Empathic Approach Research Articles

Multi‐disciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of breathing discomfort and respiratory sequelae in patients with post‐acute sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (PASC)

<scp>Multi‐disciplinary</scp> collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of breathing discomfort and respiratory sequelae in patients with <scp>post‐acute</scp> sequelae of <scp>SARS‐CoV</scp>‐2 infection (<scp>PASC</scp>)

Why we need to explore race with Black children

This article will depict the necessity of exploring race with Black children in dramatherapy utilising a black1 empathic approach through which the effects of race can be recognised and safely explored. The concept was inspired by the Black Lives Matter protests during May 2020, triggered by the murder of George Floyd in police custody. During the video of the distressing incident, Floyd said he could not breathe on several occasions, yet the Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin continued to kneel on his neck for nearly 9 minutes. Chauvin’s actions are a vivid reflection of institutional racism affecting Black people. This article will present several issues concerning racial disparities in Britain, with succinct examples of my personal feelings and experiences. Through addressing systemic problems, the article will explore the negative impact of racism and prejudice for Black children, as immediate exposure to an oppressive system means that they are at greater risk of developing mental health issues and a challenged Black identity. Therefore, it is imperative that dramatherapists provide a space for Black children to explore race in order to improve resilience and develop a healthy racial identity.

Going to Extremes: Post-9/11 Discrimination in Fiction

The aim of the article is to discuss the representation of discrimination and polarization of the American society after the events of 9/11 in Laila Halaby’s novel Once in a Promised Land (2007). The novel presents the point of view of “the Other” and focuses on the analysis of the antagonistic processes in the American society and their outcomes in the lives of ordinary citizens, accused of being “the Other.” The article examines the deterioration of beliefs and values and the “death” of the American Dream. Based on the fundamental theory of Trauma Studies, the article discusses the issues of personal and collective trauma and their representation in Laila Halaby’s novel. Collective traumas may unify or polarize the society–both aspects have had negative outcomes in the USA. Increased patriotism and solidarity were particularly prominent during the immediate aftermath of 9/11 and resulted in the discrimination and polarization of the society, the anger being directed at Muslim communities. The first days of the aftermath marked the start of antagonism on different levels: despite being US citizens, representatives of the Muslim communities experienced harsh reactions in their neighborhoods, jobs, social spheres, etc. For many of those “on the other side” these processes meant the end of their normal lives and dreams. The article examines both the informational and empathic approach used by the author of the novel to disclose irreparable processes that may happen in any society.

Student and Faculty Beliefs about Diverse Approaches to Engineering Design Decisions

<strong>Background:</strong> Engineers need to be able to make robust design decisions. Because design is an ill-structured endeavor, design decisions require some combination of rationalistic, intuitive, and empathic approaches. However, engineering education remains largely oriented towards the use of rationalistic approaches. <strong>Purpose/Hypothesis:</strong> We posit that the persistent gap between the need to leverage diverse approaches to make engineering design decisions and the emphasis on primarily rationalistic approaches in engineering spaces is due, in part, to the beliefs that individuals hold about diverse approaches. <strong>Design/Method:</strong> We analyzed interview transcripts to identify the beliefs shared by students and by faculty (as individual units of analysis) about rationalistic, intuitive, and empathic approaches to making engineering design decisions, and then we compared the shared beliefs of the two groups. <strong>Results:</strong> Students and faculty similarly shared a belief that rationalistic approaches are normative in engineering. The two groups also had a common, general belief that empathic approaches are missing in engineering, but they differed in the ways in which they talked about empathic approaches. Finally, the two groups differed in their beliefs about the role of diverse approaches in practice: students believed rationalistic approaches are and should be used most in practice, but faculty believed that rationalistic approaches are inherently limited and therefore require the use of intuitive approaches. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> We interpret the pervasive belief that engineers are expected to portray their design decision making as primarily rational as a reflection of an unrealistic yet powerful social norm in engineering spaces, which can be understood as a key part of how the exclusive culture of engineering is perpetuated. We see a need to teach explicitly about this social norm in order to disrupt it, and we encourage engineering educators to reflect on how the ways in which their praxis might endorse or reinforce such unrealistic beliefs, either explicitly or implicitly.

THE INFLUENCE OF DESIGN THINKING ON OPEN INNOVATION

Design thinking has gained popularity in the corporate context. It has already proven to be a valuable approach to problem-solving within an organisation, but research has neglected its impact on external partnerships. Since most researchers use qualitative research designs, there is little quantitative empirical evidence on design thinking. This study applies a multi-informant survey design that considers the project and the organisational level. Based on 212 projects in 78 companies, we examine the relationship between design thinking and the external collaboration quality and overall project success. Further, we evaluate structural, cultural, and task-related contingencies. Our results suggest that design thinking as a collaborative and empathic problem-solving approach strengthens external collaboration quality enhancing overall project success. Team continuity positively moderates this relationship. This study contributes to the existing literature in design thinking and open innovation by proposing the design thinking methodology as a valuable approach in inter-organisational relationships.

The Delphic nature of the language of psychiatry.

In this perspective piece, the language used in psychiatric classification is considered from a linguistic and anthropological perspective. It is important for psychiatrists to consider how ambiguous language can impact on their view of clinical presentations and the delivery of treatments. Ultimately, delivering care using an empathic and humane approach should always be a primary consideration when treating mental illness.

Healing Communication: A Precision Instrument for Spiritual Care.

To describe holistic, empathic, and person-centered approaches to communication and apply these to the context of oncology nurse-provided responses to patients' expressions of spiritual concern. Conceptual, empirical, and practice literature about communication, primarily from the disciplines of psychology and communication sciences, is resourced to inform this practice-oriented discussion. Holistic, empathetic, and person-centered models for communication are complementary, and although there is overlap, there is also distinct value added from each. Each model offers excellent guidance for nurses seeking to provide a therapeutic verbal response during spiritual care for people affected by cancer.

Using an empathic design thinking approach to reshape interprofessional curricula for health care trainees

Interprofessional curricula that targets the needs of all stakeholders is not a standard within interprofessional education (IPE). Incorporating _mpathic design thinking into curricular development calls upon stakeholders to provide insights into the expectations and goals of interprofessional learning and practice. Design Thinking has been tested in various settings but has not been fully adopted in healthcare and education. This paper will describe how a design thinking process was used to understand gaps between expected IPE competencies, curricular implementation, and interprofessional work. We utilized the first two stages of an _mpathic design thinking approach to explore the essential elements needed within an interprofessional curriculum for nursing and medical students. Essential elements included incorporating curricular strategies that enhance relationships, communication, coordination and the physical environment for interprofessional work. _mpathic Design Thinking can be readily incorporated into healthcare and education, providing a holistic approach to identifying IPE gaps and understanding stakeholder needs.

SEEING FROM THE USERS' EYES: AN OUTLOOK TO VIRTUAL-REALITY BASED EMPATHIC DESIGN RESEARCH

AbstractThe extent to which designers can understand users often determines the quality of design outcomes. A deep understanding of users allows the designers to focus on the right problem and make optimal design decisions, which encouraged designers to empathize with users. However, the current imagination-based empathizing strategy appears to be too susceptible to their previous experience and knowledge, which has been questioned concerning effectiveness and accuracy. On the other hand, Virtual Reality (VR) technology provides an opportunity for designers to gain experience-driven empathy by immersing them in a virtual environment that mimics the users' surroundings as if they are seeing the world from users' eyes. While abundant studies covered empathy VR and empathy for design, limited attention has been paid to the chance of bringing VR, empathy, and design research together. Addressing this gap, this study explored literature across domains, identified major concerns about this approach, synthesized the evidence, and discussed the feasibility and validity of the VR-based empathic design research approach.

Health professionals and students\u2019 experiences of reflective writing in learning: A qualitative meta-synthesis

BackgroundReflective writing provides an opportunity for health professionals and students to learn from their mistakes, successes, anxieties, and worries that otherwise would remain disjointed and worthless. This systematic review addresses the following question: “What are the experiences of health professionals and students in applying reflective writing during their education and training?”MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Our search comprised six electronic databases: MedLine, Embase, Cinahl, PsycINFO, Eric, and Scopus. Our initial search produced 1237 titles, excluding duplicates that we removed. After title and abstract screening, 17 articles met the inclusion criteria. We identified descriptive themes and the conceptual elements explaining the health professionals’ and students’ experience using reflective writing during their academic and in-service training by performing a meta-synthesis.ResultsWe identified four main categories (and related sub-categories) through the meta-synthesis: reflection and reflexivity, accomplishing learning potential, building a philosophical and empathic approach, and identifying reflective writing feasibility. We placed the main categories into an interpretative model which explains the users’ experiences of reflective writing during their education and training. Reflective writing triggered reflection and reflexivity that allows, on the one hand, skills development, professional growth, and the ability to act on change; on the other hand, the acquisition of empathic attitudes and sensitivity towards one’s own and others’ emotions. Perceived barriers and impeding factors and facilitating ones, like timing and strategies for using reflective writing, were also identified.ConclusionsThe use of this learning methodology is crucial today because of the recognition of the increasing complexity of healthcare contexts requiring professionals to learn advanced skills beyond their clinical ones. Implementing reflective writing-based courses and training in university curricula and clinical contexts can benefit human and professional development.

Empathic approach to reducing the negative attitudes of nursing undergraduate students towards cancer

BackgroundIn cases where even professional nurses have difficulty in giving care to cancer patients, student nurses may not be able to provide adequate care and sometimes develop a negative behavior or attitude towards this patient group. ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the attitudes of nursing undergraduate students towards cancer and the empathic approach. DesignThe study was carried out using the cross-sectional research design. SettingsA university located in the southeast of Turkey between November–December 2020. ParticipantsNursing students from one Turkey nursing school. MethodsThe research data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Questionnaire for Measuring Attitudes towards Cancer (Cancer Stigma) (QMAC) - Community Version, and Jefferson's Empathy Scale for Nursing Students (JESNS). Results240 students volunteered to participate in the study, and the rate of the students' response to the questionnaires was 52%. Of all the nursing students, 66.2% of them were female; 45.4% had a moderate perception of their economic status; 94.2% had no chronic disease; 90.4% had no family history regarding cancer; 67.9% had never been in an oncology clinic, and 59.2 of them had received training on empathy. When nursing students' attitudes towards cancer were examined, it was seen that empathic approach (β = −0.291; p < .01) and chronic disease treatment received (β = 0.174; p = .005) were found to be significant predictors. ConclusionsThe results revealed that the nursing undergraduate students' negative perception of cancer decreased as their empathic skills increased. In addition, the students' receiving treatment for chronic diseases increased their negative perception of cancer. In order to reduce the negative attitudes of nursing students towards cancer, more trainings, lectures and seminars or clinical skills training regarding the development of empathic skills could be included in the undergraduate nursing curriculum.

Music Therapy in People Suffering from Korsakoff Syndrome: A Case Report

This article reports about two different cases of persons with Korsakoff syndrome (KS) who benefit greatly from music therapy while they are struggling with behavioral and emotional problems, caused by their chronic alcohol abuse which led to developing KS. Typical characteristics of persons suffering from KS are memory impairment, confabulation and problems with executive functions. Music therapy is a non-pharmacological intervention which has the potential to improve communication skills, reducing behavioral problems and thus leading to a better quality of life in KS-patients. An empathic yet directive approach has been proven beneficial when working with KS-clients. There is still little knowledge on how music therapy may contribute to improving these skills or reducing these impairments. The two case reports that follow provide greater insight into how to treat patients with KS through music therapy, specifically in patients who are residing in a long-term care facility specialized in KS.

Empathic approaches in engineering capstone design projects: student beliefs and reported behaviour

ABSTRACT Engineering design decisions have non-trivial implications, and empathic approaches are one way that engineers can understand and translate the perspectives of diverse stakeholders. Prior literature demonstrates that students must develop empathic skills and beliefs that these skills are important to embody empathic approaches in meaningful ways. However, we have limited understanding of the relationship between students’ beliefs about the value of empathy in engineering decision making and how they describe their reported use of empathic approaches. We collected qualitative data through interviews with ten undergraduate engineering students in capstone design. We found that our participants espoused a belief that empathic approaches are valuable in engineering design decisions. However, while students considered diverse perspectives when describing how they made design decisions, their reported behaviour during design decisions did not demonstrate translation of their empathic understanding. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations to educators and researchers.

Simulation-based service walkthrough (SBSW) to assess airport environment performance

PurposeThe increasing number of older passengers is resulted in a growing significance of international senior tourism industry. In today's competitive airport environments, improving the airport service performance (ASP) for older passengers is crucial to take an important place in the market. ASP design has been in the focal point of many researchers and airport stakeholders. However, the service performance evaluation regarding airport architectural design and use of older passengers have been mostly underrated.Design/methodology/approachThe study focused on ASP evaluation of architectural building elements. The proposed simulation-based service walkthrough (SBSW) was applied in a case airport building in Istanbul. Experts performed landside passenger activities to evaluate its ASP with a given walkthrough instruction. An empathic tool, GERonTologic age simulation (GERT) suit, was used to experience the physical limitations of older passengers during the experiment.FindingsResults showed that SBSW positively influenced experts' evaluation of ASP, where higher service problems were obtained. The GERT suit created a significant difference, where lower ASP scores and higher perceived empathy were observed within the group with the GERT suit. The study concluded that the proposed ASP criteria and SBSW could provide a useful research framework during service design of age-friendly airports.Originality/valueThe study addressed a novel area of enquiry by proposing a new set of ASP criteria for older passengers considering the airport architectural design and evaluating these criteria through a new empathic approach “SBSW”.

Women-led humanitarian architecture in disaster-prone environments: Learning from the Marielle Franco Community-Design Award

This paper focuses on humanitarian-architecture practices in hazard-prone environments. It highlights women's role in slum-upgrading, aided-self-help, incremental-housing and disaster-risk-reduction processes. We present the experiences of the seven shortlisted nominees to the first edition of the Marielle Franco Community-Design Award, which sought to acknowledge the long-lasting activities of professionals working within vulnerable communities. Although the award did not have a gender focus, all the shortlisted nominees were eventually either women architects or women-led architecture offices, mostly engaged with local NGOs assisting dwellers of fragile settlements while building their capacities. We sought to explore the distinctive features of their practices and how these contribute to improve communities' living conditions. Our research relied on a literature review and the comparative analysis of the profile, practice and achievements of the shortlisted nominees. Our study shows that the processes set forth by these professionals are as important as their architectural results. Furthermore, the outcomes of their work extrapolate the physical dimension to embrace long-term social impacts. By following an empathic and immersive approach in their relationship with the concerned people (in particular women), these female architects could plan, design and build in a truly collaborative mode.

Soft Skills: The Case for Compassionate Approaches or How Behavior Analysis Keeps Finding Its Heart.

As the field of behavior analysis expands, our need to develop ourselves as more effective collaborators, particularly with families who may be the primary consumers of our science, becomes paramount. As scientists, our training lies primarily in the behavioranalytic technologies that we study and apply. But our ability to disseminate our science, collaborate with non-behavior analysts, and ultimately grow our field hinges on our ability to navigate interpersonal situations in a way that puts forth compassion and humanity. We have the opportunity and capability to use our empirical procedures to implement and assess the effectiveness of interventions that target the soft skills of our field. The current article discusses the benefits of empathic and collaborative approaches in fields related to behavior analysis and provides suggestions for current behavior analysts to incorporate compassionate care into their practices. We provide a checklist for compassionate interactions accompanied by possibilities for its use as a tool for self-evaluation, procedural fidelity, and comprehensive training in the area of collaboration with families. Finally, we discuss areas for future research with respect to assessing and improving behavior analysts' compassionate approaches to treatment.

Exploring patient views of empathic optimistic communication for osteoarthritis in primary care: a qualitative interview study using vignettes.

BackgroundOsteoarthritis (OA) causes pain and disability. An empathic optimistic consultation approach can improve patient quality of life, satisfaction with care, and reduce pain. However, expressing empathic optimism may be overlooked in busy primary care consultations and there is limited understanding of patients’ views about this approach.AimTo explore patients’ perspectives on clinician communication of empathy and optimism in primary care OA consultations.Design & settingVignette study with qualitative semi-structured interviews. Purposefully sampled patients (n = 33) aged >45 years with hip or knee OA from GP practices in Wessex (Hampshire, Dorest, Wiltshire, and Somerset).MethodFifteen participants watched two filmed OA consultations with a GP, and 18 participants read two case vignettes. In both formats, one GP depicted an empathic optimistic approach and one GP had a ‘neutral’ approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with all participants and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsPatients recognised that empathic communication enhanced interactions, helping to engender a sense of trust in their clinician. They felt it was acceptable for GPs to convey optimism only if it was realistic, personalised, and embedded within an empathic consultation. Discussing patients’ experiences and views with them, and conveying an accurate understanding of these experiences improves the credibility of optimistic messages.ConclusionPatients value communication with empathy and optimism, but it requires a fine balance to ensure messages remain realistic and trustworthy. Increased use of a realistic optimistic approach within an empathic consultation could enhance consultations for OA and other chronic conditions, and improve patient outcomes. Digital training to help GPs implement these findings is being developed.

Intercultural education in early childhood

The acceptance of a diverse world begins with recognition at an early stage in life. However, not everyone steps out of their home with an empathic approach and this is why intercultural education should start as early as possible. The main objective of the study is to introduce the opportunities inherent in fairy tales from the perspective of intercultural education via the introduction of fairy tales dealing with multiple aspects of being different; and to introduce the practices applied in the Hungarian educational environment. The tales are analyzed with the method of content analysis, with special respect to diversity and cultural differences; then their educational applicability is analyzed based on the conclusions that can be drawn. The paper introduces the threats and opportunities of applying tales in intercultural education at a very young age, suggesting fairy tales to be used actively, but with suitable professionalism.

BODY AND SENSES IN ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH: EMPATHIC UNDERSTANDINGFROM AN EMBODIED EXPERIENCE

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the contributions of the method of empathic understanding to the field of Organizational Studies by highlighting the corporeality and sensitivity of the researcher in the production and interpretation of data. Originality/value: Since empathic understanding can be viewed as a method for analyzing the researcher’s experience during fieldwork, this paper situates the role of the researcher’s body as an instrument for the collection of data during their research. The theory of organizational aesthetics is taken as a basis to discuss the relevance of the sensory dimension during the research process. Without giving priority to any particular sense (such as that of sight, for example), the construction of scientific knowledge is therefore discussed in terms of the human senses that respond to diverse stimuli by highlighting the relevance of the processes involved in the production of embodied and sensible knowledge for Organizational Studies. Design/methodology/approach: A theoretical-empirical study of qualitative nature was carried out in a street market of a Brazilian city. The method of empathic understanding directed the entire process of data collection and analysis, in which the limitations of field observations were discussed by expanding the notion of the researcher’s own experience into that of a sensory experience. Findings: The findings suggest that it is possible for the researcher to engage their mind and body during research by experiencing the field and overcoming dichotomies such as cognition/sensitivity. Such an engagement can be viewed as a major contribution of the method of empathic understanding to Organizational Studies. Thus, the notion of the body as a major vehicle for the construction of knowledge is made evident in this paper through both the discussion of the empathic understanding approach and the research carried out.

The Human Component

This contribution is written from the perspective of a trial attorney with more than 20 years of experience representing clients in the California criminal justice system. Proper representation of the accused often requires a multidisciplinary approach in which legal care, medical care and mental health care work in conjunction with one another. Often, a client is laboring through layers of physical pain, fear, grief, and a possible myriad of mental health issues when his or her liberty is dependent on the ability to provide an accurate picture of their lives. In order to assist the client in providing the most comprehensive description of himself or herself, the defense team requires an empathic approach; one that is respectful of boundaries; and one willing to explore the context of the information uncovered during the course of investigation and representation.This contribution will detail the case of Marissa B , and how her investigation and advocacy wed her data to the context and circumstances surrounding her case to reveal information behind the human being in need of representation.