Emotions Of Others Research Articles

Crying in the Womb: Emotions, Sound, and Personhood in Early Modern England

ABSTRACT Crying in the womb (vagitus uterinus) was an extraordinary phenomenon or prodigy by which a foetus in the later stages of gestation could be heard to cry before its birth. This article traces the way that crying in the womb in early modern England was consistently interpreted, across religious, medical, and popular texts, as an emotional expression. Hearing crying in the womb affirmed the unseen presence of a body and soul, already miserable with sin and able to convey this humanness, and affect the emotions of others, with the sound of its voice. This article reveals that hearing non-verbal emotional expressions was central to the early configuration of English Protestant personhood.

Neural empathy mechanisms are shared for physical and social pain, and increase from adolescence to older adulthood.

Empathy is a critical component of social interaction that enables individuals to understand and share the emotions of others. We report a pre-registered experiment in which 240 participants, including adolescents, young adults and older adults, viewed images depicting hands and feet in physically or socially painful situations (vs. non-painful). Empathy was measured using imagined pain ratings and EEG mu suppression. Imagined pain was greater for physical vs. social pain, with young adults showing particular sensitivity to social pain events compared to adolescents and older adults. Mu desynchronisation was greater to pain vs. no-pain situations, but the physical/social context did not modulate pain responses. Brain responses to painful situations increased linearly from adolescence to young and older adulthood. These findings highlight shared activity across the core empathy network for both physical and social pain contexts, and an empathic response that develops over the lifespan with accumulating social experience.

Peran Etika Bisnis dalam Perusahaan Bisnis di Era Globalisasi

When it comes to establishing relationships with others in the business world, ethics plays an important role. Business ethics plays an important role in determining the success or failure of a company. Practicing good corporate ethics can also improve communication and foster mutual trust between colleagues. In running a company, you have to focus on two things. The first is aware of and considers the needs and emotions of others. The second reason is to avoid avoiding other people, because corporate ethics vary widely between cultures and countries. The purpose of writing this article is to find out how Business Ethics in Business Companies in the Globalization Era. The author of this article uses observation techniques as a research strategy, as well as library research methods. Based on the discussion in this article, the level of trust that each member of the business community has with each other is influenced by business ethics. There are a variety of stakeholders impacting each other, including businesses, suppliers and end users. Each of these components must uphold ethical standards so that the foundation of trust is well maintained. Keywords: Bussiness,Ethics, Globalization, Company.

Estrogen predicts multimodal emotion recognition accuracy across the menstrual cycle.

Researchers have proposed that variation in sex hormones across the menstrual cycle modulate the ability to recognize emotions in others. Existing research suggests that accuracy is higher during the follicular phase and ovulation compared to the luteal phase, but findings are inconsistent. Using a repeated measures design with a sample of healthy naturally cycling women (N = 63), we investigated whether emotion recognition accuracy varied between the follicular and luteal phases, and whether accuracy related to levels of estrogen (estradiol) and progesterone. Two tasks assessed recognition of a range of positive and negative emotions via brief video recordings presented in visual, auditory, and multimodal blocks, and non-linguistic vocalizations (e.g., laughter, sobs, and sighs). Multilevel models did not show differences in emotion recognition between cycle phases. However, coefficients for estrogen were significant for both emotion recognition tasks. Higher within-person levels of estrogen predicted lower accuracy, whereas higher between-person estrogen levels predicted greater accuracy. This suggests that in general having higher estrogen levels increases accuracy, but that higher-than-usual estrogen at a given time decreases it. Within-person estrogen further interacted with cycle phase for both tasks and showed a quadratic relationship with accuracy for the multimodal task. In particular, women with higher levels of estrogen were more accurate in the follicular phase and middle of the menstrual cycle. We propose that the differing role of within- and between-person hormone levels could explain some of the inconsistency in previous findings.

The relationship between social odour awareness and emotional contagion susceptibility in females.

Previous research has shown a strong link between our sense of smell and emotion. More recently, the importance we attach to olfaction has been found to relate to our susceptibility to 'catch' the emotions of others. We explore this further by examining the relation between a newly developed measure of olfaction (social odour scale, SOS), which measures awareness of social odours, and emotional contagion susceptibility in female participants. The study therefore aimed to test the strength of this relationship and also help validate the English language version of the SOS. Female (n = 148) participants completed an online study that measured odour awareness [SOS; important of odour questionnaire, IOQ] and emotional contagion (EC). We found that the English version of the SOS yielded high reliability and supported the previous factor structure of the scale; additionally, we demonstrated a strong association between the SOS and IOQ which provides criterion validity for its usage. The study also revealed that whilst both the SOS and IOQ were positively associated with EC, the SOS was the more accurate predictor. These findings provide further validation for the use of the SOS and suggest that our subjective awareness of olfaction, especially concerning 'social odours' is an accurate predictor of emotional contagion.

Parenting Styles and Their Impact on the Emotional Intelligence of Adolescents at SMKN 1 Padang

This study aims to evaluate the impact of parenting styles on the emotional intelligence of adolescents at SMKN 1 Padang. Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others. Parenting styles play a fundamental role in the development of emotional intelligence in adolescents. The research method applied is quantitative with a survey approach. Data were collected from questionnaires distributed to 208 students at SMKN 1 Padang. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression to examine the impact of parenting styles on emotional intelligence. The analysis results obtained an F value of 92.616 with a probability (P) of 0.000 < 0.005. This means that the regression coefficients of the parenting style variables collectively influence emotional intelligence. This explains that Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. Overall, parenting styles contribute 57% to the variance in emotional intelligence of adolescents at SMKN 1 Padang. The significance values for authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting styles are 0.004 (<0.05), 0.000 (<0.05), and 0.000 (<0.05), respectively, indicating that these parenting styles have a significant impact on emotional intelligence. The study results show that authoritative parenting style has a positive effect on adolescents' emotional intelligence. Conversely, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles have a negative impact. The influence of authoritative parenting style on emotional intelligence is 52%, permissive parenting style is 3%, and authoritarian parenting style is 2%. This study contributes to understanding how different parenting styles affect adolescents' emotional intelligence. The findings can serve as a reference for parents, educators, and policymakers in developing effective parenting strategies to enhance emotional intelligence and reduce juvenile delinquency.

Emotion concordance is higher among immigrants from more individualist cultures: Implications for cultural differences in adherence to emotion norms.

Recent findings show that in more individualist cultures, people's emotions are more homogenous and more concordant with the emotions of others in their culture. These findings have been interpreted as evidence that adherence to emotion norms is greater in more individualist cultures. This investigation examined a consequence of this to the acquisition of emotion norms. If immigrants from more individualist cultures are more likely to adhere to emotion norms, they should be more sensitive to the emotion norms of their host culture and will acquire them more readily. Therefore, we expected that immigrants from more individualist cultures would acquire the emotion norms of their host culture to a greater extent than immigrants from less individualist cultures. This hypothesis was supported in two studies with diverse samples of immigrants (N > 10,000) that assessed emotion concordance with one's host culture, an implicit measure of the acquisition of emotion norms. We ruled out alternative explanations, such as cultural tightness and the cultural distance between host cultures and heritage cultures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation strategy use and effectiveness across adulthood: The role of interaction partner age.

One way older adults may be able to maintain emotional well-being despite declining in cognitive ability is through leveraging social resources for intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation. Additionally, given their increased life experience, older adults might also be particularly well-suited to regulate the emotions of others. To examine age difference in use and effectiveness of intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation, community adults (N = 290, aged 25-85 years) were prompted 6×/day for 10 days to report their emotional experience, use of intrinsic emotion regulation strategies (including capitalization, social sharing, co-reappraisal, and reminiscing), and interaction partner age. Older age was associated with being less likely to engage in social sharing of negative emotions, and this effect was stable when controlling for negative emotion experience. Otherwise, there were no age differences in how often or how effectively people use intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation. In terms of interaction partner age, older partner age was only associated with greater likelihood of using co-reappraisal and higher reports of negative emotion after social sharing. In summary, there was no strong evidence for the idea that interpersonal emotion regulation becomes more (or less) common or effective with age. However, though people may be less likely to share negative emotions and be seen as less effective partners for sharing these emotions later in life, older adults are preferable social partners for co-reappraisal potentially due to their life experience. Future work should explore motivational (i.e., attitudes toward negative emotions) and cultural (i.e., perceptions of roles and emotional abilities) mechanisms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Facial Expression Recognition Based on the FER2013 Dataset

Facial emotions are a way to express one's thoughts and also an effective way to understand the emotions of others. Nowadays, with the rapid development of technology, computers can also recognize facial expressions through convolutional neural networks, deep learning, and other methods, and classify the results. Throughout the entire experiment, we chose FER2013 data as the training set for our model, which ultimately achieved an accuracy of around 62%. We also compared it with the SFEW dataset. The emergence of facial expression recognition will increase in the future, and its application in teaching supervision is what we are exploring here. Its main function can be used for invigilation, attendance, checking class status, and so on.

Impaired Social Attention and Cognitive Empathy in a Paediatric Sample of Children with Symptoms of Anxiety.

Impairments in social cognition, in particular empathy, have been associated with childhood psychopathology, though previous investigations have yielded inconsistent results. Measures of social attention can reveal processes involved in responses to emotional stimuli and highlight deficits in empathy, or emotional biases in those with anxiety. The current study examined symptoms of anxiety, cognitive and affective empathy scores, and eye-gaze patterns in a pediatric sample of children (n = 178; 51-98 months-old) referred by their teachers for emerging psychopathology symptoms at school. We used eye-tracking metrics to capture gaze patterns during a dynamic video task designed to elicit empathic responses. Anxiety symptomology was reported by parents using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders scale (SCARED). Associations between eye-tracking variables, cognitive and affective empathy, and anxiety scores were analysed dimensionally in accordance with the Research and Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework. Higher levels of anxiety were associated with lower cognitive empathy and shorter first and total fixation durations to the eyes, across emotions (happiness, sadness, fear). No such associations were found between affective empathy and anxiety. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that across emotion conditions, first fixation duration negatively predicted anxiety scores. Our results indicate that children high in anxiety display cognitive empathy impairments and shorter attention to the eyes. These findings could inform early intervention programs for individuals at risk of developing anxiety disorders, as educating those high in anxiety on ways to identify emotions in others through changes in social attention could help to reduce anxiety.

Impaired emotion recognition in Cntnap2-deficient mice is associated with hyper-synchronous prefrontal cortex neuronal activity.

Individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show difficulty in recognizing emotions in others, a process termed emotion recognition. While human fMRI studies linked multiple brain areas to emotion recognition, the specific mechanisms underlying impaired emotion recognition in ASD are not clear. Here, we employed an emotional state preference (ESP) task to show that Cntnap2-knockout (KO) mice, an established ASD model, do not distinguish between conspecifics according to their emotional state. We assessed brain-wide local-field potential (LFP) signals during various social behavior tasks and found that Cntnap2-KO mice exhibited higher LFP theta and gamma rhythmicity than did C57BL/6J mice, even at rest. Specifically, Cntnap2-KO mice showed increased theta coherence, especially between the prelimbic cortex (PrL) and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, during social behavior. Moreover, we observed significantly increased Granger causality of theta rhythmicity between these two brain areas, across several types of social behavior tasks. Finally, optogenetic stimulation of PrL pyramidal neurons in C57BL/6J mice impaired their social discrimination abilities, including in ESP. Together, these results suggest that increased rhythmicity of PrL pyramidal neuronal activity and its hyper-synchronization with specific brain regions are involved in the impaired emotion recognition exhibited by Cntnap2-KO mice.

Comprehensive meta-analysis of emotional intelligence

BACKGROUND: Emotional intelligence refers to an individual’s awareness of their emotions and their ability to effectively regulate them. Emotional intelligence also encompasses the ability to empathize with and establish meaningful relationships with others. OBJECTIVE: In this study, a comprehensive meta-analysis approach was employed to investigate the relationships between emotional intelligence and various factors including social support, organizational aspects, satisfaction, and stressors. METHODS: Moreover, the extent to which emotional intelligence influenced these factors was investigated and analyzed through meta-analysis. RESULTS: A data analysis revealed that emotional intelligence correlated positively with social support, organizational aspects, and satisfaction and negatively with stressors. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that organizations should adopt management strategies for enhancing the emotional intelligence of their employees, thereby strengthening their social support systems and their organizational cohesion and efficiency. To achieve this, organizations are advised to implement reasonable management systems and emotional management education and training to enable employees to effectively manage their emotions and understand the emotions of others. Subsequently, the job and life satisfaction of the employees can be enhanced and the negative effects of stressors can be mitigated.

Investigation of the effects of some demographic characteristics of female athletes on emotional intelligence and life satisfaction

In many subjects and fields, emotional intelligence refers to the ability of individuals to understand, express and manage their own emotions and the emotions of others. Especially sport is known to have a significant effect on emotional intelligence. In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of some demographic characteristics of female athletes on emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. The participants were all women and analyses were performed by taking into account age groups, sports branches and education departments. Emotional intelligence and life satisfaction scales were evaluated by factor analysis and the suitability of the data was confirmed by Bartlett's test. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Anova, Kruskal Wallis and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests were used to analyse the data. All analyses were performed with SPSS v22.0. 34% of the participants were 18-21 years old, 45% were 22-25 years old and 21% were over 26 years old. 31% were interested in team sports and 69% were interested in individual sports. The fields of education are 37% coaching, 32% physical education and sports teaching, 31% sports management. According to the factor analysis results, Bartlett's test p<0.001 and KMO coefficient 0.896 were found. Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged between 0.583 and 0.924. While some factors differed according to age, no difference was found according to sport branch. While evaluation of own emotions and social skills differed according to departments, other factors did not differ. Participants over 26 years of age had low scores in the use of emotions and life satisfaction factors. These findings provide important clues for developing strategies for improving emotional intelligence and increasing life satisfaction.

Body shape rather than facial emotion of others alters interpersonal distance in patients with anorexia nervosa.

The study investigated interpersonal distance in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), focussing on the role of other's facial expression and morphology, also assessing physiological and subjective responses. Twenty-nine patients with AN and 30 controls (CTL) were exposed to virtual characters either with an angry, neutral, or happy facial expression or with an overweight, normal-weight, or underweight morphology presented either in the near or far space while we recorded electrodermal activity. Participants had to judge their preferred interpersonal distance with the characters and rated them in terms of valence and arousal. Unlike CTL, patients with AN exhibited heightened electrodermal activity for morphological stimuli only, when presented in the near space. They also preferred larger and smaller interpersonal distances with overweight and underweight characters respectively, although rating both negatively. Finally, and similar to CTL, they preferred larger interpersonal distance with angry than neutral or happy characters. Although patients with AN exhibited behavioural response to emotional stimuli similar to CTL, they lacked corresponding physiological response, indicating emotional blunting towards emotional social stimuli. Moreover, they showed distinct behavioural and physiological adjustments in response to body shape, confirming the specific emotional significance attached to body shape.

Relationship between Volunteerism and Empathy among Adolescents in Rwanda

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between volunteerism and empathy among adolescents in Rwanda. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that engaging in volunteer activities enhances adolescents' empathy levels, as these experiences expose them to diverse social situations and perspectives. Adolescents who volunteer tend to develop a greater understanding and sensitivity towards the needs and emotions of others. This empathy growth is attributed to the direct interactions and responsibilities involved in volunteering, which foster emotional and cognitive empathy. Moreover, the sense of purpose and fulfillment derived from helping others further reinforces empathetic behaviors. Overall, volunteerism serves as a significant developmental tool in nurturing empathy among adolescents, promoting their social and emotional well-being. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social learning theory, empathy development theory and theory of planned behavior may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the relationship between volunteerism and empathy among adolescents in Rwanda. In practice, schools and community organizations should design volunteer programs that are both structured and reflective to maximize empathy development. Policymakers should prioritize integrating volunteerism into the educational curriculum as a key component of social-emotional learning.

Affective processing in aphantasia and potential overlaps with alexithymia: Mental imagery facilitates the recognition of emotions in oneself and others

We investigated affective processing in aphantasia (= absent or reduced vividness of mental imagery), considering a possible overlap with alexithymia (= deficits in identifying and describing emotions), as reduced vividness of mental imagery is also reported in alexithymia. Study 1 assessed physiological reactions and self-reported sympathy in n = 30 individuals with aphantasia and n = 75 controls when confronted to visual and verbal material showing people in distress. Results demonstrated that individuals with aphantasia show reduced emotional responses, especially to verbal stimuli. This is of particular importance given the higher prevalence of alexithymic symptoms in aphantasic participants, notably in externally-oriented thinking and difficulties in describing feelings. An additional mediation analysis confirmed that vividness of visual imagery mediated the association between alexithymia and self-reported sympathy. Study 2 extended our exploration to the recognition of emotions in others using the same sample. Despite accurate recognition of emotions, individuals with aphantasia exhibited significantly slower response times, suggesting less efficient strategies that do not involve mental imagery. Our findings highlight the crucial role of mental imagery in the interplay of cognitive functions and affective processes, demonstrating how conditions such as aphantasia and alexithymia can affect sympathy and, more generally, emotions.

Testosterone in Puberty Regulates Emotional Contagion and Consolation via the Vasopressin System in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of C57BL/6J Mice

Introduction: Empathy is the ability of an individual to present and respond to the emotions of others and is thought to originate from parental behavior. Testosterone could promote aggression and inhibit biparental behavior and vasopressin (AVP) could promote aggression. Given levels of aggression and parental care are closely associated with levels of empathy, we hypothesized that testosterone may influence empathetic behavior via the AVP system. Methods: We examined testosterone levels and tested social, empathic, and anxiety-like behaviors after castration surgery to pubertal mice, and subsequently examined the molecular levels of AVP, V1aR in different brain regions. Finally, pharmacological experiments were used to test the effects on empathic behavior by injecting testosterone in combination with V1aR antagonist. Results: Here, we show that pubertal castration reduced serum testosterone levels, increased empathetic behavior and sociality, and reduced anxiety-like behaviors in male C57 mice. The pubertal castration also reduced AVP and vasopressin receptor (V1aR) protein levels, and AVP mRNA levels in the PVN. It also reduced the number of AVP-positive neurons in the PVN. In addition, pubertal subcutaneous injection of testosterone reduced emotional contagion and consolation of castrated mice, while concomitant injection of V1aR antagonists into the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) reversed the downregulation of emotional contagion and consolation induced by testosterone. Conclusion: It is suggested that testosterone in puberty regulates empathetic behavior in C57 mice possibly via the AVP system in the ACC. These findings help us to understand the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying empathetic behavior and provide potential targets for the treatment of psychiatric disorders associated with low empathy.

Knowing me, knowing you: Are people good at regulating their emotions good at regulating another's emotions?

Sometimes we regulate our emotions, and other times we need to regulate the emotions of others. In this investigation, we tested whether the ability to regulate one's own emotions and the ability to regulate other's emotions are related. We assessed regulators' self-oriented emotion regulation ability by measuring their own emotional experiences in a self-oriented emotion regulation task. We assessed regulators' other-oriented emotion regulation ability by measuring the emotional experiences of their targets in an other-oriented emotion regulation task. We found that self-oriented and other-oriented emotion regulation abilities were not significantly related. However, people were better able to regulate targets who were better at regulating themselves. People who frequently used self-oriented emotion regulation strategies (e.g., distraction) had greater self-oriented, but not other-oriented, emotion regulation ability. People with greater self-oriented emotion regulation ability made themselves feel less unpleasant emotions upon regulating their emotions. People with greater other-oriented emotion regulation ability made both the target of regulation and themselves feel less unpleasant emotions upon regulating the target's emotions. The target and regulator also felt closer to one another when the regulator had greater other-oriented emotion regulation ability. These findings suggest that the ability to regulate the emotions of others might be linked to desirable personal and social outcomes, even in interactions among strangers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Selective and prolonged attention to emotional scenes in humans and bonobos.

Perceiving emotions in others is at the foundation of higher-order social cognition. The importance of emotions is evidenced by the fact that they receive prioritized attention at early stages of processing the environment in humans and some other primates. Nevertheless, we do not fully understand how emotion modulates attention over longer durations in primates, particularly in great apes. Bonobos, one of our closest relatives, stand out in emotion processing and regulation among great apes. This makes them an interesting comparison species and a valuable model for studying the evolution of emotion perception in hominids. We investigated how bonobos and humans spontaneously attend to emotionally valent scenes in a preferential looking task using eye-tracking. With Bayesian mixed modelling, we found that bonobos and humans generally looked longer at emotional scenes, mainly of conspecifics. Moreover, while bonobos did not have a bias toward emotional human scenes, humans sustained their attention toward bonobos playing, grooming and having sex. Furthermore, when exploring an immediate bias for emotions, humans showed a bias toward affiliative human scenes, and bonobos showed a bias away from bonobos-in-distress scenes. These findings suggest that emotions modulate attention at early and later attentional stages in bonobos, similar to humans.

Talking About Our Own Emotions and the Emotions of Others at Work

Talking About Our Own Emotions and the Emotions of Others at Work