...

Problems, solutions, and institutional logics: Insights from Dutch domestic energy-efficiency retrofits

This paper analyzes the logics that underlie two distinct approaches to energy-efficiency retrofits in the Netherlands. It is explained how these logics lead to differing viewpoints on problems and solutions on the road to scale-up of such retrofits. For this, the paper makes use of the institutional logics approach. The institutional logics approach can be used to understand the reasoning that lies behind material practices and is here applied to two renovation approaches. Institutional logics theory can also explain why actors focus their attention on certain problems and solutions, namely, they focus on the ones consistent with the institutional logics that guide them. The thorough understanding of the empirical domain hereby achieved facilitates the policy formulation process and helps to set suitable system boundaries within frameworks for analyzing technological change processes.