Emotions Joy Research Articles

The More the Merrier: Identifying the Joy in the English Proverbs

This study explores the complex world of English proverbs using Cognitive Semantics Analysis and the Qualitative Method. This study aims to uncover the cognitive mechanisms that create the positive associations found in these expressions. The research aims to reveal the subtle nuances that evoke joy, delight, and merriment by analyzing a diverse range of proverbs. By systematically examining the linguistic structures, contexts, and cognitive connections associated with these proverbs, this study sheds light on the intricate relationship between language, cognition, and emotions. This study reveals several noteworthy findings. Firstly, it demonstrates the presence of Joy emotion representation in English proverbs, comprised of two metaphorical schemes - CONTAINER and SOURCE-PATH-GOAL. Secondly, emotional resonances in English proverbs are identified as consisting of three distinct types - communal celebrations and shared experiences, abundance and togetherness, and prompting reflection on its transient essence. Lastly, the study highlights the interconnectedness between linguistic structures, cognitive mechanisms, and emotional experiences in English proverbs, which collectively represent the emotion of Joy. These findings deepen our understanding of the cognitive semantics of proverbs and contribute to broader discussions on how language can reflect and shape our emotional experiences.

Attention mechanisms and emotion judgment for Korean and American emotional faces: an eye movement study.

This study investigates attention mechanisms and the accuracy of emotion judgment among South Korean children by employing Korean and American faces in conjunction with eye-tracking technology. A total of 42 participants were individually presented with photos featuring either Korean or American children, and their task was to judge the emotions conveyed through the facial expressions in each photo. The participants' eye movements during picture viewing were meticulously observed using an eye tracker. The analysis of the emotion judgment task outcomes revealed that the accuracy scores for discerning emotions of joy, sadness, and anger in Korean emotional faces were found to be significantly higher than those for American children. Conversely, no significant difference in accuracy scores was observed for the recognition of fear emotion between Korean and American faces. Notably, the study also uncovered distinct patterns of fixation duration among children, depending on whether they were viewing Korean or American faces. These patterns predominantly manifested in the three main facial areas of interest, namely the eyes, nose, and mouth. The observed phenomena can be best understood within the framework of the "other-race effect." Consequently, this prototype formation leads to heightened accuracy in recognizing and interpreting emotional expressions exhibited by faces belonging to the same racial group. The present study contributes to a deeper understanding of how attention mechanisms and other-race effects impact emotion judgment among South Korean children. The utilization of eye-tracking technology enhances the validity and precision of our findings, providing valuable insights for both theoretical models of face processing and practical applications in various fields such as psychology, education, and intercultural communication.

Social media impact of tourism managers: a decision tree approach in happiness, social marketing and sustainability

PurposeThis study aims to analyze communication from the perspective of social marketing, positive emotions, and the topics chosen by Spanish tourist destinations to show their destination image. Additionally, this research shows a message classification model, based on the aforementioned characteristics, that has generated a greater impact, offering clarity to tourism managers on the type of content they should publish to achieve greater visibility.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology used in this work combines content analysis and data mining techniques. The classification tree using the chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) algorithm was selected to determine predictors of like behaviour.FindingsThe results show that the predictor variables have been emotions, social marketing and topics. Also, the characteristics of the messages most likely to have a high impact are those related to emotions of joy or happiness, their purpose is behavioural, and they talk about rural, cultural issues, special dates, getaways, or highlights of a town or city for something specific.Originality/valueThis study is the first to analyze the content of the tweets shared by destination tourism managers from a social marketing, positive emotions, and sustainability perspective, determining the possible predictors of likes on Twitter. The authors contribute to the literature by deepening the understanding of how social marketing and the positive emotions promoted drive a more significant impact in tourism communication campaigns on social media. The authors provide destination managers with a way better to understand the variables relevant to users in tourism content.

LA TRADUCCIÓN DE LA NOVELA GRÁFICA: PERSPECTIVA SEMIOLÓGICA Y MULTIMODAL

LA TRADUCCIÓN DE LA NOVELA GRÁFICA: PERSPECTIVA SEMIOLÓGICA Y MULTIMODAL

The infinity vaccine war: linguistic regularities and audience engagement of vaccine debate on Twitter

Purpose As public health professionals strive to promote vaccines for inoculation efforts, fervent anti-vaccination movements are marshaling against it. This study is motived by a need to better understand the online discussion around vaccination. The authors identified the sentiments, emotions and topics of pro- and anti-vaxxers’ tweets, investigated their change since the pandemic started and further examined the associations between these content features and audiences’ engagement.Design/methodology/approach Utilizing a snowball sampling method, data were collected from the Twitter accounts of 100 pro-vaxxers (266,680 tweets) and 100 anti-vaxxers (248,425 tweets). The authors are adopting a zero-shot machine learning algorithm with a pre-trained transformer-based model for sentiment analysis and structural topic modeling to extract the topics. And the authors use the hurdle negative binomial model to test the relationships among sentiment/emotion, topics and engagement.Findings In general, pro-vaxxers used more positive tones and more emotions of joy in their tweets, while anti-vaxxers utilized more negative terms. The cues of sadness predominantly encourage retweets across the pro- and anti-vaccine corpus, while tweets amplifying the emotion of surprise are more attention-grabbing and getting more likes. Topic modeling of tweets yields the top 15 topics for pro- and anti-vaxxers separately. Among the pro-vaxxers’ tweets, the topics of “Child protection” and “COVID-19 situation” are positively predicting audiences’ engagement. For anti-vaxxers, the topics of “Supporting Trump,” “Injured children,” “COVID-19 situation,” “Media propaganda” and “Community building” are more appealing to audiences.Originality/value This study utilizes social media data and a state-of-art machine learning algorithm to generate insights into the development of emotionally appealing content and effective vaccine promotion strategies while combating coronavirus disease 2019 and moving toward a global recovery.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-03-2022-0186

Intervening on Social Comparisons on Social Media: Electronic Daily Diary Pilot Study.

Literature has underscored the dark aspects of social media use, including associations with depressive symptoms, feelings of social isolation, and diminished self-esteem. Social comparison, the process of evaluating oneself relative to another person, is thought to contribute to these negative experiences such that people with a stronger tendency to compare themselves with others are particularly susceptible to the detrimental effects of social media. Social media as a form of social connection and communication is nevertheless an inevitable-and arguably integral-part of life, particularly for young adults. Therefore, there is a need to investigate strategies that could alter the manner in which people interact with social media to minimize its detrimental effects and maximize the feelings of affiliation and connection. This pilot study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a brief web-based intervention designed to alter engagement with social media and promote psychological well-being by encouraging social savoring as an alternative to social comparison. Social savoring was operationalized as experiencing joyful emotions related to the happiness of someone else's experiences (ie, feeling happy for someone else). Following an intensive longitudinal design, 55 college students (mean age 19.29, SD 0.93 years; n=43, 78% women and n=23, 42% White) completed baseline measures (individual differences, psychological well-being, connectedness, and social media use) and then 14 days of daily surveys on their social media activity and well-being. On day 8, the group that was randomized to receive the intervention watched a video instructing them on the skill of social savoring and was asked to practice this skill during days 8 to 14. Overall, participants reported positive perceptions of the intervention. Participants who watched the intervention video reported significantly higher performance self-esteem (P=.02) at posttest than those in the control condition, after controlling for baseline levels. Participants also reported significantly higher state self-esteem (P=.01) on days in which they engaged in more social savoring while using social media, and the use of social savoring increased significantly (P=.01) over time, suggesting that participants found it helpful. Participants in both conditions reported significantly lower levels of social comparison (control: P=.01; intervention: P=.002) and higher levels of connectedness (control: P<.001; intervention: P=.001) at posttest than at baseline. Initial evidence from this pilot study suggests that a web-based social savoring intervention may help minimize the potentially harmful consequences of social media use, at least in some domains. Future work is needed to examine the effectiveness and acceptance of this intervention in different age groups and in clinical samples that are in part characterized by higher levels of comparison with others (eg, people with eating disorders).

Exposure to emotions and postural stability in deaf youth

IntroductionThe population of deaf people is a heterogeneous group. Understanding the significant variables that affect motor, socio-emotional and cognitive development sets the direction and quality for subsequent developmental stages and provides the opportunity to select appropriate compensatory methods for deaf individuals.AimThe aim of the study was to verify the visual effect of the emotions of joy and anger on one of the dimensions of eye-hand coordination, i.e. postural stability among deaf and hearing youth.Material and methodsStudy subjects: 120 teenagers aged 13–17 years. The test group comprised 60 subjects with profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, while the control group comprised 60 hearing junior high school students. The study used a computerised stabilometric platform and photographs sourced from an affective image database Montreal Set of Facial Displays of Emotion.Results and discussionIn deaf youth, a switch in the stability of the body occurs, as compared to hearing youth. The results obtained indicate the need for the activation of cognitive, emotional and motor resources of deaf people with an area of multiple modalities taken into account.ConclusionsHuman development should be regarded as a continual process in relation to compensatory capacity.

Structure of basic emotions as a factor of emotional intelligence of high school students

The importance and predetermination of the emotional intelligence development as factors stimulating personal and professional growth of the individual and influencing his success in life are also undeniable. Emotional reaction is recognized as a specific type of knowledge that can enable a person to solve environmental problems successfully and correlate with the category of intelligence. Emotions and intellect are able to unite in their practical orientation. This combination is required for the coordinated development of the personality. The aim of the research was to study the role of such parameters of the basic emotions structure as the total functional resource of basic emotions; hierarchy of basic emotions; the balance of basic emotions in their totality in the level of emotional intelligence (EI) of high school students. The paper presents the results of an empirical study of the structure of basic emotions as a factor of emotional intelligence of high school students. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the parameter total functional resource of basic emotions decreases when moving to a sample of high school students with a higher IE, which may reflect a measure of chaos-orderliness in the structure of EI - a high value of this parameter reflects high chaos, and a low value - excessive ordering, which reduces the regulatory potential of EI. The parameter hierarchy of basic emotions has both general and specific features for high school students with different levels of EI. As for general features, they are: a) the emotion Interest which is the most distinguished; the second one is the Joy emotion. Specific features show that the Surprise emotion not only takes the third place in the hierarchy among high school students with high EI, but also reveals a significant increase in its share in the range of emotions. The parameter balance of basic emotions in their complex of high school students with different levels of EI can be quantitatively described by the parameters of the canonical hyperbolic rank parametric distribution, and the parameters of this distribution can be indicators of the level of high school students EI.

What holds society together? Emotions, social ties, and group solidarity in leisure interaction rituals

ABSTRACT In sociology, rituals are considered a social practice with powerful effects, and a prerequisite for functioning and sustainment of society itself. It was Durkheim who first identified the need for repeated ritual encounters among humans, in the sense of providing recurrent and cohesive emotions of joy, ecstasy, comfort, shame, pride, etc. However, the theory of rituals which took human emotions into account was proposed much later. This paper will argue for the social importance of everyday, mundane, or leisure rituals such as sports matches, music concerts, and routine conversations, gossip, or meetings over a drink or coffee, as ritual interactions strongly mediated by social emotions. These leisure interaction rituals create important personal experiences and meaningful personal histories, while having significant effects for the society as a whole. The paper claims that societies are not being “held together” by some abstract entity, such as social system or culture, but only through the pockets of micro-solidarity occurring when individuals ritually meet in emotionally charged interactions. It is the social interaction in leisure that generates essential social emotions, social ties, and group solidarity, thus representing the actual glue that holds society together.

The EEG microstate representation of discrete emotions

Understanding how human emotions are represented in our brain is a central question in the field of affective neuroscience. While previous studies have mainly adopted a modular and static perspective on the neural representation of emotions, emerging research suggests that emotions may rely on a distributed and dynamic representation. The present study aimed to explore the EEG microstate representations for nine discrete emotions (Anger, Disgust, Fear, Sadness, Neutral, Amusement, Inspiration, Joy and Tenderness). Seventy-eight participants were recruited to watch emotion eliciting videos with their EEGs recorded. Multivariate analysis revealed that different emotions had distinct EEG microstate features. By using the EEG microstate features in the Neutral condition as the reference, the coverage of C, duration of C and occurrence of B were found to be the top-contributing microstate features for the discrete positive and negative emotions. The emotions of Disgust, Fear and Joy were found to be most effectively represented by EEG microstate. The present study provided the first piece of evidence of EEG microstate representation for discrete emotions, highlighting a whole-brain, dynamical representation of human emotions.

Emotion Classification and Achievement of Students in Distance Learning Based on the Knowledge State Model

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, remote teaching methods have been widely adopted by schools. However, distance education can frequently lead to low student emotional engagement, which can not only cause learning burnout, but also weaken students’ interest in online learning. In view of the above problems, this study first proposed a learner knowledge state model that integrates learning emotions under the background of digital teaching to accurately describe the current learning state of students. Then, on the basis of the public face dataset lapa, we built an online multi-dimensional emotion classification model for students based on ResNet 18 neural network. Experiments showed that the method has an average recognition accuracy of 88.76% for the four cognitive emotions of joy, concentration, confusion, and boredom, among which the accuracy of joy and boredom is the highest, reaching 96.3% and 97.0% respectively. Finally, we analyzed the correlation between students’ emotional classification and grades in distance learning, and verified the effectiveness of the student’s emotional classification model in distance learning applications. In the context of digital teaching, this study provides technical support for distance learning emotion classification and learning early warning, and is of great significance to help teachers understand students’ emotional states in distance learning and promote students’ deep participation in the distance learning process.

China public emotion analysis under normalization of COVID-19 epidemic: Using Sina Weibo.

The prevention and control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in China has entered a phase of normalization. The basis for evaluating and improving public health strategies is understanding the emotions and concerns of the public. This study establishes a fine-grained emotion-classification model to annotate the emotions of 32,698 Sina Weibo posts related to COVID-19 prevention and control from July 2022 to August 2022. The Dalian University of Technology (DLUT) emotion-classification system was adjusted to form four pairs (eight categories) of bidirectional emotions: good-disgust, joy-sadness, anger-fear, and surprise-anticipation. A lexicon-based method was proposed to classify the emotions of Weibo posts. Based on the selected Weibo posts, the present study analyzed the Chinese public's sentiments and emotions. The results showed that positive sentiment accounted for 51%, negative sentiment accounted for 24%, and neutral sentiment accounted for 25%. Positive sentiments were dominated by good and joy emotions, and negative sentiments were dominated by fear and disgust emotions. The proportion of positive sentiments on official Weibo (accounts belonging to government departments and official media) is significantly higher than that on personal Weibo. Official Weibo users displayed a weak guiding effect on personal users in terms of positive sentiment and the two groups of users were almost completely synchronized in terms of negative sentiment. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed on the two negative emotions of fear and disgust in the personal posts. The present study found that the emotion of fear was mainly related to COVID-19 infection and death, control of people with positive nucleic acid tests, and the outbreak of local epidemic, while the emotion of disgust was mainly related to the long-term existence of the epidemic, the cost of nucleic acid tests, non-implementation of prevention and control measures, and the occurrence of foreign epidemics. These findings suggest that Chinese attitudes toward epidemic prevention and control are positive and optimistic; however, there is also a notable proportion of fear and disgust. It is expected that this study will help public health administrators to evaluate the effectiveness of possible countermeasures and work toward precise prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic.

Love’s place in the spectrum of affect, one of 24 secondary emotions: implications for psychiatry

Love is defined and examined as an emotion, using the psychoevolutionary theory of emotions developed by Robert Plutchik and extended to social psychiatry by Henry Kellerman. This theory posits a fourfold ethogram, representing the valanced adaptive reactions to problems of life which define the eight primary emotions. The problem of identity is addressed by acceptance and disgust; temporality, by joy–happiness and sadness. Using a hierarchical classification system, love is defined as a secondary-level emotion, a mixture of joy and acceptance. Examination of the brain infrastructure of these emotions supports their interpretation as basic emotions. In romantic and other forms of love, there is a global acceptance–incorporation, of the other, together with the joy of sexual pair-bonding. This can rise to the level of a clinical disposition that is both histrionic and manic, akin to a Durkheimian collective effervescence. The emotions of acceptance and joy are in everyday life constrained by ego-defense mechanisms: acceptance is constrained by a more critical, less idealised, view of a potential love object; uninhibited joy of sexuality is defended against by sublimation, in which libidinal energy is deflected into an emphasis on correct and proper behaviour, and purposive and productive activities.

ЧУВСТВО БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ И ВОСПРИЯТИЕ БАЗОВЫХ ЭМОЦИЙ: ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ МЕТОДА ОКУЛОГРАФИИ

Background. Th e relevance of the study is determined by the need to understand emotional aspects of safety and psychophysiological mechanisms underlying it, which are signifi cant for the development of resources for its self-provision. Objective. To analyze the relationship between the feeling of safety and perceived basic emotions, taking into account diff erent ways of presenting stimulus material, as well as individual and gender diff erences. Methods. Th e study implemented the oculography method (eye tracking), paired comparisons, the “EmIn” test measuring emotional intelligence, the TIPI-RU personality questionnaire, comparative and correlation analysis. Sample. Th e study involved students and staff of the Far Eastern Federal University (N = 13, mean age 26.5 years), the database included 819 measurement procedures. Results. Joy and anger are the most signifi cant emotions for a person’s sense of safety and are associated with individual and gender diff erences established during the study depending on the ways of presenting stimulus material. Th e study revealed the predominance of gaze fi xations in the subjects of both sexes on the female faces, on the emotional expressions of anger, fear (on women faces) and joy (on men faces). Correlation analysis established closer connections of the sense of safety with emotions of calmness, joy and disgust, less pronounced connections — with emotions of surprise and fear. Although when perceiving both photographs of faces and descriptions of emotions the largest number of choices were made in favor of positive emotions as the safest ones, analysis of physiological reactions revealed a predominance of gaze fi xations on the negative emotions as well. Conclusion. A person can associate with a sense of safety not only positive and neutral emotions but also the negative ones. Th e most security-threatening emotions are disgust and anger, the safest ones are joy, calmness and surprise (for women — mostly joy, for men — calmness). Compared to men, women rate sadness and disgust as safer emotions, while anger and fear — as less safe. Attribution of emotions as associated with safety is correlated with high scores on the “openness”, “emotional stability” and “emotional intelligence”. Th e results obtained contribute to the study of the emotion recognition mechanism, taking into account the ways of stimulus prese ntation, to the study of the psychophysiological aspects of the safety perception, and can be used in the development of tools for training emotional intelligence.

Combining emotions: hope, anger, joy, and love in Israeli peace movements

ABSTRACT Focusing on the role of hope and emotions more broadly in the two newest peace movements in Israel – Women Wage Peace and Standing Together – this paper investigates how both movements ‘work’ on their activists’ emotions and combine emotions. A comparative and gendered approach sheds light on differences between the movements. While both were established in 2014–2015 and strive for the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, each has distinct characteristics. Women Wage Peace is a women’s movement focused on reaching a peace agreement with the Palestinians, while Standing Together is a mixed movement with a holistic mandate of reaching peace and transforming Israel into a more egalitarian society. The paper draws on qualitative methodologies – in-depth interviews with Jewish and Arab-Palestinian activists, ethnographic work, and analysis of documents produced by the movements. It suggests that both movements consciously work on their activists’ emotions, but that Standing Together combines the positive emotion of hope with the negative emotion of anger (‘moral battery’), while Women Wage Peace combines the positive emotion of hope with the positive emotions of love and joy. The paper also argues that Women Wage Peace’s combination of positive-only emotions is part of an absolute politics of positivity that contrasts with Standing Together’s more limited politics of positivity. Possible implications include the value for peace movements to actively work on their activists’ emotions and trigger hope, which can be combined with negative or positive emotions, as movements consciously place themselves along the ‘politics of positivity’ spectrum.

Situation of Physiotherapy Clinics in the Community of Madrid in Relation to the Concept of Sustainability: A Survey Study

Introduction: Nowadays, it is increasingly urgent to regulate the use of the natural resources of our planet. From the field of physiotherapy, it is necessary to address this issue to ensure that our centers comply as much as possible with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Objective: To analyze the current situation in physiotherapy clinics in the Community of Madrid so as to identify whether their managers are aware of the concept of sustainability and its levels of application. Material and Methods: A survey study was carried out with the collaboration of 52 physiotherapy clinics in the Community of Madrid (Spain) to collect relevant data on sustainability. The questions were designed by experts in physiotherapy and sustainability with the aim of obtaining as much information as possible, analyzing the knowledge of sustainability and part of the goals established in the 2030 agenda. The procedures were conducted following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement and checklist, in addition to following the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (CIPI/22.016). Results: A total of 35 questions were answered by 52 physiotherapy clinics in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Spain) that completed the survey. In addition to the results of each question related to the concept of sustainability, significant differences were observed in the proportion of emotions detected with the NRC dictionary in the question about how waste is removed from the center (p = 0.002 and 0.008, respectively) with a higher proportion of positive feelings with emotions of joy, anticipation, confidence and surprise expressed by participants from clinics of less than 90 m2, while in those from clinics of more than 90 m2, negative feelings predominated with emotions of disgust, fear or sadness; in both cases, the effect of size was large and significant. Conclusions: Most of the physiotherapy clinics in the Community of Madrid that participated in the study are aware of the concept of sustainability. However, in practice, they do not sufficiently apply sustainability protocols in their clinics.

Developing an Emotion Recognition Tool for Tweets

This research in the domain of sentiment analysis aims to maintain high effectivity and applicability by not just understanding how the user feels, but by accurately quantifying their emotions. With the desired end product being a web application, the visualization that is received as an output aids the user in comparing the intensity of their emotions of anger, fear, joy and sadness demonstrated in the input tweets. This web application was built with the use of a dataset from the SEMEVAL-2018 competition. Training and testing of the dataset using 6 machine learning algorithms and their evaluation using performance metrics including R2, MAE, MSE and RMSE led us to arrive at the result that 'Support Vector Regressor' was the best performing algorithm for anger, sadness and fear while the Gradient Boosting algorithm performed best for joy. To that end, the web application uses the following algorithm for evaluating the respective emotions. In addition to developing a prediction model, the research also involved extensive data visualization an analysis that conveyed the most used words and hashtags when the user experiences each of the aforementioned emotions. To highlight the research's accomplishment- the author has been able to create a fairly accurate and relatively quick sentiment analysis model for public opinion.

Exclamatives as means of exhibiting emotions in Henry James’s Washington Square: Pragmatic aspect

Abstract The article aims to analyse exclamatives as means of expressing emotions in dialogical discourse through the Speech Acts Theory. In particular, it dwells upon the representation of the Universal Emotion by the sub-classes of speech acts on the material of Henry James’s Washington Square. For this purpose, a structural-semantic analysis, a speech acts analysis, an intentional analysis, and a statistical analysis were used in the research. The results established pragmatic regularities of using the exclamatives in the course of communication in the novel. Thus, emotions play an essential role in constructing the character’s individual features, each of them having his/her predominant emotion. In addition, the statistical analysis showed that the majority of the analysed exclamatives are used to express the emotions of anger, joy, and sadness, which are construed predominantly by expressive and representative speech acts.

Does electricity consumption make happy? The emotional dimensions of time-scaled electricity consumption graphs for household appliances

Due to the current situation regarding climate change, smart home energy management systems help to provide an overview of a household’s electricity consumption at appliance level by means of time-scaled visualizations. Such electricity consumption graphs need to be visually appealing to unleash potentials for a positive contribution to energy transition. Triggered emotions in particular play a crucial role for visualization design. Therefore, this paper presents an in-depth facial expression analysis and eye-tracking investigation with a sample of n = 48 non-expert participants with the aim to determine the triggered emotions by different time-scaled electricity consumption graphs at appliance level. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups with different time-scaled electricity consumption graphs at appliance level. Within each group, the participants had to complete three tasks based on the presented consumption graph. Results revealed that time-scaled electricity consumption graphs at appliance level have the potential to trigger the emotions joy, surprise, anger, contempt, disgust and sadness. Surprise, contempt and disgust in particular were triggered more frequently than anger and sadness. Furthermore, electricity consumption graphs at appliance level triggered joy more frequently among women than men. However, the type of electricity consumption graph did not influence the extent of triggered emotions. Nevertheless, smart home energy management system suppliers should consider this triggering effect on human emotions to provide adequate solutions that unleash the full potential to support the energy transition.

Formation of Stereotypes of Human Behaviour under the Influence of Childhood Fears

The relevance of the study is due to the presence of a relationship that occurs between the emotional and intellectual development of the individual. Negative changes in the process of emotional development of a person lead to the fact that they are unable to use other structures, in particular, intelligence, and therefore develop harmoniously. As a basic emotion, fear is an integral part of the emotional field, as is the emotion of joy, sadness, and anger. Fear performs a protective function, but it also destroys the individual if it is irrational. The emotion of fear, arising in childhood, can be fixed and transformed into more acute manifestations, that is, into phobic disorders. Personality is formed under the influence of society, so a very important role in its development is played by models of upbringing in the family and those attitudes and prescriptions that a person learns from childhood. In adulthood, these patterns are manifested in the form of stereotypical behaviour, which substantially affects a person’s quality of life. Therefore, it is important to clarify how childhood fears can affect the individual in adulthood. The purpose of this study is to establish a link between childhood fears and stereotypical behaviour. A number of methods and techniques were used to achieve this goal, including theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalisation) and practical (D. McLain’s general tolerance for uncertainty scale; tolerance-intolerance of ambiguity questionnaire by T.V. Kornilova; questionnaire of childhood fears). The results of the study show that in the case when a person cannot safely live through fears as a child, they have an impact on the psychological well-being of the individual, which encourages the formation of psychological problems. It is proved that as a result of gender stereotypes in education, male and female fears formed in childhood differ markedly. Therewith, it is noted that certain stereotypes have a positive meaning in a person’s life if they do not suppress their psychological development. The research materials will be useful for practical psychologists in the education and social fields, and teachers