Empathetic Attitude Research Articles

Evaluating the Effect of Listeners' Response on Speakers' Later Recollection and Impression of the Story

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate a listener's role in a speaker's later recollection and impression of the story through a story‐retelling method. Two experiments were conducted, and listener responses were manipulated in each experiment in different ways. Experiment 1 examined the effect of a listener's attitude toward story retelling, and Experiment 2 studied the effect of a listener's subtle nonverbal reaction to a specific part of the story's retelling on a speaker's later recollection and impression of that story. Results showed that the listener's verbal empathetic attitude encouraged more word utterances from the speaker, changed the narrative content more positively, and reinforced the speaker's recollection, especially with positive ideas. It also amplified the speaker's emotions more than the non‐empathetic attitude (Experiment 1). However, the listener's nonverbal reaction to the specific part of the speaker's story did not appear to have a direct effect upon later recollection nor on the impression of the story (Experiment 2).

Understanding The Male Mentality Of Menstruation Among University Students

This research study aims to investigate the current perception and attitudes of young males towards menstruation in a developing nation, specifically India. The primary objective is to understand the existing mindset regarding menstruation and assess the potential for change and improvement in the attitudes of university students. Utilizing a quantitative research design, data were collected through a Google form and analysed using Excel and SPSS software. The findings indicate that educational qualification plays a significant role in shaping individuals' understanding and knowledge about menstruation. Furthermore, the study reveals that the stigma surrounding menstruation is more pronounced in rural and semi-rural areas. Importantly, the research highlights the influential role of female friends in enhancing male students' comprehension and awareness of menstruation and menstrual health. Promoting empathetic attitudes towards menstruation among male students is crucial for creating a supportive and inclusive environment for all individuals, irrespective of gender. These findings underscore the urgent need to address the prevailing taboos and misinformation surrounding menstruation, in order to improve overall well- being and reduce stigma in society.

Longitudinal association between autistic traits and affinity for hikikomori in Japanese university students

The affinity for hikikomori represents the desire to be withdrawn, as well as to entertain an empathetic attitude towards withdrawn individuals. It is composed of two subdimensions, the maladaptive desire for hikikomori, and empathy for others with hikikomori. This longitudinal study examined whether autistic traits predicted the affinity for hikikomori. At the baseline assessment, undergraduate and graduate students in Japan (N = 272) completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), the Affinity for Hikikomori Scale in University Students, and measures assessing academic failures and interpersonal conflicts. They also completed all measures excluding the AQ eight weeks later. Structural equation modeling indicated that difficulties in social interaction aspects of autistic traits were positively associated with academic failures at Time 2 even after controlling for academic failures at Time 1. In addition, difficulties in social interaction were positively related to the desire for hikikomori at Time 2 indirectly via academic failures at Time 2 after controlling for the desire for hikikomori at Time 1. Difficulties in social interaction were also directly associated with the increased desire for hikikomori at Time 2. These findings suggest that autistic traits, and especially difficulties in social interaction, are predictors of the maladaptive aspect of the affinity for hikikomori.

Ambivalent Sexism, Interpersonal Relationships and Attributional Complexity of School Counselors in Istanbul

Since school counselors became an internal part of the school system, they are responsible for promoting psychological and mental health of their students as well as providing guidance for them. In order to fulfill these responsibilities, school counselors are expected to have empathetic, inclusive, democratic, and egalitarian attitudes. As a repercussion of these required such attitudes, the school counselors are expected to treat every person equally regardless of their gender, race, and lifestyle, and not to discriminate people based on their attributions, and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships within the counseling settings. Thus, the aim of this research is to examine school counselors’ ambivalent sexism in the context of interpersonal relationships and attributional complexity. For this purpose, the relationships between interpersonal relationship dimensions (empathy, approval dependence, trust others, and emotional awareness), ambivalent sexism, and attributional complexity were analyzed. Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, Attributional Complexity Scale, and Scale of Interpersonal Relationship Dimensions were used as instruments. With a sample of 340 school counselors from Istanbul, our findings indicate that ambivalent sexism, interpersonal relationship dimensions, and attributional complexity are correlated with each other on different levels. Furthermore, we found some unexpected results such as a high level of sexism and a low level of empathy accompanied by positive causal relationships between ambivalent sexism and empathy and emotional awareness. In the end, the findings of this study essentially aspire to raise awareness about the issue of sexism among prospective and working school counselors in addition to stressing the need for boosting empathetic attitudes.

Nursing students' satisfaction with narrative photography as a method to develop empathy towards people with Hiv: A mixed-design study

BackgroundA major concern for people living with HIV during their lifetime is stigma and discrimination. It is therefore crucial to improve new generations of nurses' empathetic attitude towards these patients to eliminate fear and reduce discrimination using new educational interventions. ObjectiveTo analyze nursing students' satisfaction with narrative photography as a method to develop empathy towards people living with HIV. DesignConcurrent mixed-method design. ParticipantsSeventeen first-year nursing students from a public university in Barcelona, Spain. MethodsA 32-item questionnaire was administered at the end of the narrative photography training activity to determine nursing students' satisfaction with the methodology. Sociodemographic, attitudinal, skills, and satisfaction data were collected. Qualitative data were collected using a reflective open-ended question. ResultsOf the participants, 82.4% stated that narrative photography helped them to develop reflective thinking and perceive how people living with HIV may feel. Further, 88.2% said that the new method helped them to eliminate some of their prejudices about HIV/AIDS, consider different points of view, understand the importance of providing humanized care, and identify discriminatory behaviors when caring for people living with HIV. Finally, 70.6% stated that narrative photography taught them more than traditional lectures. ConclusionsNursing students' satisfaction with narrative photography as a teaching strategy is very high; as a result, empathy is advanced in an academic and professional way during the nursing degree. However, more research is needed to demonstrate its efficacy in different scenarios.

A Prospective Study on Profile of Gynaecological Problems in Adolescent Girls at a Tertiary Care Centre

Background: Gynaecological problems of adolescents occupy a special and very important place in the spectrum of gynaecologicaldisorders. Keeping this background in mind, this study was done to find the gynaecological problems of the adolescents attendinggynaecological OPD and emergency with the aim to study type of problems, causative factors and treatment modalities.Methods: It is a cross-sectional study done in outpatient department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department of HamdardInstitute of Medical Sciences & Research over a period of one year. Data was collected with the help of a pre- designed, pretestedquestionnaire after taking proper informed written consent from the unmarried adolescent females with age 11-19 years.Quantitative data is tabulated in numerical value as percentages.Results: In our study, most of the adolescents were the students of primary or secondary level educational status. The maincomplaint by adolescent girls in our study was menstrual problems (n=124,75.1%) including irregularity in flow, bleeding, bleeddays, occurrence of menses and pain. Menstrual problem was followed by vaginal discharge (n=43, 26%). The main diagnosiswas PCOD which was in 23 girls followed by vaginal discharge in 17 participants and urinary tract infection in 16 girls.Conclusion: A very empathetic attitude and special attention should be given to the adolescent population.

'You're not just a medical professional': Exploring paramedic experiences of overdose response within Vancouver's downtown eastside.

BackgroundOverdose response has become an increasingly relevant component of paramedic practice, particularly in light of increased opioid overdose globally. Previous studies have noted gaps in our understanding regarding the unique challenges which paramedics face during this form of pre-hospital emergency care. The aim of this study is to explore and describe the ways in which paramedics experience overdose response, specifically within a community markedly affected by the overdose crisis.MethodsTen participants were recruited from a single ambulance station located in an urban center in Western Canada. Two rounds of semi-structured individual interviews were conducted, and data saturation was found to have been reached. Verbatim transcripts were produced and subject to two rounds of descriptive and pattern coding. A second researcher reviewed all of the codes, with disagreements being handled by discussion until agreement was obtained. Themes were identified, along with a Core Category which seeks to describe the underlying dynamics of overdose response represented in our data. The concept of a Core Category was borrowed from Grounded Theory methodology.FindingsFive major themes were identified: Connecting with patients’ lived experiences; Occupying roles as clinicians and patient advocates; Navigating on-scene hazards; Difficulties with transitions of care; and Emotional burden of the overdose crisis. A core category was identified as One’s capacity to help.ConclusionsThis research contributes to existing literature on overdose response by specifically examining paramedic experiences during this form of emergency care. While paramedics felt highly confident in providing clinical care, their capacity to address underlying causes of drug use was understood as much more limited. Participants found ways to address this lack of control, along with feelings of frustration, by trying to understand patient perspectives and adopting empathetic attitudes.

Effectiveness of a Problem-Solving, Story-Bridge Mental Health Literacy Programme in Improving Ghanaian Community Leaders’ Attitudes towards People with Mental Illness: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial

In Ghana, people with mental disorders commonly experience negative attitudes and discrimination because of deep-rooted public stigma. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a mental health literacy programme in improving community leaders’ attitudes toward people with mental disorders. A cluster randomised controlled trial, comprising an intervention and control group, participated in a 3-hour problem-solving, Story-bridge mental health literacy programme. Data were collected at baseline and 12-week follow-up. The intervention group performed better in most outcome measures at follow-up compared to the control group. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups, in perceived stigma, community mental health ideology (CMHI), and benevolence outcome measures over the two time-points. Overall, the findings suggest that the programme was somewhat effective in improving community leaders’ attitudes and who might, subsequently, foster supportive, non-judgemental and empathetic attitudes toward individuals with mental disorders in their communities. There is scope for community psychiatric nurses and other primary health care workers to work with community leaders to increase public awareness of, and favourable attitudes toward, people with mental health problems in the community.

Donación de órganos en Paraguay: una ley para combatir los últimos lugares de américa latina

Los estilos de vida y los conocimientos de los profesionales del área de la salud, han aumentado la demanda mundial de trasplantes de órganos según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS)1.
 Estudios de Europa indican que los principales factores asociados para la donación son la edad, nivel de estudios, la experiencia previa y las actividades prosociales2.
 Un estudio en España señala que los principales factores independientes asociados hacia la donación de órganos con impacto positivo son la información transmitida por profesionales sanitarios, la discusión familiar sobre el tema, el conocimiento del concepto de muerte encefálica, el conocimiento de la actitud de la parejahacia la donación, y de la actitud hacia la donación de sangre3.
 En Paraguay, 224 pacientes se encontraron en el 2018 en lista de espera y precisan procedimientos para seguir viviendo4. Se presenta una nueva ley donde se estableció la donación directa a partir de los 18 años, a excepción de aquellas personas que dejen constancia de su inconformidad. La ley se basa en el respeto a la voluntad del donante5.
 La OMS fomenta el desarrollo ético de programas de donación y trasplante; garantizando una regulación y supervisión adecuadas, así como un seguimiento de las prácticas y los resultados de la donación y el trasplante1. No se debe olvidar la educación necesaria para eliminar los tabúes relacionados y así colaborar en el proceso de cambio generacional.
 Hoy en día, en cualquier parte del mundo, el tema de donación y trasplante es insuficiente y genera múltiples impactos en la vida de la persona, su familia y la sociedad. Lo que podría ir cambiando con una actitud empática, apoyada bajo un gobierno trasparente y un sistema educativo fortalecido en la salud pública de cada país.

Empathy variation of undergraduate medical students after early clinical contact: a cross-sectional study in China

ObjectivesEmpathy education is very important for medical students. There is little research on the influence of early clinical practice on the development of empathy and other aspects of professionalism in...

Paramedic student empathetic attitudes towards homelessness: a mixed methods pilot study

PurposeCurrent statistics highlight the increasing prevalence of homelessness in Australia, however, there is scant research regarding empathy and homelessness in the paramedic literature. Research in other areas of healthcare demonstrates that interaction with the homeless can positively impact empathetic attitudes and also highlights the opportunity to examine if these results are consistent or generalisable to the Australian paramedic profession. Therefore, the aim of our study was to explore paramedic students' empathetic attitudes towards homelessness.Design/methodology/approachA sequential mixed method design study was undertaken using a repeated measures and focus group approach. Paramedic students participated in clinical experience, involving interactions with the homeless. This entailed participating in at least four shifts (11 pm – 5 am) where students gained experience at the Salvation Army Health Café or with the Youth Street Teams in Melbourne, Australia. Empathy levels of the paramedic students toward homelessness, both pre- and post- were measured using the Medical Condition Regard Scale (MCRS) and the Health Professionals' Attitudes Toward the Homeless Inventory (HPATHI). A focus group with student participants was also conducted to obtain further detailed information about their perceptions of the experience.FindingsA total of 20 students participated (100% response rate). Statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases were observed on the MCRS pre- to post- data with total mean scores of 48.35 (SD ± 8.33) and 51.65 (SD ± 5.56), respectively. On the HPATHI a statistically significant (p < 0.0001) increase in Personal Advocacy was observed. Eight of these students took part in a subsequent focus group. Following thematic analysis of the focus group, a number of common themes were identified that included: communication, empathy and rapport, and a change in perception and attitude.Originality/valueThe results of this pilot study demonstrate that through participation in a project involving experience interacting with the homeless population, paramedic students showed a greater level of empathy towards the homeless. Increases in empathetic regard, social advocacy and personal advocacy were also found.

Pre-Service Teachers' Perceptions on the Role of English Teachers

This small-scale research project was carried out with 15 pre-service teachers enrolled in a B.A. English as a Foreign Language program at a private university with a distance learning modality. The goal of this study was to enable pre-service teachers to express what they thought their role as English teachers should be. The researchers chose narrative inquiry as a way to hear the students’ voices and take them into account in order to promote positive changes in their teaching practice. Different data collection instruments were implemented, such as oral narratives from an unstructured interview, written narratives from tutors’ reflections in a journal, and a questionnaire to characterize the participants. The findings showed that the pre- service teachers characterized the role of the English teacher as being committed and engaged in the learning process. They also displayed an empathetic attitude toward teaching in the English classroom. Additionally, they highlighted innovativeness and open-mindedness as crucial traits for creating a positive environment in the classroom and activating the affective filter.

Factors influencing HIV testing uptake among priority populations in a resettlement colony of a North Indian city

Background: The recent adoption of HIV ‘test and treat’ strategy by India’s National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) necessitates an urgent need to improve HIV testing among priority populations at risk for HIV. Aim &amp; Objectives: To identify barriers to and facilitators of HIV testing among priority populations such as pregnant women, tuberculosis patients, sexual partners of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and key populations; and to examine the role of new HIV testing modalities (e.g., non-invasive HIV testing) in improving HIV testing. Settings and Design: A cross sectional survey was conducted among priority populations in a resettlement colony of Chandigarh, North India. Materials and methods: A total of 160 participants were recruited using non-probability-based sampling. Statistical analysis used: Chi-square test was used to assess differences between priority populations who had been tested or not tested for HIV. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify significant predictors of HIV testing status. Results: Participants with higher HIV knowledge (Adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] =1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.5) and family support (aOR=8.2, 95% CI 1.9 to 35.3) had higher odds of getting tested for HIV. Major barriers identified were fear of anticipated discrimination and previous bad experiences in government HIV testing centres, and key facilitators were empathetic attitude of the staff and government initiatives (e.g., free-of-cost tests, reimbursements of travel costs). For periodic testing, priority populations preferred non-invasive (non-blood-based) HIV tests. Conclusions: Interventions to promote HIV testing among priority populations need to reduce HIV-related stigma, and offer non-invasive HIV testing in public hospitals.

Implicit Measures Help Demonstrate the Value of Conservation Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Biodiversity is being lost at unprecedented rates. Limited conservation resources must be prioritized strategically to maximize impact. Here we introduce novel methods to assess a small-scale conservation education program in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Lola ya Bonobo is the world’s only sanctuary for one of humans’ two closest living relatives, bonobos, orphaned by the illegal trade in bushmeat and exotic pets. The sanctuary is situated on the edge of the country’s capital, Kinshasa, its most densely populated region and a hub for the illegal wildlife trade that is imperiling bonobos and other endangered species. Lola ya Bonobo implements an education program specifically designed to combat this trade. Previous evaluation demonstrated the program’s efficacy in transmitting conservation knowledge to children. In Study 1, we use novel implicit tests to measure conservation attitudes before and after an educational visit and document a significant increase in children’s pro-conservation attitudes following direct exposure to bonobos and the education program. In Study 2, we show that adults exhibit high levels of conservation knowledge even before visiting the sanctuary, likely due to the sanctuary’s longstanding education efforts in Kinshasa. In Study 3, we explored adults’ empathetic attitudes toward bonobos before and after the sanctuary tour. Our results support the conservation education hypothesis that conservation education has improved relevant knowledge and attitudes in Kinshasa. Crucially, the present study validates new methods for implicitly assessing attitudes about environmental and social issues. These methods overcome typical biases in survey sampling and can be employed in diverse populations, including those with low literacy rates.

English

The present study aims to identify the impact of psychological training on the staff of BRAC University and how it has increased the group bonding of staff members. To see the impact, researchers conducted a series of training session with the participants over a span of one year. After the training, data were collected through interview method from the 18 participants. Besides, observation method was applied to see their group cohesiveness. By manually analyzing the data, it was found that the participants have changed themselves both personally and professionally. They have undergone remarkable changes in terms of sharing of ideas and information, empathetic attitude towards fellow mates, and pattern of communication among themselves. Analyzing the problems and managing work stress has improved than before. This training has helped them to realize the entire problem from others’ frame of reference, develop collaboration within group and improve positive and holistic attitude about the workplace and their organization’s goals. It can be said that apart from some limitations, this training makes the participants to develop healthy communication among the colleagues. Key words: Psychological training, transactional analysis, psychodrama, personal and professional development, group cohesion.

Odwrócenie perspektywy. Empatyczna praktyka kolektywu Rotor

A Reversed Perspective. The Empathetic Practice of the Rotor Collective In this study I reflect upon the project Da quassùètutta un’altra cosa (From Above It Is Something Different Altogether), executed by Rotor in 2018 in Palermo, for the Manifesta 12 European Nomadic Biennial. The Belgian collective of architects and designers attempted to recycle a site and a space in order to give it back to the inhabitants. Pizzo Sella, a picturesque slope in the vicinity of Palermo, is the location in question, where developers began erecting a housing estate in the 1980s. But the construction was never completed, and the artists turned the hollow concrete structures, which are marks of trauma today, into platform-like viewpoints, so producing a unique experience. A reversed perspective, besides offering magnificent outlooks, may contribute to reinstating the human and nature symbiosis. The success of the chosen method is a result of an empathetic research attitude to the materials found in the area. Repurposing destroyed buildings is, to me, an example of the ancient practice of appropriation referred to as spolia. Those I wish to define broadly: as secondary, or reclaimed substances that make cognition possible for a body situated in a relation with the world.

Enhancement of empathy in children through interventions

This is a quasi-experimental study; a four-month intervention-program designed to boost the empathetic attitude in public school students of Pakistan. The empathy towards bullying was assessed in experimental (199) and control (184) groups. The study had three phases. In the first phase the students were engaged in different activities to foster empathy which established that empathetic score of students increased and the score of bullying tendencies decreased after the use of interventions. The activity began with a story, followed by a group discussion, highlighting the different aspects of human feelings, emotions and behaviors, alongside encouraging children to give their feedback. In the second phase 98 students were selected from treated group, boys (N= 53) and girls (N= 45). Six more interventions were applied including reciting stories, question-answer sessions related to stories, followed by asking about the lessons students learnt from these stories. These conversations ended on brief lectures of trainers about empathy guided by the researcher during the training of trainers. After completion of this session, in the third phae, for qualitative assessment selected students from treated group were asked to write a story about empathy. The study found that the boys and girls grasped the concept of empathy differently. For boys described empathy as being helpful while girls as a means of getting happiness; but both did not associate empathy with kindness. Also, the boys believed that parents are the first to notice changes in their personality while girls think its their teachers. Moreover, for adopting the attitude of empathy, unlike boys, girls showed more collective rather than personalized approach.&#x0D;

Politeness Strategies in Higher Education: A Student Approach to the Sense of Humour

The issue of pragmatic politeness has a growing impact in all sustainable communities. The positive politeness strategies enhance the community spirit due to their benefits regarding the close relationships among its members. The marks of positive politeness are some specific communicative behaviours identified at verbal interactional level. One of these stands in ludic or playful behaviour that might be expressed as humour. The playful attitude towards the message fulfils functions that overlaps the communication situation, showing the transmitter's care, the empathetic attitude towards the receiver's problems and needs. In this manner, reducing the distance between interlocutors outlines the group identity. On the other hand, the humour represents in educational field a mean to strengthen the referential power of teachers. Therefore, our research interest to investigate the students’ perception about the values and attitudes related to the sense of humour identified in their teachers’ behaviour becomes legitimate. The questionnaire-based inquiry was developed in the first semester of the academic year 2019-2020, among the students from Transilvania University enrolled in senior years of Bachelor degree. Our results are in line with some findings of a previous research regarding the communicative styles of primary school teachers. The playful behaviour differentiate the profiles of effective teachers. The specific of educational relationships has its own background in higher education. The students’ perception about their professors’ sense of humour confirm that sense of humour is seen like an artifice to reduce the distance and increase the effectiveness.

Association between body mass index and self-rated health: A Swedish population-based longitudinal study.

Aims: We aimed to investigate (a) the association between body mass index (BMI) and self-rated health (SRH) and (b) BMI's predicted value for SRH within a representative population in the Skaraborg Project. Methods: This was a longitudinal observational study. A random population of 2816 individuals were included in the study between 2002 and 2005, and a representative sample of these individuals were invited consecutively for a follow-up visit between 2012 and 2014. At follow-up, data from 1327 participants were collected concerning anthropometric variables, blood samples and validated questionnaires regarding lifestyle factors. Results: A significant inverse association was observed between BMI and SRH both at baseline and at follow-up, with all p-values for trend being ⩽0.001 in both men and women. This association was observed even after adjusting for confounders such as co-morbidity, age, sex, education, marital status and lifestyle factors. In addition, the longitudinal analyses showed that BMI at baseline was inversely associated with SRH at follow-up in both sexes (odds ratio (OR)=1.1, confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.16, p=0.017 in men; and OR=1.1, CI 1.04-1.14, p=0.001 in women). These findings remained in participants whose weight increased (p=0.022) or was stable (p=0.004), while it was not seen in individuals who lost weight over the years (p=0.340). Conclusions: SRH is inversely associated with BMI in Swedish men and women. High BMI predicted low SRH from a longitudinal perspective, independent of co-morbidities, except for individuals who lost weight over the years. This knowledge emphasises the importance of an understanding and empathetic attitude towards these individuals.

Pengetahuan, Persepsi dan Sikap Generasi Muda Tentang Perubahan Iklim dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Niat Perilaku Pro-Lingkungan

Climate change continues to occur and have an impact for the survival of mankind. Climate change is not only a natural phenomenon, but also includes contributions from the behavior of the human. Hence need for awareness and goodwill of all parties, especially the young generation, to reduce the impact of climate change. This study aimed to analyze the influence of factors of knowledge, perception and attitude towards pro-environmental behavior intention of the young generation. By using multiple regression analysis, the results of this study show that the factor of knowledge, perceptions and attitudes about climate change have a positive influence and significant to pro-environmental behavior intention of the young generation. Furthermore, of these factors, the perceptions of the climate change are factors that have a more dominant influence on the intention proenvironmental behavior of the young generation. Thus, in order to further grow and develop the intention of young people to behave in a pro-environment, for they need to be given opportunities and greater access to resources and information channels to increase their knowledge related to environmental strategic issues, especially climate change and its impacts, so with the knowledge that will shape their perceptions better on climate change and, in turn, will form a more empathetic attitude. For that, the one way can be used is to empower organizations where they are working as a means to increase knowledge, shape perceptions and attitudes and arouse their intentions to behave pro-environment, through the activity of an organized, planned and organized.