Empathic Tendency Scale Research Articles

Kritik Birimlerde Çalışan Hemşirelerde Merhamet Yorgunluğu, Empati Eğilimi ve Mesleki Doyum Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Objective: The stress levels of nurses working in critical units are very high because they have to manage crisis situations and encounter many deaths. Stress and fatigue experienced by nurses; while it leads to insensitivity to the needs of others and a decrease in empathy ability, over time it results in compassion fatigue and a decrease in job satisfaction. In this single-center descriptive survey study, it was aimed to investigate the levels of compassion fatigue, empathy tendency and job satisfaction in nurses working in critical units, and to examine the relationship between them. Methods: A survey study was planned with the participation of nurses working in critical units such as operating rooms, intensive care units and emergency rooms. “Introductory Information Form”, “Compassion Satisfaction Scale”, “Empathic Tendency Scale” and “Job Satisfaction Scale” were used as data collection tools. Results: As a result of this research in which 155 nurses participated; it was determined that there was a statistically significant relationship between the compassion fatigue scale, empathic tendency scale and job satisfaction scale (p<0.05). A negative relationship was determined between the “Compassion Satisfaction Scale” and the “Empathic Tendency Scale” (r= - 0.323; p<0.05), and the “Compassion Satisfaction” and “Job Satisfaction Scale” (r= -0.414 p<0.05). A significant positive relationship was found between the “Empathetic Tendency Scale” and the “Job Satisfaction Scale” (r= 0.446 p<0.05). Conclusion: Compassion fatigue caused by physiological and psychological wear and tear, which is common in nurses working in critical units, results in a decrease in empathy and job satisfaction over time. Stress and the feeling of professional burnout can be reduced by methods such as restricting and regulating working hours in relevant critical departments and improving physical and social conditions. Keywords: Nursing, critical units, compassion fatigue, job satisfaction, empathy tendency

The comparison of spiritual well-being and empathic tendencies in midwifery students: A cross-sectional study from Turkey

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being and empathic tendencies of midwifery students and the affecting factors. The sample of this descriptive-correlation type study, one of the descriptive research methods, included 237 midwifery students. The data were collected using the Descriptive Information Form, the Empathic Tendency Scale, and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Empathic tendency was higher among those who chose the midwifery department voluntarily, those who liked the department, those who felt that the department was suitable for them, those who participated in social and scientific activities, those who wanted to progress in the profession, those who wanted to work in the field and those who followed publications related to the field; Spiritual well-being was higher among those who felt that the department was suitable for them, those who participated in social and scientific activities, those who wanted to progress in the profession, those who participated in activities that provided the development of the profession, those who wanted to work in the field and those who followed publications related to the field. It was determined that the empathic tendencies and spiritual well-being of midwifery students were at a moderate level, and as a result of the comparison of Empathic Tendency Scale and Spiritual Well-being scale scores, there was a significant positive relationship between them.

A study evaluating the relationship between phubbing levels and empathic attitudes of college students

The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between phubbing levels and the empathy attitude of college students. In our descriptive and correlational study, data were gathered from 528 college students studying in the undergraduate program of a university in Eastern Türkiye. Personal information form, Phubbing Scale, and Empathic Tendency Scale were employed as data collection forms. The research’s findings were examined using the SPSS 22.00 package program, and all analyses were judged significant if the p-value is less than 0,05 (p<0.05). The average total scores of the college students were found to be 42.77±19.09 on the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and 62.52±7.56 on the Empathic Tendency Scale (ETS). We found a significant difference between the mean phubbing and empathic tendency scores of college students and the number of book readings per week, the number of friends, and the meeting with friends weekly. The conclusion was that there was a strong negative and significant association between students’ total mean scores on the ETS and GSP scales (r=-0.581, p=0.00).

Effect of moral sensitivity on professional values of undergraduate nursing students: Mediating effect of empathic tendency

BackgroundThe development of professional values in nursing students is an important issue for the nursing profession. However, the research on nursing students' professional values and its related factors is very limited. PurposeThis cross-sectional and correlational study aimed to examine the mediating effect of empathy between moral sensitivity and professional values. MethodsThis study was conducted with 328 second, third and fourth-year students. The participants completed an online survey consisting of the student information form, Modified Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire for Student Nurses, Empathic Tendency Scale and Nursing Professional Values Scale. ResultsThe results showed that moral sensitivity affected undergraduate nursing students' professional values not only directly but also indirectly through empathic tendency. ConclusionsThe results of the study show that moral sensitivity and empathic tendency support the acquisition of professional values in undergraduate nursing students. Nurse educators needs to realize that can be improved professional values by integrating moral sensitivity and empathic tendency in their curriculum.

The Effect of Respect for Diversity Education Program on Primary School Students

This study aims to examine the effect of the Respect for Diversity Education Program on primary school students’ respect for diversity and empathic tendency. The research design of this study is quasi-experimental, with 3x3 pre-tests, post-tests, follow-up tests, and experimental, control, and placebo groups. In the study, the Respect for Diversity Scale and the Ka-Si Empathic Tendency Scale were used. The research was conducted with a total of 24 third-grade students selected for the experimental group (n = 9), the placebo group (n = 7), and the control group (n = 8). The "Friedman Test" was used to compare the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up tests of the experimental group, and the "Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test" was used to find out whether there was any statistically significant difference between the test scores of each group. According to Friedman Test results, a significant difference was found between the scores of respect for diversity, but there was no significant difference between the scores of empathic tendency. The analysis of the pre-test and post-test scores of the placebo and control groups yielded no significant differences. When the follow-up test scores applied six weeks after the post-test were analyzed, it was seen that the significant difference obtained for the respect for diversity test was preserved in the experimental group. Only the Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests between the pre-test scores and follow-up test scores and the pre-test scores and post-test scores obtained through the Respect for Diversity Scale yielded significant differences. According to the results of the Kruskal-Wallis H Test conducted to analyze the post-test scores of the experiment, placebo, and control groups, a significant difference was found between the groups. However, according to the Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U test utilized to determine which binary comparison caused the difference, no significant difference was found.

The mediator role of communication skill in the relationship between empathy, team cohesion, and competition performance in curlers.

Understanding the psycho-social factors such as communication, empathy, cohesion, etc., that affect successful athletic performance is a high priority and primary focus for applied sports psychology. Detailed examination of the athletes' psycho-social characteristics is essential in revealing which processes play an active role in achieving optimum performance. Developing these features of the athlete can contribute to coordinating the team, sharing tasks, increasing motivation, preparing team members for a change, and improving performance. For this purpose, the mediating role of communication skills in the relationship between empathy, team cohesion, and competition performance was examined in a sample of 241 curlers competing in 69 teams in the Turkish Curling League in the 2021-2022 season. During the data collection process, Personal Information Form, Empathic Tendency Scale, Scale for Effective Communication in Team Sport, and Group Environment Questionnaire were used. Competition performance was calculated by giving 1 point for each match won by the teams in the competitions in which the single-circuit round-robin system is applied. Structural equation modeling was used in data analysis to determine the direct and indirect predictive effects between variables. The study showed that empathy and team cohesion predict competition performance through communication skills, and communication skills fully mediate this relationship. Based on the research results, it was evaluated that communication skills have a substantial effect on the competitive performance of athletes, and this finding was discussed in the context of the literature.

Этнические стереотипы в восприятии рекламы молодыми людьми

Background. Stereotyping is an important part of social cognition. Therefore, it attracts a lot of attention from psychologists and sociologists. Ethnic stereotypes are not only a reflection of established prejudices and false ideas, but also a kind of social "barometer" indicating possible social problems. Modern studies have revealed the relationship between stereotypes and real ethnic diversity, and also indicate that the subjective feeling of disadvantage is a breeding ground for the emergence and existence of ethnic stereotypes. Objective. The article aims to substantiate theoretically, to identify empirically, as well as to classify ethnic stereotypes in the perception of advertising by young people, representatives of four ethnic groups. Sample. The study involved 88 people, representatives of 4 countries. Methods. The study simulated a situation of interethnic interaction, in which the participants acted as the “authors” of 6 advertising messages and 3 commercials. They had to write stories selecting the “main characters”, whose participation would illustrate the attractiveness of the advertised product or service. A set of typical images of representatives of different ethnic groups was proposed. Psychological diagnostics was aimed at establishing differences between groups. were An express questionnaire “Tolerance Index” (G.U. Soldatova, O.A. Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaev, L.A. Shaigerova) and emotional empathy questionnaire (Emotional Empathic Tendency Scale, EETS) designed to determine the level of empathic tendencies, the ability to empathize as a personal trait by A. Mehrabian and N. Epstein were used. Results. Areas of social practices where autostereotypes and heterostereotypes appear were identified. Themes where new stereotypes appear were identified. The diagnostics showed that there is no statistically significant difference in the indicators of tolerance and empathy between representatives of the 4 groups. Conclusions. The results of the study can be explained by the fact that participants demonstrated the unity of social group, the youth. The results obtained can be interpreted as evidence that for modern young people, the decisive factor in the formation of stereotypes is information transmitted through various means, which clearly acquires a transnational character.

Ruhsal Bozuklukları Olan Bireylere Bakım Verenlerde Bilişsel Esneklik, Empatik Eğilim ve Hastalık Yükü

Araştırmanın örneklemini Ocak 2021-Ocak 2022 tarihleri arasında Ankara’da bir üniversite hastanesinin psikiyatri servisinde yatarak tedavi alan ve araştırmaya dahil olma kriterlerini karşılayan 45 bakım veren birey oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın verileri; ‘Katılımcı Bilgi Formu’, ‘Bilişsel Esneklik Ölçeği’, ‘Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği’ ve ‘Hastalık Yükü Ölçeği’ veri toplama araçları kullanılarak araştırmacılar tarafından yüz yüze toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen verilerin analizi için Sosyal Bilimler İçin İstatistik Paket Programı (SPSS Inc. Chicago,IL,USA) 22.0 kullanılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı veriler ortalama, standart sapma, sayı ve yüzde ile belirtilmiştir. Verilerin normal dağılıma uyum sağlayıp sağlamadıkları test edilmiş ve normal dağılıma uyum göstermemesi nedeniyle gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda Mann-Whitney U Testi ve Kruskal Wallis Testi kullanılmıştır. Veriler arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi ise Spearman’s Correlation Testi ile yapılmıştır. İstatistiksel anlamlılık p≤0.05 olarak alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak; ruhsal bozukluğu olan bireylere bakım verenlerin bilişsel esneklikleri, empatik eğilimleri ve hastalık yükleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır.

Two significant concepts in organ donation: Empathic tendency and altruism

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an empathic tendency and altruism on organ donation. Material and methodThis descriptive and relationship-seeking research included adults who responded to a questionnaire delivered by e-mail with the snowball sampling method. The sample comprised 269 subjects according to 99% power and significance level of α = 0.05. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, Empathic Tendency Scale, Altruism Scale, and the Organ Donation Attitude Scale. ResultsA positive, strong, statistically significant relationship was determined between the empathic tendency and altruism scales and the organ donation and transplantation scale (p < 0.001). Empathic tendency and altruism were determined to affect the positive attitude subscale of the organ donation attitude scale at the rate of 11.9%. ConclusionThe findings indicate that programs that foster empathy and compassion should be implemented in order to foster a positive attitude about organ donation.

Investigation of Empathic Tendency and Lateral Thinking Tendency Skills of Faculty of Sport Sciences Students

The aim of this research is to examine the empathic tendency and lateral thinking tendency skills of the students of the faculty of sports sciences. The population of the research consisted of students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Ondokuz Mayıs University in the fall semester of the 2020-2021 academic year, and the sample group was composed of 489 students who were determined by random sampling method and participated in the study voluntarily. In order to collect the research data, both the Empathic Tendency Scale developed by Dökmen (1988) and consisted of 20 items, and the Lateral Thinking Tendency Scale consisted of 9 items developed by Semerci (2016) were used. SPSS 22 package program was used in the analysis of the data. “Pearson Correlation Analysis” was performed to determine the relationship between dependent variables. As a result, it was seen that the empathic tendency levels and lateral thinking skills of the sports science faculty students participating in the research were at a good level. It was determined that female students' empathic tendency skills were more developed than male students. In addition, the relationship between the scales was found to be positive and significant.

Psikolojik Danışman Adaylarının Bireysel ve Kültürel Farklılıklara Duyarlılıkları, Empatik Eğilimleri ve Fonksiyonel Düşünme Becerileri

Bu kesitsel araştırmanın amacı psikolojik danışman adaylarının bireysel ve kültürel farklılıklara duyarlılıklarının, empatik eğilimlerinin ve fonksiyonel olmayan tutumlarının sınıf düzeylerine bağlı olarak incelenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda bir devlet üniversitesinde öğrenim gören 523 psikolojik danışman adayı (%72.5’i kadın, %27.3’ü erkek) arasındaki farklılıklar sınıf düzeylerine göre karşılaştırılmıştır. Bireysel ve kültürel farklılıklara duyarlılık becerisi Kişisel Bilgi Formunda yer verilen ve adayların değerlerini araştıran bazı maddeler aracılığıyla incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın diğer veri toplama araçları Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği ve Fonksiyonel Olmayan Tutumlar Ölçeğidir. Araştırma sonuçları son sınıf öğrencilerinin diğer öğrencilerle karşılaştırıldıklarında empatik eğilim puanlarının daha yüksek ve fonksiyonel olmayan tutum puanlarının daha düşük olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak bu öğrenciler değerleriyle çatışan durumlarda danışma yapmayı diğer sınıf düzeylerine göre daha düşük oranda tercih etmişlerdir. Adayların çok kültürlülük/kültüre duyarlılık becerilerini içselleştirilebilmeleri için Kültüre Duyarlı Psikolojik Danışma dersini alt derslere ayırma ve bu alt derslerde yaratıcı yeni yöntemlere yer verme önerilmektedir.

The relationship between beliefs toward mental illnesses, empathic tendency and social distancing in university students

This study was conducted to determine the level of beliefs toward mental illnesses in university students and to examine its relationship with empathic tendency and social distance level. This descriptive and relational study was conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences and Faculty of Nursing of a state university in Turkey. The sample of the study consisted of 678 students studying in the 4th grade of these faculties. Personal Information Form, the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness Scale (BMI), the Empathic Tendency Scale (ETS), and the Social Distance Scale (SDI) were used to collect data. It was determined that there was a high level of negative relationship between the students' mean BMI score and the age variable and the empathic tendency and social distance mean scores. It was seen that the mean Empathic Tendecy Scale and Social Distance Scale scores accounted for 86.6 % of the change in the mean BMI score (Adjusted R2 = 0.826). The mean BMI score of the students was found to be below the medium level. On the other hand, it was found that empathic tendency and social distance mean scores were above the medium level and had an effect on the mean BMI score. Psychosocial factors that are effective in the emergence of negative beliefs about mental illnesses in students should be investigated and studies should be carried out to increase awareness about negative beliefs.

The Relationship Between Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Multicultural Education and Their Empathic Tendencies

The purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes of the teachers towards multicultural education and their empathic tendencies in terms of various variables; and to determine the relationship between their attitudes towards multicultural education and their empathic tendencies. Correlational research design, one of the quantitative research methods, was conducted in the research. The sample of the study consists of 476 teachers working in the central districts of Van, Turkey. In order to collect data in the research “Teachers' Multicultural Education Attitudes Scale” and "Empathic Tendency Scale" was conducted. According to the results of the research; It has been determined that teachers' attitudes towards multicultural education are at high level, male teachers' attitudes towards multicultural education are higher than female teachers and there is no significant difference according to variables such as marital status, job satisfaction, age, professional seniority and teaching level. In addition, it has been concluded that there is a generally positive, low-level relationship between teachers' attitudes towards multicultural education and their empathic tendencies.

The Relationship Between the Attitudes of Nursing Students Towards Providing Care for a Dying Patient and Their Empathic Tendencies.

This study was planned to determine the relationship between the attitudes of nursing students towards death and dying patients and their empathic tendencies. This study was conducted with a descriptive and correlational design. The research was completed with 176 students. Positive significant relationship found between between the FATCOD and ETS scores. It was observed that a 1-point increase in the Empathic Tendency Scale score caused an increase of 0.502 points in the FATCOD score. İt is recommended providing training sessions with simulation applications for nursing students to prepare them for end-of-life care experiences.

The empathy level and caring behaviors perceptions of nursing students: A cross-sectional and correlational study.

The aim of the study was to investigate the empathy level and caring behaviors perceptions of nursing students. This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted with 276 nursing students. The mean Empathic Tendency Scale score was 62.71 ± 5.10 (min. 20 to max. 100), indicating a low level of empathy. The mean of the Caring Assessment Questionnaire was 5.42 ± 0.80 (min. 1 to max. 7), showing a good perception of caring behaviors. There was a positive, low, and significant relationship between empathy and caring behaviors (r = 0.286, p < 0.001). This study revealed that nursing students have low-level empathy and high-level caring behaviors. Throughout the educational process, the students' caring competencies, which include empathy and caring behaviors, developed. It is suggested that humanistic and value-oriented pedagogical approaches be incorporated into nursing curricula.

Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Dark Personality Traits and Loneliness Among Emerging Adults: The Mediating Role of Empathic Tendency

This study aimed to explore whether empathic tendency has a mediating role in the relationship between dark triad personalities (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) and loneliness. To that end, data were collected from 510 undergraduate emerging adults (367 men, 137 women). Dark Triad Dirty Dozen, Empathic Tendency Scale, and UCLA Loneliness Scale were used as measures. The research findings indicated negative significant correlations among Machiavellianism and psychopathy, and empathic tendency. According to another finding on the correlations among the variables, there were positive significant correlations among Machiavellianism and psychopathy, and loneliness. On the other hand, significant correlations could not be observed among narcissism and empathic tendency, and loneliness. As for the findings on the mediating role of empathic tendency in the relationship between dark triad personalities and loneliness, empathic tendency acted as a complete mediator in the relationship between Machiavellianism and loneliness and between psychopathy and loneliness. Yet, empathic tendency was not found to be mediating the relationship between narcissism and loneliness. Moreover, Machiavellianism and psychopathy predicted .32 of loneliness via empathic tendency. The findings obtained were discussed and interpreted in light of the literature.

The Effect of Self-esteem and Empathic Tendency on the Violence Tendency in Adolescents: A Multivariable Analysis

Introduction: Personal, familial, and environmental factors affect the tendency to violence in people. This study was carried out to determine the effects of socio-demographic characteristics, empathic tendencies, and self-esteem in adolescents on the levels of their tendency towards violence. Method: This research is a retrospective record review. In the research, data were obtained from student information forms in high school students’ records (n = 982), Violence Tendency Scale (VTS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Empathic Tendency Scale (ETS). The data were analysed by multivariable Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) and Linear Regression (LR). Results: Among the adolescents, 48.2% were male, and 38.8% stated that they used social media for 2 hours or more per day. The mean scores of adolescents obtained from the VTS, ETS, and RSES was 34.8, 66.2, and 2.2, respectively, and 25.6% were prone to violence. The factors affecting violence tendency were, in order of importance, low empathic tendency, being male, long social media usage time, low perception of success by the family, father’s profession, and not getting prepared for university entrance exams, which were found to be statistically significant. The correlation between self-esteem and violence tendency was not found to be significant in LR and BLR analyses (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: One-quarter of adolescents were prone to violence. The empathic tendency, gender, social media use, and familial characteristics were found to influence their tendency towards violence.

Longitudinal review of communication skills and empathic tendency levels among the students of the department of sports management

This study aims to review communication skills and empathic tendency levels of the students who studied at the department of sports management in a longitudinal manner. The study was designed in a longitudinal survey model of quantitative study methods. The study group consisted of 122 students (52 female students, 70 male students) who attended the first grade of Sarıkamış Department of Sports Management, School of Physical Education and Sports, Kars Kafkas University in Turkey during the 2016-2017 academic year. To detect the differences, data collection tools were employed four times for the same students during the first grade of 2016-2017 academic year, the second grade of 2017-2018 academic year, the third grade of 2018-2019 academic year and the fourth grade of 2019-2020 academic year. As data collection tools, “The Communication Skills Scale” (CSS) developed by Korkut (1996) and Empathic Tendency Scale (ETS) developed by Dökmen (1988) were used. The data were analyzed by using the Bonferroni post-hoc comparison test, independent t-test, analysis of one-way variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation coefficients. The result found that both students’ communication skills and emphatic tendency levels were high, their 3rd grade communication skill scores were higher in terms of grade/time variable, their emphatic skill scores were higher in the 3rd and 4th grades, their scores of communication skills and emphatic tendency did not differ in terms of age and gender variables and a positive correlation existed between communication skills and emphatic tendency at all levels.

Examining the Mediating Role of Altruism in the Relationship between Empathic Tendencies, the Nature Relatedness, and Environmental Consciousness

A study was conducted using a correlational screening model to determine the mediating effect of altruism in the relationship between empathic tendencies, the nature relatedness and environmental consciousness. The participants of the study, selected via random cluster sampling design, are composed of 305 pre-school teachers working in pre-schools and kindergartens in a city located in Turkey’s Aegean region. The ‘Empathic Tendency Scale’, ‘Altruism Scale’, ‘Nature Relatedness Scale’, and ‘Environmental Consciousness Scale’ were used as data collection tools. The analyses of the sub-purposes were carried out using the PROCESS macro (Model 4) developed by Andrew Hayes using the SPSS infrastructure. When the study results were examined, the indirect effects of the empathic tendency on nature relatedness and environmental consciousness were found to be significant. Thus, altruism was the mediator for the relationship between the empathic tendency and nature relatedness (β=.13, 95% BCA CI [.08; .19]) and for the relationship between emphatic tendency and environmental consciousness (β=.36, %95 BCA CI [.18; .57]).

Does Antenatal Education Affect Level Of Empathy And Attachment Of Fathers?

ABSTRACT Objective The study aimed to determine the effects of antenatal education on the paternal bonding and empathic tendency levels of men who would become fathers for the first time. Background There are a limited number of studies in the literature that have investigated the effects of antenatal education programmes on fathers. Methods This prospective, controlled quasi-experimental study was conducted in a hospital in Istanbul. The men in the antenatal educational group (EG) and their wives participated in training in antenatal classes. The men in the control group (CG) came for routine prenatal follow-up examinations with their wives. The Empathic Tendency and Paternal Postnatal Attachment Scales were used to collect the data. Results The Empathic Tendency Scale was applied before the education (1) – after the education (2) and at the 6th postpartum week (3), whilst the Paternal Postnatal Attachment Scale was used at the 6th postpartum month (4). EG had higher emphatic tendency levels in the 2nd and 3rd measurements and higher paternal bonding levels in the 4th measurement in comparison to CG (p < 0.05). Conclusion Antenatal education increased the emphatic tendency of the fathers and the effects of this education continued in the postpartum period and affected paternal bonding positively.