Emphatic Stress Research Articles

A CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS ON EXCLAMATIVES IN THE PHILIPPINE

Exclamatives constructions in the Philippine English form a variegated class which is often confused with other types of clauses. These structures are characterized by intonation contour, emphatic stress and propositional properties beyond their syntactic form. Using the AntCoc protocol, this corpus-based study presents a survey of the categories and syntactical characteristics as well as the functions of the exclamatives found in ICE-PHI with 199 hits out of 1,172 tokens from the word collection. Key words such as what, how so, such a/an and others were used to locate the target hits of the utterances. Analysis was made on the syntactic and formulaic forms, semantic categories and pragmatic impressions. Results show that 'so' exclamatives posted the highest frequency, followed by the prototypes, and 'the such a/an' exclamatives. Minimal occurrences were recorded for DP – 'the way' exclamatives and nominal exclamatives. A majority of the exclamatives followed the initial exclamative phrase syntactic formula except for the 'such a/an' exclamatives which follow the subject auxiliary inversion. The syntactic features and functions of the exclamatives illustrated the semantic nature of the structures which differentiated them from seeming to be similar structures as in expressive/emotional utterance.

Woman’s Language Features Used in Ted Talks

The aim of this research was to find out how the woman's language features used in Ted Talks videos and the language functions used by the woman speakers in Ted Talks. This research is descriptive. This is a descriptive study. The researcher obtained the data by downloading and writing the transcripts of Ted Talks videos. The researcher recognized the sorts of woman's language features utilized by women speakers in TED talk videos to examine the data. The study then determined the language function of all types of female language characteristics utilized by female speakers in TED talks videos. The researcher discovered that women speakers in Ted Talks employed seven sorts of female language features, such as lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, and super polite forms, as the study's final conclusion. The researchers also discovered the language functions employed by women speakers in Ted Talk, such as directive, expressive, referential, metalinguistic, and phatic. However, the researcher found no language features or functions exclusive to women that were not employed by women speakers in Ted Talks, such as exact color descriptors, avoidance of harsh swear words, and emphatic stress. The poetic function is a language function that women speakers in Ted Talks do not employ.

Women's Language Features in “Emma Chamberlain's" Vlogs

ABSTRACT
 This study aims to analysed the women's language features and the functions of women's language features found in the Vlog by Emma Chamberlain. The data were taken from the Vlog by Emma Chamberlain on YouTube. This study was analysed by applying the theory by Lakoff (1975) and the theory by Pearson (1985). Based on the phenomenon, women tend to talk in the media or digital communication. The trend of digital communication is called Vlog or video blogging. In total there are 8 data found in the Vlog from 6 videos. It can be concluded that, there were only Lexical Hedges, intensifiers, and hypercorrect grammars, tag question, rising intonation and declaratives, super polite form, Avoidance of strong swear, and emphatic stress were found in Emma Chamberlain’s Vlog. The functions, it was only found 3 functions from 5 function of women language features proposed by Pearson (1985). These functions are to start discussion, to get response, and to express feeling. The result, It can be concluded that to express feeling is the most commonly found. While, to get responds and to start discussion are the least found.

Women’s Language Used in ‘Birds of Prey and the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn’ movie

The purpose of this study is to analyze the major features of women’s language used by the female characters in “Birds of Prey and the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn” movie. This study investigates the types of women speech features found in the movie. A qualitative approach employing a content analysis method was used in this study. The data were taken from female characters’ utterances. The data were then identified and analyzed based on the classifications of women’s speech features proposed by Lakoff (1975). Findings of this study indicate that six of the features are used by the female characters: lexical hedges/fillers, empty adjectives, tag questions, super polite forms, avoiding strong words, and emphatic stress. Rising intonation, precise color terms, intensifiers, and hypercorrect grammar have not been found in the current research data.

The Linguistic Features in the Conversation of Grade Ten Students of SMA Negeri 2 Pematangsiantar

This research aimed to describe the linguistic features by male and female in students conversation ofgrade eleven students of SMA Negeri 2 Pematangsiantar. To find out the answer of the problem in thisresearch, the researcher uses the related theories, they are Lakoff (1975), Holmes (2010) and Meyerhoff(2006). The design of this research was descriptive qualitative research. The participants were the gradeeleven of SMA Negeri 2 Pematangsiantar. The researcher used two classes, where one class (26 students)and the other one (36 students) was as the control group. The instrument for collecting the data washandphone. The research‘s results showed that both male and female characters use language featuresproposed by Lakoff (1975), such as, empty adjectives, hedge, intensifier, hypercorrect grammar, superpolite form, tag question, and emphatic stress, even though the characteristics of color words andquestion intonation have not been found in the characters‘ utterances. The difference between men andwomen‘s speeches is shown clearly through the characteristic of hypercorrect grammar in which malestudents used informal speeches in higher frequency than female students and male students intend tolexical hedges and filler in their conversation than female students and also super polite form malestudents seldom to use it or never used it in their conversation and female students used avoidance ofstrong swear words than male students never used it.. Overall, it can be said female students had moreformal language variation, while for male students had more informal language variation.

An Analysis of Women's Language Features used by the Three Indonesian Female Travel Bloggers

This research focuses on women’s language features used by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers on blogspot.com and wordpress.com. It was aimed to investigate types of women’s language features used by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers and the most dominant types of women’s language features used by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers. This research was carried out using descriptive qualitative research. The data came from the script of 15 blog posts written by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers. The findings revealed that the three Indonesian female travel bloggers utilized nine types of women’s language features, they are lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super polite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress. The scripts of the three Indonesian female travel bloggers contain a total of 628 language features. During the analysis of the data, it revealed that the researchers were unable to discover precise colour terms because it was unrelated to the 15 blog posts. There was no correlation among the theme on 15 blog posts and the ability to use precise colour terms back then. The three Indonesian female travel bloggers dominantly employed hypercorrect grammar to prove that they concerned about their grammar.

Linguistic Features Used by Female and Male Characters in Black Widow Movie

The title of this study is Linguistic Features Used by the Female and Male Character in “Black Widow” Movie. The problems discussed in this study are the kinds of women’s language features used by female and male characters in the “Black Widow” movie also the speech functions expressed. The study aims to identify the women’s language features found in Natasha’s and Alexei’s utterances and to define the speech functions they expressed. The data were taken from the “Black Widow” movie and supported by the English subtitle, obtained from Disney+ Hotstar. The method used to collect the data is documentation and the technique used is note-taking. The descriptive qualitative method is used to analyze the data, the steps used to analyze the data are identifying the female and male characters by using the women’s language theory which is proposed by Lakoff (2004), and describing its speech functions based on Holmes (2013) theory. The analysis was presented descriptively in the form of a paragraph. There are seven features of women's language found in the female and male utterances. Those are lexical hedges, tag questions, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, intensifiers, super polite forms, and emphatic stress. The functions of speech that were expressed in the features they used are expressive function, directive function, referential function, metalinguistic function, and phatic function.

Вариативность гласных и ее зависимость от типа ударения и фразовой позиции

The position of vowels in acoustic space is described using the values of the F1 and F2 formants. The approach is determined by the need to perceptually distinguish neighboring vowels. The area occupied by a specific vowel is described as a combination of microfields with each microfield formed by a set of allophone positions of the vowel in question. The results obtained demonstrate that the variability of the allophone position in the acoustic field can be determined by a number of factors, such as the degree of prominence and vowel position in the phrase. With this aim vowel positioning in the acoustic space in words with neutral and emphatic stress was studied. The speech material for analysis comprised the word 'Stas' embedded in the carrier phrase 'Stas ne byl tihoney' ('Stas was not quiet') with the target word occupying initial, medial and final positions in the phrase; in each position the word was pronounced with neutral and emphatic stress. F1 and F2 values of the sound [a] in the word 'Stas' were extracted with the FFT method using the Praat software. The Student paired t-test was employed to note the significance of difference between the first and second formant frequencies of neutrally and emphatically stressed vowels. The analysis revealed that the vowels uttered with emphatic stress are characterized by an expansion of their acoustic vowel space by moving off the vowel space center. The displacement occurs either through an increase of F1, a decrease of F2, or both. A general trend was observed in the impact of phrasal position on vowel formant frequencies. Though the vowels under neutral stress seemed to display greater response to the phrasal position factor compared to the emphatically stressed ones, noticeable regularities could not be established due to a high intradialectal variability of speakers.

Women Linguistic Features Used by Elle Evans in The Kissing Booth 2 Movie

Language makes people understand each other and interact in daily life. Most importantly, language has become an important tool in communication. The way men and women speak is different. They have different features although they speak the same language. The title of this undergraduate thesis is "Women's Language Features Used by Elle Evans in The Kissing Booth 2 Movie". The main purpose of this research was to identify and describe the types of women's language styles and to find out functions and factors of the use of women's language. This research is a descriptive-qualitative study and the primary data were expressions in dialogues related to women's language in the movie. The method that was used to collect the data was the documentation method through the note-taking technique. The data analysis was conducted using the theory proposed by Robin Lakoff (1975). The result of this study showed that not all types of women’s language features were used by Elle Evans in the movie The Kissing Booth 2 Movie. The researcher found eight types of women's language features. They are: lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, empty adjectives, hypercorrect grammar, super polite form, intensifiers, the avoidance of strong swear words and emphatic stress. The precise color terms and rising intonation on declaratives were not found in Elle's utterances. However, the key problem of Lakoff's theory of women's linguistic features is that apparently, men also use women's speech in their dialogue. Lakoff's theory would have been more interesting if she had considered the use of women's speech used by men and the use of strong swear words used by women in her book.
 
 
 

The Korean Version of the Right Hemisphere Language Battery: Adaptation and Reliability

Objectives: This study presents the Korean version of the Right Hemisphere Language Battery (K-RHLB), reports the preliminary results in healthy subjects, and evaluates inter- and intra-rater reliability. Methods: Fifty-two healthy patients underwent the RHLB, which was adapted to the Korean language. The rater reliability of the Emphatic Stress Test, which is a subtest of the battery, was examined. For inter-rater reliability, three raters evaluated the focus prosody of 35 randomly chosen subjects. For intra-rater reliability, one rater re-evaluated the prosody within 2-week and 3-month intervals. Results: The total mean score of the K-RHLB result was 110.75 ± 2.90 out of 116. The mean percentages of correct responses in the subtests were high and appeared in the following order: Discourse Analysis (99.9%), Written Metaphor Test (99.6%), Lexical Semantic Test (99.3%), Picture Metaphor Test (98.7%), Emphatic Stress Test (94.4%), Inference Test (83.5%), and Humor Test (76.5%). In addition, the inter-rater agreement was high (Gwet’s chance-corrected agreement coefficients AC1 of 0.83 ± 0.02, p < 0.001), as was the intra-rater consistency (Gwet’s AC1 0.93 ± 0.01, p < 0.001). However, some changes in evaluation criteria were confirmed for retest intervals longer than 2 months [Cochran’s Q (2) = 13.82, p < 0.001]. Conclusion: The preliminary results of the K-RHLB in healthy subjects showed overall high scores. Both inter- and intra-rater reliabilities were acceptable. The K-RHLB can be a starting point for more detailed assessment and elaborate intervention in patients with right hemisphere damage. The battery can also be used to evaluate neurodevelopmental disorders with symptoms such as deficits in understanding non-literal languages, semantic integration, and perception and production of appropriate prosody.

Women's Language Features Used by Taylor Swift in the 2015 Grammy Interview Video

This study entitled Women’s Language Features Used by Taylor Swift in Grammy Interview Video 2015 is aimed to identify women’s language features and to analyze the language function used by Taylor Swift. All of the data were taken from the utterances delivered by Taylor Swift. The transcribe of the video were made by the author. Documentation method and note-taking were applied in collecting the data. In analyzing the data, Mixed-method was applied using Lakoff (2004) and the theory about language function proposed by Judy Pierson (1985) as supporting theory. As a result, there are 95 features of women’s language. Those were lexical hedges or filler, intensifier, hypercorrected grammar, super polite form, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress. The most dominant features occur in her utterance is intensifier. She used those features because she wanted to deeply emphasize or strengthen her utterances to attract the audience’s and the presenter’s attention. Not all types of women’s language features were used by her. Taylor Swift did not use four kinds of features such as tag questions, rising intonation on declarative, empty adjectives and precise color terms. Based on the findings of the features, there were three language features element in her utterances, such as to soften an utterance, to start a discussion and to express feelings or opinions. The language function element such as to express uncertainty and to get response were not found in her utterances. Each of the women’s language feature have one language function.

A STUDY OF MALE AND FEMALE REFUSAL STRATEGY PERFORMED BY EMPLOYEES OF BCD TRAVEL INDONESIA

The objectives of this research are to analyze what refusal strategies performed by male and female employees of BCD Travel Indonesia and to identify the language features found in refusal strategies of male and female employees. The qualitative method, specifically using a case study is used in this research. The primary data source of this study was taken from a written document namely Discourse Completion Test (DCT) proposed by Beebe and friends (1990) with little modification. Questionnaires to collect the data, specifically the Discourse Completion Test (DCT) as the instrument are applied in this research. The findings show that from 132 utterances of male employees, 80 utterances are indirect strategy, 28 utterances are adjuncts, and 24 utterances are direct strategy. These results show that male and female employees have their own ways of delivering indirect refusal strategy. In the utterances of male and female employee’s refusal strategies, 5 of 10 language features, such as lexical hedges or fillers, intensifiers, ‘superpolite’ forms, avoidance of strong swear words and emphatic stress are investigated.
 
 Keywords : Refusal strategies, language features, male and female employees

Language Features of Men and Women in Tekotok Animated Videos

The purpose of this research was to describe the language features of men and women in the animated video in the Tekotok Youtube Channel. In addition, to describe how the videos describe men and women. The research method used was qualitative research. The data source used in this study was speech from the figures in several animated videos from Youtube Channel Tekotok taken randomly. The results showed that based on the language features raised by the Lakoff, the majority was not in accordance with the speech mentioned by woman character where there were no Color Words, Empty Adjectives, Hedge, Intensifiers, Question Tags, and Emphatic Stress. Even some of the language features are contrary to what was delivered by Lakoff’s theory. For example, the Hypercorrect Grammar feature in this context is Indonesian not found. Likewise with the Super Polite Form, for example, there are several swear words of feed delivered by the woman character.

ANALYZING WOMEN’S LANGUAGE FEATURES USED BY LISA ALLARDICE IN HER NEWS ARTICLES

The study deals with women’s language features used by Lisa Allardice in her news articles that were uploaded in UK daily newspaper, The Guardian. The aim of this study is to analyse the women’s language features using Lakoff’s theory and the dominant feature that Lisa Allardice used in her news articles. The data were collected from three selected news articles using document analysis and described using qualitative method. The first article entitled Can Objects Teach Us about Reality?’: Ruth Ozeki on Her Women’s Prize-Winning Novel, the second article entitled The King and Queen of Popular Fiction: Marian Keyes and Richard Osman on Their Successes and Struggles, and the last article entitled Candice Carty-Williams: “It’s Time to Write a Book Just about Black People”. The findings showed that there are 6 women’s language features with 74 data. Kind of women’s language features that were found are lexical hedges or fillers, empty adjectives, precise colour terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, and emphatic stress. The dominant feature used by Lisa Allardice is hypercorrect grammar.

WOMEN’S LANGUAGE FEATURES ON UTTERANCES OF CHARLIE’S ANGELS MOVIE

The study entitled Women's Language Features on Utterances of Charlie's Angels Movie seeks to examine women's language features and the reasons of using the features by the three main women character. The data was taken from the utterances of the Charlie's Angels (2019) movie. The researchers used Lakoff's hypothesis to investigate women's language features. Lakoff (1975) suggested ten language features for women, but this analysis only found nine features in this movie, namely lexical hedges or fillers, intensifiers, tag question, emphatic stress, rising intonation on declaratives, avoidance of strong swear words, super polite forms, empty adjectives, and hypercorrect grammar. The findings indicated that intensifiers appeared to be the most prominent attribute utilized among the three main women’s characters in the movie (45.4%), and the least feature is the tag question (1.81%). Regarding the reasons for using Women's Language Features as the most frequent feature in this movie, the feature occurs when the speakers try to give a strong opinion or persuade the other person. Furthermore, the reason of tag question occurs in this movie because to convenience the hearer about what the speaker’s said.

The Analysis of Man and Woman Main Character's in Movie ``Music and Lyric'' Based on Women's Language Features Theories

Language is not limited in one aspect but reach out almost all the aspects and features that are intended to bring out the meaning of the language itself. Therefore, this study was analyzed woman and man main characters’ language in movie “Music and Lyric” by using women’s language features by Lak off (1975) while also counted number of features that spoken by woman and man main characters and compare them to find out the phenomena that happened in this movie. In addition, this study also analyzed the factors of that phenomena. The data were taken and collected from woman and man main characters’ conversation in movie “Music and lyric” in order to find out the women’s language features that spoken by them. The women’s language features that proposed by Lak off that used to analyze the man and woman main characters in that movie are lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, rising intonation on declarative, empty adjectives, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super polite form, avoidance strong swear words and also emphatic stress. While the factor that caused the phenomena happened was analyzed by using Coates Theories (1986) such as: Social status, subordinate groups, prestige and stigma, social network and the acquisition of sex differential language.
 Keywords: man, woman, sex, language features, women’s language features

Penggunaan Fitur Bahasa Perempuan pada Novel Tempurung Karya Oka Rusmini

The use of women's language with a Balinese cultural background with a patriarchal culture is interesting to analyze. The novel 'Tempurung' by Oka Rusmini tells the story of women with Balinese cultural backgrounds. There are sixteen female characters in this novel, while three are male characters. This study analyzes the features of women's language used by female characters, which are analyzed using the referential, pragmatic, and distribution methods. Based on the results of the analysis, female characters use eight out of ten features of the female language, namely intensifier (40.72%), empty adjectives (17.01%), tag questions (16.49%), super polite form (7.22%), rising intonation on declarative (6.70%), hypercorrect grammar (6.70%), emphatic stress (3.09%), and lexical hedges or fillers (2.06%). Avoid strong swear words, and female characters do not apply precise colour terms. Female characters' use of women's language features is motivated by a patriarchal culture that makes men superior while women are inferior. The caste system in Balinese culture also underlies the use of female language features by female characters, for example, using polite forms when speaking with interlocutors who have a higher caste.

WOMEN’S LANGUAGE FEATURES ON UTTERANCES OF CHARLIE’S ANGELS MOVIE

The study entitled Women's Language Features on Utterances of Charlie's Angels Movie seeks to examine women's language features and the reasons of using the features by the three main women character. The data was taken from the utterances of the Charlie's Angels (2019) movie. The researchers used Lakoff's hypothesis to investigate women's language features. Lakoff (1975) suggested ten language features for women, but this analysis only found nine features in this movie, namely lexical hedges or fillers, intensifiers, tag question, emphatic stress, rising intonation on declaratives, avoidance of strong swear words, super polite forms, empty adjectives, and hypercorrect grammar. The findings indicated that intensifiers appeared to be the most prominent attribute utilized among the three main women’s characters in the movie (45.4%), and the least feature is the tag question (1.81%). Regarding the reasons for using Women's Language Features as the most frequent feature in this movie, the feature occurs when the speakers try to give a strong opinion or persuade the other person. Furthermore, the reason of tag question occurs in this movie because to convenience the hearer about what the speaker’s said.

Зависимость степени коартикуляции согласного и гласного от типа ударения

The paper evaluates the quantitative impact of prominence (neutral vs emphatic stress) in CV sequences. The study serves the practical needs of speech synthesis and recognition and attempts to fill an important gap as there is insufficient research in the field with regard to the Russian language. We used the locus equation method to assess the degree of CV coarticulation. The experiment was performed on CVCV nonsense words imbedded in the middle position of a carrier phrase. The first syllable of the target words was made prominent both with neutral and emphatic stress. The consonants and vowels were presented by the same consonant and vowel sounds. Russian voiced occlusive bilabial, forelingual and backlingual consonants [b], [d] and [ɡ] were combined with Russian non-palatal vowels [ɛ], [ɑ] and [u] occupying cardinal positions in the Fant triangle. Six male speakers were recorded in a sound attenuated studio using high-quality recording equipment. The total number of tokens N = 486. Praat software was used to measure formant frequencies by means of fast Fourier transformation and linear predictive coding. The experiment showed that linear regression slopes differed both in the Y-intercepts and slope coefficients for the vowels uttered with emphatic and neutral stress. We compared locus equation slopes for CV transitions of the consonants of similar place of obstruction combined with the vowels pronounced with neutral and emphatic stress, which revealed a quantitative difference in the degree of coarticulation of the bilabial and forelingual consonants both in the Y-intercept values and slope coefficients. In case of the backlingual consonant, locus equations differed only in the Y-intercept value, while the slope coefficients were practically the same. The results obtained were interpreted on the basis of existing experimental data for the Russian, English, and Arabic languages.

AN ANALYSIS ON WOMEN�S LANGUAGE FEATURE USED BY JACINDA ARDEN IN SPEECH ABOUT COVID-19

This study aims to find out women�s language feature used by Jacinda Arden in speech about COVID-19. The researchers conducted the study with Lakoff�s theory. This research investigates the type and function of women�s language in speech about COVID-19 used by Jacinda Arden. The research formulated a question as the problem �What are the women�s language feature used by Jacinda Arden in speech about COVID-19?� to find out the women�s language feature used by Jacinda Arden in speech about COVID-19. The researchers used qualitative research design by employing content analysis to answer the research question. There were 2 research instrument used in this research, they were the researchers as the human research and observation sheet. The researchers conducted the research by using the record and video script of Jacinda Arden in her speeches about COVID-19 that delivered on March 21 and April 6, 2020. The result of this study showed not all types of women�s language feature used Jacinda Arden. The researchers found seven types of women�s language feature. Those feature are divided into lexical hedges 18,15%, rising intonation 0,89%, empty adjectives 1,19%, intensifier 16,96, hypercorrect grammar 20,83%, super polite form 1,19%, and emphatic stress 40,77%. The absent women�s language features are tag question, price color term, and avoidance of using strong swear words. The most dominant women�s language feature is emphatic stress function of emphatic stress in this speech is to emphasize the main idea or word that she wanted to focus on.