Emotions In Man Research Articles

A CONCEPÇÃO DO HOMEM NO EXERCÍCIO DA PATERNIDADE JUNTO AO TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA (TEA)

This study aimed to understand the father's perspective about the exercise of fatherhood with the child diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Therefore, a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study was proposed. The sample consisted of 15 fathers (men) who had a child up to six years old diagnosed with ASD. The data collection instrument was based on a semi-structured interview script, with 48 questions, of which only four were used for this cut. Data analysis occurred through content analysis with the creation of categories. The results showed that parents have a vision about good parenting that permeates providerism. ASD has a direct impact on men's emotions, which requires greater observations and understanding of feelings, so that they support effective fatherhood.

Wizja wiejskiego krajobrazu w noweli bułgarskiej przełomu XIX i XX wieku

The rural landscape in the stories mentioned here is not idyllic, because even the descriptions of spring that fill with positive emotions show the temporary nature, because the inhabitants have time to contemplate the landscape only because of the church holiday. It seems interesting that in this affirmation of the world of nature, the characters see numerous parallels between humans and other species inhabiting the globe. This is, of course, a clear allusion to the works of Charles Darwin, in particular On the Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), in which the English researcher proved that we are really not much different from other creatures. The theory of evolution has revised the notion of nature into which man has been drawn, becoming part of a global spectacle in which some beings perish and then others take their place.

Sexually dimorphic effects of a modified adolescent social isolation paradigm on behavioral risk factors of alcohol use disorder in Long Evans Rats

Early life stress (ELS) is a major risk factor for alcohol use disorder (AUD) and comorbid neuropsychiatric conditions. We previously demonstrated that an adolescent social isolation (aSI) model of ELS significantly increased behavioral risk factors for these disorders (e.g. anxiety-like behaviors, alcohol drinking) in male, but not female rats. Since many neurodevelopmental milestones are accelerated in females, we investigated whether an earlier/shorter isolation window (PND 21-38) would yield comparable phenotypes in both sexes. In two experiments, Long Evans rats were socially isolated (SI) or group-housed (GH) on postnatal day (PND) 21 and locomotion was assessed in the open field test (OFT; PND 30). Experiment 1 also assessed behavior on the elevated plus-maze (EPM) (PND 32). In Experiment 2, all rats were single housed on PND 38 to assess home cage alcohol drinking. Experiment 1 revealed that SI females had increased locomotor activity in the OFT but did not differ from GH subjects on the EPM. The OFT results were replicated in both sexes in Experiment 2 and both male and female SI rats had significantly greater ethanol consumption during an eight day continuous access paradigm. In contrast, during subsequent intermittent two-bottle choice drinking, only SI females displayed greater ethanol intake and preference and increased consumption of a quinine-adulterated alcohol solution. These findings demonstrate that early life social isolation can promote AUD vulnerability-related phenotypes in female rats but that there are profound sex differences in the vulnerability window to this early life stressor. Uncovering the neural mechanisms responsible for these sexually dimorphic differences in sensitivity to ELS may shed light on the biological substrates associated with vulnerability to AUD and comorbid disorders of negative emotion in men and women.

Disputing Darwin: On Piloerection and Mental Illness.

Most of Charles Darwin's ideas have withstood the test of time, but some of them turned out to be dead ends. This article focuses on one such dead end: Darwin's ideas about the connection between piloerection and mental illness. Piloerection is a medical umbrella term to refer to a number of phenomena in which our hair tends to stand on end. Darwin was one of the first scientists to study it systematically. In The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), he discusses piloerection in the context of his analysis of the expressions involved in fear and anger, relying heavily on the evidence provided by one of his correspondents, the British psychiatrist James Crichton Browne. This essay reveals how Darwin's initial doubts about the similarity between piloerection in animals and psychiatric patients were eased when studying photographic portraits of female psychiatric patients sent to him by Crichton Browne. It considers arguments against Darwin's reading of these portraits and the apparent contrast between this reading and his own skepticism, in later years, about the value of documentary photography. The article concludes with some notes regarding the reception of Darwin's ideas about psychopathology.

Notorious: Animal passions in the desert: Lions, camels and a human, oh my!

Abstract“You believe animals to be wholly deprived of passions” asks the narrator of Balzac's 1836 story, “A Passion in the Desert,” and he adds, “you should know that we can give them all the vices driven by our state of civilization.” It is in the context of Balzac's questioning of animal passion that I would like to consider the striking and passionate expressions shared among the lion, dromedary and human figures in Jules Verreaux' “Lion Attacking a Dromedary.” The denial of animal passion can be understood as a Cartesian legacy that influenced both taxidermy and the illustrations of early natural histories, but would eventually be questioned during the 18th and 19th centuries. Thus, Buffon accepted that an animal might be excited or moved by passions, but also wrote that any depiction of that agitation could only distort the representation of a species' essence. During the 19th century, by contrast, both scientific and artistic representations of animals show an increasing interest in animal emotions, even as these would underscore a greater affinity between human and non‐human animals, as evidenced by Darwin's 1872 publication of The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Balzac's story and Verreaux's taxidermy question to what extent passions humanize animals or bestialize humans, a question with potential relevance, I will argue, for understanding how the vices of civilization might relate to the figure of the human Courier in the exchange of passions.

What is missing in the study of emotion expression?

While approaching celebrations for the 150 years of "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals", scientists' conclusions on emotion expression are still debated. Emotion expression has been traditionally anchored to prototypical and mutually exclusive facial expressions (e.g., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise). However, people express emotions in nuanced patterns and - crucially - not everything is in the face. In recent decades considerable work has critiqued this classical view, calling for a more fluid and flexible approach that considers how humans dynamically perform genuine expressions with their bodies in context. A growing body of evidence suggests that each emotional display is a complex, multi-component, motoric event. The human face is never static, but continuously acts and reacts to internal and environmental stimuli, with the coordinated action of muscles throughout the body. Moreover, two anatomically and functionally different neural pathways sub-serve voluntary and involuntary expressions. An interesting implication is that we have distinct and independent pathways for genuine and posed facial expressions, and different combinations may occur across the vertical facial axis. Investigating the time course of these facial blends, which can be controlled consciously only in part, is recently providing a useful operational test for comparing the different predictions of various models on the lateralization of emotions. This concise review will identify shortcomings and new challenges regarding the study of emotion expressions at face, body, and contextual levels, eventually resulting in a theoretical and methodological shift in the study of emotions. We contend that the most feasible solution to address the complex world of emotion expression is defining a completely new and more complete approach to emotional investigation. This approach can potentially lead us to the roots of emotional display, and to the individual mechanisms underlying their expression (i.e., individual emotional signatures).

P1 Component Discloses Gender-Related Hemispheric Asymmetries during IAPS Processing

Background: Although some studies showed distinct electrophysiological correlates of emotions in men and women about 300 ms after the stimulus onset, little is known about the automatic visual phases of emotional processing. Investigating both early and late event-related potential (ERP) components (e.g., the P1, P300) could allow us to clarify the effect of gender on the temporal dynamics underlying emotional processing. Methods: Twenty men and twenty women similar in age, education and empathy traits passively viewed emotional and neutral IAPS pictures during EEG recording, providing their subjective evaluations about valence and arousal. ERP and source analyses were implemented to examine gender effects on emotional processing. Results: The P1 analysis revealed gender-related asymmetries, consisting of the greater amplitude of right vs. left parietal sites for women, and bilateral activation for men, almost for each emotional category. These findings were also supported by source analyses. Conversely, during the fear stimulus processing, women showed an involvement of the left cuneus, and men of the right homologous. No group differences appeared in the P300 component analysis. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that men and women adopt different strategies when processing visual emotional information, and suggest that gender is a crucial variable in emotional research.

Affect Theory’s Colonial Sources

In this article I consider the debt that contemporary theories of affect owe to nineteenth-century universalizing theories of emotion. I ask how and to what extent affect theory, as a late-twentieth-century intellectual formation, remains connected to the race-thinking and civilizational ideology of the nineteenth century which contributed to the emergence of the modern psychological study of the emotions. In order to take up these questions about the triangulation of affect, civilization, and race, I examine the colonial sources on which Charles Darwin drew in his 1872 The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Turning to the responses that Darwin received to his 1867 questionnaire, “Queries About Expression,” sheds light on the so-called raw data that still forms the scientific and ideological basis of affect theory today.

Агенція образу

Horst Bredekamp is an art historian and representative of the science of images (Bildwissenschaft), known for his research on the image agency. In the two reviewed works, the image appears as an independent agent that operates in the political space and essentially creates this political space. In the study "Image Act. A Systematic Approach to Visual Agency" (2018), Bredekamp attempts to systematize the methods of image action. The types of acts singled out by the researcher exist outside of linear chronology and are ways of manifesting an image. The image can combine several different types of acts. First, Bredekamp considers the image as a determinant of man as a species, a manifestation of the cognitive revolution, man's ability to act of differentiation, and his ability to transform nature. Despite this, the researcher goes to the meaning of Charles Darwin's teaching "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals" (1872) to develop the concept of "pathosformel" (pathosformel) of Aby Warburg. After all, Brellekamp concludes images of nature continue human images, not oppose them. The second of the analyzed works, "Leviathan: Body politic as visual strategy in the work of Thomas Hobbes" (2020), is built around the analysis of the frontispiece to Hobbes's treatise "Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil" (1651). Bredekamp constructs research by involving an impressive source complex, thus demonstrating that a work of art is both an actor involved in society. Combining the analysis of these two works in one text makes it possible to see how Bredekamp's theory can be applied to the specific source material.

Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Marital Interpersonal Pathologies in Men with Avoidant Attachment: Investigating the Mediating Role of Caregiving Styles

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting marital interpersonal pathologies of men with avoidant attachment. Particularly, this study examined the role of men's cognitive emotion regulation strategies and the mediating role of their caregiving styles. Availability sampling method was used to select 420 married men with avoidant attachment who were referred to counseling centers in Isfahan, Iran for marital problems during 2021 to 2022. The participants were asked to answer to scales on their instruments included experiences in close relationships, cognitive emotion regulation, caregiving styles, and marital interpersonal pathologies. The data analysis was performed using structural equations via analysis of a moment structures software. The results showed that adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (MERS) and caregiving styles (sensitive, proximate, and controlling) directly predicted marital interpersonal pathologies. Also, caregiving styles (sensitive, proximate, and controlling) played a mediating role in the relationship between adaptive and MERS and marital interpersonal pathologies. Therefore, based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that family therapists examine cognitive emotion regulation strategies and caregiving styles in order to investigate and treat marital problems in such men.

Masculinities and men's emotions in and after intimate partner relationships.

Men's emotions in intimate partner relationships have received little research attention. The current interpretive descriptive study included 30 Canadian-based men to address the research question: What are the connections between masculinities and men's emotions in and after intimate partner relationships? Three inductively derived themes included emergent distressing emotions wherein participants' predominance for holding in abeyance their concerns about the relationship manifested varying levels of emotional stoicism. Within this context most men denied or downplayed and did not express their emotions. When the relationship broke, men were overwhelmed by mixed and weighty break-up emotions comprising diverse and often-times discordant emotions, including sadness, shame, anger, regret and guilt, calling into question men's rationality for deciphering and expressing what was concurrently but inexplicably felt. Shame and anger were prominent emotions demanding the participant's attention to all that happened in and at the end of the relationship. In the third theme, understanding and transitioning after-burn emotions, participant's grief levered their efforts, including soliciting professional help for deconstructing, reframing and expressing their emotions in the aftermath of the partnership ending. The findings contextualise and in some instances counter claims about the utility of men's emotional stoicism by mapping participants' feelings in and after intimate partner relationships.

Manliness in Britain, 1760-1900: Bodies, Emotion, and Material Culture, by Joanne Begiato

Reviewed by: Manliness in Britain, 1760–1900: Bodies, Emotion, and Material Culture by Joanne Begiato Heather Ellis (bio) Manliness in Britain, 1760–1900: Bodies, Emotion, and Material Culture, by Joanne Begiato; pp. xii + 225. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020, £85.00, $130.00. Manliness in Britain, 1760–1900: Bodies, Emotion, and Material Culture explores the role and importance of men's bodies, emotions, and material culture in constructing understandings of manliness and masculinity in the long nineteenth century. In the introduction, Joanne Begiato situates the book within existing historiography on masculinities, emotions, and material culture in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain, setting out its aims and contributions to the literature. The first two chapters explore how men's bodies have been idealized and made to embody forms of manliness which have exerted attraction for men and women from different social classes, both positively (chapter 1) and negatively (chapter 2). The remaining three chapters focus on three domains central to the construction of ideals of manliness: war, home, and work. The book makes a number of claims to innovation: it seeks to queer the history of masculinity, a process defined as viewing the concept "sceptically, to pull apart its constitutive pieces and analyse them from a variety of perspectives, taking nothing for granted." In particular, Begiato emphasizes that, for men and women, "the enchantment of a manly body might be non-sexual," a point that she argues is important and not acknowledged often enough in works on the history of masculinity (4). The book's second claim to originality, that it breaks with conventional chronologies, is also justified. It is welcome to see a study adopting a longer-than-usual chronological period for its focus, as the expansive timeframe allows more gradual changes to be drawn out for the reader. Another strength of the book is its refusal to isolate a particular facet of life to study in connection with the history of manliness. As Begiato notes, Manliness in Britain "moves beyond families, education, employment, recreation, and print culture" as discrete "sites of gender formation" to argue that manliness is always and everywhere "produced, maintained and disseminated" through men's emotionalized bodies and material culture (5). While particular "domains" are highlighted, the book is also a work of synthesis, bringing together areas of life which are often separated from each other in the historiography of masculinity. Here, for example, Begiato highlights the important role of the domestic sphere and its material culture in promoting warlike qualities and martial manliness. The book also synthesizes different types of sources which are frequently discussed apart from each other. Begiato calls rightly for greater attention to be paid to "the intermateriality of text, image, object, and their conjunction with bodies and emotions that facilitated the conveying, reproducing, and fixing of manly values" (17). In combining analysis of [End Page 476] literary, visual, and material culture, this book is an important resource not only for scholars working in the history of masculinity or the history of emotions and bodies, but also for students working at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels who seek an accessible and synthetic overview of manliness in this period. Manliness in Britain rightly stresses the need to move away from a traditional focus on "white, literate, middle-class and genteel men" and to move beyond representations, to "capture masculinities as perceived and experienced by a broad range of men" (5). While there is much in this study on the ways in which the working-class male body was idealized and used in framing ideals and understandings of manliness, in the majority of cases, the perspective analyzed is that of middle-class men or women, something that Begiato acknowledges. This is, in large part, a product of the sources most widely available to historians and the people who produced them. However, through an interesting analysis of working-class material culture in the final section of chapter 5, we begin to scratch the surface of working-class idealizations of worker and other male bodies, and some conclusions can be drawn about how these differed from middle-class perspectives. This is one of the most interesting sections of the book, highlighting the analytical potential of material...

Emotional constraint, father-son relationships, and men's wellbeing.

Male rates of suicide exceed female rates and research findings indicate an association between particular practices of masculinity, specifically emotional constraint, and male suicide. This paper examines gender and family influences on men's wellbeing, based on in-depth interviews with a sample of fifty-two men, aged 18–30 years, who made a clinically serious or near-fatal suicide attempt and were recruited following presentation to hospital. Themes derived from the analysis included learning about masculinity which relates to the gender culture within the home, the regulation and enforcement of behavior by peers and father-son relationships. Results demonstrated that the men were generally from families where hegemonic ideals of masculinity, emphasizing strength and emotional stoicism, were practiced. This gender environment, which was reinforced in the neighborhood, restricted behavior and the expression of feeling, shaped communication between fathers and sons and affected the father's ability to emotionally engage with his son. Fathers were significant figures in these men's lives and were role models for demonstrating masculinity practices but there was an absence of positive, nurturing, relationships between fathers and sons and this influenced the son's gender learning and his wellbeing. Fathers who were emotionally distant, and particularly those who were abusive, gave rise to feelings of rejection, sadness and anger in their sons but problematic father-son relationships were not addressed nor ill-treatment in childhood disclosed due to gender-related constraints on expression. Restrictions on expression and prohibitions on revealing weakness denied the men a space to explore as well as manage the issues of their lives and prevented them from revealing distress. They coped by sublimating problems and disguising vulnerability and by seeking emotional comfort within intimate partnerships but these men were susceptible to situations which threatened their psychological security. Overall, the study demonstrated challenges for males raised in settings of hegemonic masculinity and the importance of nurturing father-son relationships for male wellbeing. The results imply the need for a focus on the benefits of positive fathering and the inclusion of more nuanced messaging relating to men's emotions in Public Health messaging.

Introduction to the Special Issue of the Scientific Study of Laughter: Where We Have Been, Current Innovations, and Where We Might Go From Here

In his pioneering work, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Darwin (1872/1965) argued that laughter was the outward expression of mirth. In the 150 years since the publication of this book, research has revealed that laughter is substantially more complex, nuanced, and socially important than Darwin theorized. The current special issue highlights recent discoveries regarding the nature of laughter and illuminates numerous themes. These include the importance of both representational and constructionist accounts of laughter, the value of studying naturally-occurring laughter “in the wild,” evoked in a variety of contexts (including contexts likely to elicit derisive laughter), and the critical advantage of pre-registration and other open science practices for improving our scientific understanding of laughter.

The role of emotion regulation in couples' stress communication and dyadic coping responses.

Partners' ability to cope together in the face of stress-commonly known as dyadic coping (DC)-can promote individual and couple well-being. However, little is known about the predictors of DC, including partners' emotion regulation. This study examined (a) whether emotion regulation abilities are associated with partners' DC responses, and (b) whether these associations are mediated by partners' engagement in stress communication in a community sample of different-gender couples (N=239). Couples completed self-report measures to assess their stress communication and DC responses (supportive, negative, and common DC) and six dimensions of emotion regulation (emotional awareness, acceptance, clarity, goal-orientation, regulation strategies, and impulse control). Results from structural equation modelling analysis confirmed expected associations between stress communication and partners' supportive and common DC responses. Additionally, only associations with women's emotion regulation emerged significant. First, women's emotional awareness was associated with more supportive DC from men and common DC through increases in women's stress communication. Second, women who endorsed emotional acceptance engaged in less supportive DC towards their partner. Third, women's goal-orientation was associated with less supportive DC from each partner and common DC through decreases in men's stress communication. There were no associations with men's emotion regulation. Collectively, findings suggest that although women may manage their negative emotions in ways that are adaptive for their individual well-being, these benefits may not always affect relationship functioning in the same way. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.

COUNTER DISCOURSE OF MACULINITY IN AVENGER: END GAME MOVIE

AbstractMasculinity in mass communication always attracts attention and is a hot topic of discussion. The masculinity of men who are always juxtaposed with women is a power struggle on two sides: men as men themselves and men compared to women. The study aims to counter the dominant masculinity issue in Avenger: The End Game (2018) movie. This study sheds light on the position of men in superhero films who are always dominant in masculinity. However, this film also shows declining male masculinity where men show their powerless side. This study was conducted with a descriptive qualitative method. Stuart Hall's representation theory and Chafetz's masculinity are the main theories to dissect male masculinity. Secondary data from other journals and books also supported the analysis. Finding and analysis finally show that men's powerless and men's emotions become male declining masculinity in this film.Keywords: communication, declining, domination, male, masculinity

Charles Bell's (1774-1842) contribution to our understanding of facial expression.

The human face reflects a person's character and emotions, both in health and disease. Charles Bell, published in 1806 Essays on the Anatomy of Expression in Painting in which he stressed the importance of understanding anatomy when studying art. He concluded that emotions were revealed in facial expression and that these expressions were only to be found in humans, not in lower animals. Charles Darwin in 1872 published The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, where he acknowledged Bell’s contribution to facial expression especially the role of the nervous system, but questioned Bell’s conclusion, that animals were incapable of showing emotions through facial expression. Darwin reasoned that human facial expressions reflected emotions, some from our primeval state, some from habit but most were universal and controlled by an involuntary nervous system, described by Bell, and now known as the parasympathetic system. This paper explores Bell’s contribution to the understanding of facial expression. We conclude that his understanding of neuroanatomy along with his artistic ability enhanced our comprehension of human facial expressions, although his theological interpretation of the reason for facial expressions and emotions needs to be seen more in the context of nineteenth century Natural Theology.

Acute stress influences strategy preference when dealing with high intensity emotions in men

Stress has been shown to initiate a shift from flexible to rigid, less demanding cognitive processes. Reappraisal and distraction are two emotion regulation strategies varying in their cognitive demands. Previous studies indicate that stress improves regulatory performances of high arousal stimuli. We thus investigated whether acute stress alters the preference for reappraisal or distraction when downregulating emotions of different intensities and further explored its influence on regulatory outcomes. Eighty males were either socially stressed (n = 40) or exposed to a control condition (n = 40) prior to an emotion regulation choice paradigm. Stress increased the probability to prefer distraction for downregulating high intensity emotions. Stressed (vs. control) participants reported to be generally more successful in regulating high intensity emotions, which was positively associated with cortisol but not alpha-amylase increases. Our findings provide initial evidence that stress fosters a preference for less demanding regulatory options, suggesting favorable strategy choices in response to acute stressors.

Representations of facial expressions since Darwin.

Darwin's book on expressions of emotion was one of the first publications to include photographs (Darwin, The expression of the emotions in Man and animals, 1872). The inclusion of expression photographs meant that readers could form their own opinions and could, like Darwin, survey others for their interpretations. As such, the images provided an evidence base and an 'open source'. Since Darwin, increases in the representativeness and realism of emotional expressions have come from the use of composite images, colour, multiple views and dynamic displays. Research on understanding emotional expressions has been aided by the use of computer graphics to interpolate parametrically between different expressions and to extrapolate exaggerations. This review tracks the developments in how emotions are illustrated and studied and considers where to go next.

Darwin's illegitimate children: How body language experts undermine Darwin's legacy.

The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals has received and continues to receive much attention from emotion researchers and behavioural scientists. However, the common misconception that Darwin advocated for the universality of emotional reactions has led to a host of unfounded and discredited claims promoted by 'body language experts' on both traditional and social media. These 'experts' receive unparalleled public attention. Thus, rather than being presented with empirically supported findings on non-verbal behaviour, the public is exposed to 'body language analysis' of celebrities, politicians and defendants in criminal trials. In this perspective piece, we address the misinformation surrounding non-verbal behaviour. We also discuss the nature and scope of statements from body language experts, unpacking the claims of the most viewed YouTube video by a body language expert, comparing these claims with actual research findings, and giving specific attention to the implications for the justice system. We explain how body language experts use (and misuse) Darwin's legacy and conclude with a call for researchers to unite their voices and work towards stopping the spread of misinformation about non-verbal behaviour.