Emotions Fear Research Articles

Parallel exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Hungarian Fear of COVID-19 Scale in a large general population sample: a psychometric and dimensionality evaluation

BackgroundThis study aims to confirm validity and reliability of the Hungarian version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and evaluate its dimensional structure.MethodsCross-sectional survey was carried out in 2021 among Hungarian general population. In addition to classical test theory methods, construct dimensionality of FCV-19S was assessed using EFA with principal axis factoring method and CFA with diagonally-weighted least squares estimation. Fear score was compared in age, gender, educational level, vaccination and infection subgroups.ResultsSignificant differences in FCV-19S mean scores were observed between three subgroups (age, gender, vaccination). Items showed good internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.88). EFA identified two latent factors (eig = 4.2 and 1.02), though parallel analysis supports the one-factor model. The two-dimensional structure was confirmed by CFA, items 3,4,6,7 correlated with Factor 1 (physiological fear), items 1,2,5 with Factor 2 (emotional fear).ConclusionThe Hungarian version of FCV-19S seems valid and reliable. The EFA identified two-latent factors (emotional and physiological fear), that was confirmed by CFA. The two-factor structure had better model fit, though its’ acceptance is limited.

10대 및 20대 학습자의 성취목표 잠재프로파일 분류 및 예측변인 탐색

Objectives This study classified potential profiles according to the level of achievement goal orientation targeting Korean learners in their teens and 20s, and investigated explicit and implicit should-thought, gender, subject, fear of failure, academic difficulty (comprehension and amount), and positive and negative emotional reaction to to study, explicit and implicit emotional exhaustion about schoolwork, and academic procrastination to predict potential group classification. Methods The study participants were 629 teenagers and 864 students in their 20s who participated online. Latent profile analysis was conducted through the results of the achievement goal orientation scale, and multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to confirm the influence of predictor variables on the latent profile. Results As a result, teen learners were divided into 3 potential groups and learners in their 20s into 5 potential groups, and the three groups of High All Goals, High-intermediate All Goals, and Average All Goals were identified in both age groups. Low All Goals and Mastery Goals were identified in 20s only. It was confirmed that fear of failure, academic efficacy, and should-thinking, and positive emotions to studying were related to High All Goals, and academic efficacy, should-thought, and positive emotions to studying were found to be related to High-intermediate All Goals. In addition, factors that act differentially according to the age of the potential group were also found. Conclusions These results suggest the need to consider the learner's developmental level in understanding the latent group profile and predictive factors, and help the learner's academic adjustment by exploring the relevance of the profile by dealing with relevant variables that affect academic adjustment. It is meaningful in that it provided implications for the intervention necessary for this purpose.

The use of emotions in conspiracy and debunking videos to engage publics on YouTube

With the rise of digital media, conspiracy theories infamous for their emotional manipulation have challenged science epistemology and democratic discourse. Despite extensive literature on misinformation and the role of emotion in persuasion, less is understood about how emotion is used in conspiracy and debunking messages on video platforms and the impact of emotional framing on public engagement with science on social media. Our article fills this gap by analyzing thousands of YouTube videos that propagate or debunk COVID-19 conspiracy theories from March to May 2020. We found that conspiracy and debunking videos used the emotions of trust and fear differently depending on the issue framing of the conspiracy. Our article also reveals a dilemma facing debunking messages—when debunking videos used more trust-related emotions, these videos received more likes yet fewer views. These findings shed new light on the role of emotion on user engagement with misinformation and its correction on digital platforms.

Disgust for the sexual: the emotional side of obscenity law in India

ABSTRACT This article traces the judicial discourse in obscenity cases in (colonial and postcolonial) India (1860–2015). I demonstrate that law emerges as an affective site that mobilises the emotions of disgust (towards sex) and fear (of transgressive sexualities) to strengthen the dominant (hetero)normative sexual order. In this landscape of emotional adjudication, the ‘sexual’ invariably comes under erasure unless it meets the ‘community standard’ of honourable love.

The Affective Control Scale: Factor structure and associations with posttraumatic stress symptoms in trauma-exposed male veterans.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by broad-based difficulties with emotion. However, the extent to which the disorder is associated with fear of particular emotions remains less well understood. The Affective Control Scale (ACS) is a frequently used measure of fear of emotion, but relatively little work has been done to validate this measure, particularly for use in psychiatric research. This study examined the ACS's factor structure and its associations with PTSD symptoms among trauma-exposed male veterans. Participants (N = 347) completed online assessments, including the ACS and the PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). The data supported a bifactor structure with 1 general fear of emotion factor and 4 specific fear of emotion factors (i.e., fear of anger, fear of positive affect, fear of depressed mood, and fear of anxiety). Fear of emotion was positively associated with all 4 DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters. After controlling for general fear of emotion, fear of particular emotion states was associated with some specific PTSD symptoms. Both general and specific fears of emotion were associated with specific PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed veterans. Despite this, results support the use of a modified ACS total score, capturing general fear of emotion, rather than the subscale scores, capturing fear of specific emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of dexmedetomidine to midazolam as premedication and a sedative agent in pediatric patients undergoing dental procedures.

Pediatric dental surgeries are associated with the emotions of fear, anxiety, and other behavioral disturbances of children that need to be managed. Sedation using drugs like dexmedetomidine (DEX) and midazolam (MID) is a common pharmacological behavior managing technique. We conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of both these drugs in current literature. A thorough literature search was conducted on PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane's database for randomized studies that compared sedative efficacy of dexmedetomidine with midazolam in children of 0-15 years of age undergoing dental surgeries. Sedation in children during dental procedure, when used as a premedication, at the time of separation from parents and at the time of mask induction, onset time, duration of anesthesia, and surgery were evaluated. The mean differences (MDs), odds ratio (OR), and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated both for continuous and dichotomous outcome data using random-effects model. Seven studies met out inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Results of premedication with DEX was associated with more anxiolysis (OR=0.29, 95% CI: 0.17-0.52, p=0.0001; I2=0%) and at the time of separation from parents (OR=0.36, 95% CI: 0.19-0.69, p=0.002; I2=52%) in comparison to MID. No significant differences in results were seen at mask induction (OR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.34-1.18, p=0.15; I2=47%) and for sedation in children during dental procedures (OR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.07-3.70, p=0.51; I2=72%). Also, there were no significant differences in onset time, duration of anesthesia, and surgery between the two agents. DEX proved to be a better premedicant than MID for pediatric patients. No significant difference in efficacy of both sedative agents was observed in children undergoing dental treatment. More clinical trials need to be conducted to see its efficacy in dental surgeries in children of standardized ages and with standard doses.

Living the dream – but not without hardship: stories about self-directed weight transformation from severe obesity

The objective of this narrative study was to explore experiences and assigned meanings in stories about self-directed weight loss (WL) maintenance after severe obesity (SO). Design In-depth interviews were conducted with eight women and two men, aged 27 to 59 years, who had carried out self-directed WL from SO for 5 years or more. Two themes ran across the stories fear of weight-regain, and food and emotion. We performed a case-based narrative analysis of especially rich interviews that illustrate these. Results pointed to persistently cultivating new competencies, establishing new eating habits, re-establishing old physical-training habits, and forming new relational bonds. Participants reinvented themselves and their lives. However, the stories are not all about transformation, but also about new and old health problems. Conclusion The study directs attention to ‘different obesities’, not only to initial weight from which WL takes place, but also linked to the experiential horizons that the persons embody from childhood on. Furthermore, there was no way back in the present stories, always haunted in the wake of the lost weight. A double burden imposed on the person with obesity related to meta-stories in society deepens the understanding of this imperative: being vulnerable health-wise and exposed to stigmatization.

The Effect of Fear of Infection and Sufficient Vaccine Reservation Information on Rapid COVID-19 Vaccination in Japan: Evidence From a Retrospective Twitter Analysis.

BackgroundThe global public health and socioeconomic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have been substantial, rendering herd immunity by COVID-19 vaccination an important factor for protecting people and retrieving the economy. Among all the countries, Japan became one of the countries with the highest COVID-19 vaccination rates in several months, although vaccine confidence in Japan is the lowest worldwide.ObjectiveWe attempted to find the reasons for rapid COVID-19 vaccination in Japan given its lowest vaccine confidence levels worldwide, through Twitter analysis. MethodsWe downloaded COVID-19–related Japanese tweets from a large-scale public COVID-19 Twitter chatter data set within the timeline of February 1 and September 30, 2021. The daily number of vaccination cases was collected from the official website of the Prime Minister’s Office of Japan. After preprocessing, we applied unigram and bigram token analysis and then calculated the cross-correlation and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the term frequency and daily vaccination cases. We then identified vaccine sentiments and emotions of tweets and used the topic modeling to look deeper into the dominant emotions. ResultsWe selected 190,697 vaccine-related tweets after filtering. Through n-gram token analysis, we discovered the top unigrams and bigrams over the whole period. In all the combinations of the top 6 unigrams, tweets with both keywords “reserve” and “venue” showed the largest correlation with daily vaccination cases (r=0.912; P<.001). On sentiment analysis, negative sentiment overwhelmed positive sentiment, and fear was the dominant emotion across the period. For the latent Dirichlet allocation model on tweets with fear emotion, the two topics were identified as “infect” and “vaccine confidence.” The expectation of the number of tweets generated from topic “infect” was larger than that generated from topic “vaccine confidence.”ConclusionsOur work indicates that awareness of the danger of COVID-19 might increase the willingness to get vaccinated. With a sufficient vaccine supply, effective delivery of vaccine reservation information may be an important factor for people to get vaccinated. We did not find evidence for increased vaccine confidence in Japan during the period of our study. We recommend policy makers to share accurate and prompt information about the infectious diseases and vaccination and to make efforts on smoother delivery of vaccine reservation information.

Perceptions of delay when afflicted by an acute myocardial infarction during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

AimsTo describe the perceptions of delay in medical care-seeking, when afflicted by an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during the first wave of the pandemic.Methods and resultsA qualitative descriptive study with an inductive approach. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted, analysed by qualitative content analysis with a manifest approach. One category and six sub-categories emerged. The decision was reached when the health threat was perceived as critical, which made the earlier thoughts of the pandemic fade away. The risk of infection during medical visits caused fear of contracting the disease. This resulted in hesitation, neglect of symptoms, and avoidance of healthcare visits. Following recommendations from authorities and media about personal responsibility was motivated by fear, affecting the care-seeking.ConclusionIt appears that the COVID-19 pandemic raised the threshold for deciding to seek medical care when presenting with an AMI. The pandemic led to increased patient delay due to several reasons among which fear of contracting the disease was prominent. The emotion of fear was related to the external threat to one's own health, due to COVID-19, and not fear of symptoms related to an AMI. The media reporting the healthcare system as overloaded increased insecurity and may have had an influence on delay.

Influence of the Emotion of Fear on Patterns of Consumer Behavior toward Dietary Supplements during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The focus of this paper is placed on the role of emotions in consumer behavior, specifically in the process of purchasing dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic. The theoretical part is based on current knowledge from relevant Croatian and foreign scientific and professional literature on dietary supplements, the COVID-19 pandemic, consumer behavior, decision-making and the impact of emotions on it, while the empirical research portion of this paper details the attitudes of consumers who buy food supplements, the role and importance of different emotions that have a greater or a lesser impact on the purchase of food supplements, with special reference to the timing of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the factors that make consumers decide to purchase food supplements. This research was conducted in the form of a survey that included 257 respondents who were actual users of dietary supplements. It showed that the main drive for buying dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic is the emotion of fear, as the consumers perceived this new disease as a threat to their health and life.

Constructing Film Emotions

In the classical view of emotion, the basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise) are assumed to be natural kinds that are perceiver-independent. Correspondingly, each is thought to possess a distinct neural and physiological signature, accompanied by an expression that is universally recognized despite differences in culture, era, and language. An alternative, the theory of constructed emotion, emphasizes that, while the underlying interoceptive sensations are biological, emotional concepts are learned, socially constructed categories, characterized by many-to-many relationships among diverse brain states, physiological signs, facial movements, and their emotional meanings. This biocultural view permits a greater degree of cultural-historical specificity when interpreting the emotions of others. In this article, I consider the implications of the theory of constructed emotion for cognitive film theory, especially regarding the interpretation of depicted facial expressions of emotion as one aspect of cinematic expression. Particular attention is given to recent work revisiting the Kuleshov effect, in which the meaning of a character’s facial expression is thought to change in the context of a montage.

Origins of Callous-Unemotional Behaviours in Infants

AimsCallous-unemotional (CU) trait is a characteristic of conduct disorder. As CU-like behaviours emerge from early childhood, this could potentially be predicted early on in life. There is debate in whether general or specifically fear expression processing was impaired in those with CU traits. No studies investigated subliminal emotion processing in those with CU traits. Hence, this study addressed two questions. Firstly, we investigated whether attention to general facial expression or fearful expression is related to future CU behaviours. Secondly, we examined whether subliminal emotion processing can predict CU behaviours alongside supraliminal emotion processing by comparing EEG data to CU behaviours.MethodsWe performed EEG on 7 months old infants using fearful and happy faces as stimuli to investigate whether attention bias to general facial expression or fearful expression is related to future CU behaviours through the Nc component (300–600ms). We also used both subliminal and supraliminal eliciting techniques to determine whether there are any differences in terms of prediction of CU behaviours. The ERP data were then compared with behavioural data, including aggression and empathy scores, collected when the participants reach 14 to 18 months old through the infant-toddler version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Preschool Disruptive Behavior (MAP-DB) and the infant empathy and prosocial behaviour (IEPB) questionnaires.ResultsA total of 18 infant participants were included in our analyses. There is a significant interaction between emotion and empathy for the Nc component, but not aggression. Infants with low empathy paid less attention to fearful facial expressions compared to happy facial expressions while those with high empathy paid more attention to fearful facial expressions compared to happy facial expressions. Moreover, subliminal and supraliminal emotion processing had similar ERP eliciting ability.ConclusionOur study showed those with less empathy have a different pattern of attention bias to emotional expression and are less sensitive to fear emotion. Attention bias to emotional expression during infancy could be used to predict CU behaviours during toddlerhood. Being able to predict CU behaviours before their occurrence could help identify those in need of early intervention and help identify potential participants for longitudinal studies that could aid the development of interventions and understanding of CU behaviours. Furthermore, subliminal and supraliminal emotion processing has a similar predicting ability for CU behaviours. This is the first study that investigated subliminal emotion processing in infants with CU behaviours. Future studies would need to include a larger sample size to verify our findings.

Emotional Word Processing in Patients With Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy.

ObjectiveAccording to Panksepp's hierarchical emotion model, emotion processing relies on three functionally and neuroanatomically distinct levels. These levels comprise subcortical networks (primary level), the limbic system (secondary level), and the neocortex (tertiary level) and are suggested to serve differential emotional processing. We aimed to validate and extend previous evidence of discrete and dimensional emotion processing in patient with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME).MethodsWe recorded brain activity of patients with JME and healthy controls in response to lexical decisions to words reflecting the discrete emotion fear and the affective dimension negativity previously suggested to rely on different brain regions and to reflect different levels of processing. In all study participants, we tested verbal cognitive functions, as well as the relationship of psychiatric conditions, seizure types and duration of epilepsy and emotional word processing.ResultsIn support of the hierarchical emotion model, we found an interaction of discrete emotion and affective dimensional processing in the right amygdala likely to reflect secondary level processing. Brain activity related to affective dimensional processing was found in the right inferior frontal gyrus and is suggested to reflect tertiary level processing. Psychiatric conditions, type of seizure nor mono- vs. polytherapy and duration of epilepsy within patients did not have any effect on the processing of emotional words. In addition, no differences in brain activity or response times between patients and controls were observed, despite neuropsychological testing revealed slightly decreased verbal intelligence, verbal fluency and reading speed in patients with JME.SignificanceThese results were interpreted to be in line with the hierarchical emotion model and to highlight the amygdala's role in processing biologically relevant stimuli, as well as to suggest a semantic foundation of affective dimensional processing in prefrontal cortex. A lack of differences in brain activity of patients with JME and healthy controls in response to the emotional content of words could point to unaffected implicit emotion processing in patients with JME.

Similarities and differences in the induction and regulation of the negative emotions fear and disgust: A functional near infrared spectroscopy study.

Affective processing, including induction and regulation of emotion, activates neural networks, induces physiological responses, and generates subjective experience. Dysregulation of these processes can lead to maladaptive behavior and even psychiatric morbidity. Multimodal studies of emotion thus not only help elucidate the nature of emotion, but also contribute to important clinical insights. In the present study, we compared the induction (EI) and effortful regulation (ER) with reappraisal of fear and disgust in healthy subjects using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in conjunction with electrodermal activity (EDA). During EI, there was significant activation in medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) for fear and more widespread activation for disgust, with right lateral PFC significantly more active during disgust compared to fear. ER was equally effective for fear and disgust reducing subjective emotion rating by roughly 45%. Compared to baseline, there was no increased PFC activity for fear during ER, while for disgust lateral PFC was significantly more active. Significant differences between the two negative emotions were also observed in sympathetic nerve activity as reflected in EDA during EI, but not during ER. Lastly, compared to men, women had higher emotion rating for both fear and disgust without corresponding differences in EDA. In conclusion, in the present study we show that emotion induction was associated with differential activation in both PFC and sympathetic nerve activity for fear and disgust. These differences were however less prominent during emotion regulation. We discuss the potential interpretation of our results and their implications regarding our understanding of negative emotion processing.

Fear Detection in Multimodal Affective Computing: Physiological Signals versus Catecholamine Concentration

Affective computing through physiological signals monitoring is currently a hot topic in the scientific literature, but also in the industry. Many wearable devices are being developed for health or wellness tracking during daily life or sports activity. Likewise, other applications are being proposed for the early detection of risk situations involving sexual or violent aggressions, with the identification of panic or fear emotions. The use of other sources of information, such as video or audio signals will make multimodal affective computing a more powerful tool for emotion classification, improving the detection capability. There are other biological elements that have not been explored yet and that could provide additional information to better disentangle negative emotions, such as fear or panic. Catecholamines are hormones produced by the adrenal glands, two small glands located above the kidneys. These hormones are released in the body in response to physical or emotional stress. The main catecholamines, namely adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine have been analysed, as well as four physiological variables: skin temperature, electrodermal activity, blood volume pulse (to calculate heart rate activity. i.e., beats per minute) and respiration rate. This work presents a comparison of the results provided by the analysis of physiological signals in reference to catecholamine, from an experimental task with 21 female volunteers receiving audiovisual stimuli through an immersive environment in virtual reality. Artificial intelligence algorithms for fear classification with physiological variables and plasma catecholamine concentration levels have been proposed and tested. The best results have been obtained with the features extracted from the physiological variables. Adding catecholamine’s maximum variation during the five minutes after the video clip visualization, as well as adding the five measurements (1-min interval) of these levels, are not providing better performance in the classifiers.

0658 Slow-Wave Sleep Disruption Decreases Ability to Recognize Certain Negative Emotions

Abstract Introduction Research has demonstrated that sleep deprivation may alter emotion recognition. Given that emotion recognition is critical for effective human communication, it is essential to understand how sleep is involved in this process. Slow-wave sleep (SWS) has been suggested to be important for the consolidation and processing of emotional memories and neuroplasticity. This study aimed to examine the impact of experimental disruption of SWS on emotion recognition to further understand the contribution of SWS. Methods 31 participants (20 individuals diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), 11 healthy controls (HC)) completed two overnight sleep studies spaced one week apart. One night served as baseline (BL) and on the other night participants underwent slow-wave disruption (SWD), where SWS was disrupted using auditory stimulation. In the morning following each overnight visit, participants completed an emotion recognition task. Accuracy scores were computed as the percentage correct in each of 10 categories of emotions (anger, contempt, disgust, embarrassment, fear, joy, neutral, pride, sadness, and surprise). Repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the impact of SWD on emotion recognition with group (HC, MDD) as the between subjects factor and condition (BL, SWD) as the within subjects factor. Results Results revealed a significant main effect of condition for disgust (F=13.72, p&amp;lt; .001), embarrassment (F=6.23, p=.019), and surprise (F=8.06, p=.008), with follow-up t-tests demonstrating that accuracy for the recognition of disgust and embarrassment decreased following SWD and accuracy for surprise increasing following SWD. No significant interactions were found for group*condition (ps&amp;gt;.105). Conclusion These results suggest that while SWD decreases the ability to recognize certain negative emotions, it also increases the ability to recognize surprise, which is in line with previous research examining acute total sleep deprivation. Interestingly, there appears to be no difference in the ability to recognize emotions between individuals with and without depression. Slow-wave sleep deficits, common in disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, may therefore contribute to poor communication abilities through decreased ability to recognize emotions, increasing the risk of interpersonal distress and mental health problems. Support (If Any) Goldschmied: K23MH118580 (NIMH)

Experiences, Emotions, and Health Consequences among COVID-19 Survivors after Intensive Care Unit Hospitalization.

Literature suggested that COVID-19 patients experienced hospitalization as a physically and psychologically stressful event, with the risk to develop post-traumatic stress symptoms. The study aimed to understand psychological experiences of COVID-19 survivors with severe complications during and after ICU hospitalization, and any relevant health consequences. From October 2020 to January 2021, a qualitative study was conducted in Italy via semi-structured interviews by phone or video call addressed to COVID-19 survivors, randomly enrolled among people who released their stories publicly on newspapers, television, or social media. Fifteen individuals (three women and twelve men with average age of 56.4 years) were interviewed. Four main themes emerged: (i) emotion of fear; (ii) isolation and loneliness; (iii) unawareness about the gravity of the situation as a protective factor; (iv) “Long COVID” as consequences of the disease on physical and psychological health. During hospitalization, 66.7% of participants had mild or moderate values of anxiety and depression. After discharge, 86.7% moved to normal values. The results suggest that long-COVID is an important problem to manage to improve patients’ quality of life. It is essential to guarantee a holistic take in charge starting before the discharge and continuing care after discharge in the community where they live.

EMOSI TOKOH DALAM NOVEL RUMAH HUJAN KARYA DEWI RIA UTARI (TINJAUAN PSIKOLOGI SASTRA)

AbstractThis study aims to analyze the forms of emotion contained in the novel Rumah Rain by Dewi Ria Utari. Theories used in this study include: Emotions, types of emotions, novels, behavioristic psychology, learning literature in schools, and lesson plans. The method used in this study is a descriptive method with a qualitative research form that uses a behavioristic psychology approach. The data source used is the novel Home Rain by Dewi Ria Utari in the form of data on positive emotions and negative emotions in the form of quotes, words or sentences. The data collection technique used is in the form of a documentary study and the tools used are the researchers themselves. Techniques to test the validity of the data in the form of adequacy of references and triangulation. Furthermore, the data analysis technique used is in the form of content analysis. The results of this study about the emotions of the characters in the novel in the form of (1) positive emotions including happy emotions, amazed emotions, love emotions; (2) negative emotions include sad emotions, angry emotions, hate emotions, fear emotions, revenge emotions; (3) implementation of learning, namely designing lesson plans from the aspect of curriculum, learning objectives of literature, selection of teaching materials, and readability, learning media, learning approaches, and evaluation of learning.Keywords: Characters Emosian, Novel, Literature Psychology

Anxiety and Coping Stress Strategies in Researchers During COVID-19 Pandemic.

The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected the whole world, leading to changes in one's personal and working life. Researchers have undergone extensive changes in their roles, mainly in the area of health care, with research into the virus now the priority.AimTo assess the anxiety, depression, stress, fears, and coping strategies of Portuguese researchers during the COVID-19 pandemic.Participants and MethodsA total of 243 researchers, with an average age of 37.9 ± 9.6, participated in an online questionnaire. The study was performed between 1 June 2021 and 11 August 2021. The questionnaire included depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS-21), fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), and coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS).ResultsThe findings suggest being female and younger seem to be related to more significant fears. Singles and younger researchers showed higher values of stress, depression, and anxiety. Research areas, such as medical and health sciences, presented higher levels in the DASS-21 depression and stress scale (p < 0.05). Also, the results showed a moderate or moderate strong significant positive linear relationship between the scales (p < 0.001): DASS-21 stress, DASS-21 anxiety, and DASS-21 depression (r > 0.70); CISS-21 emotional-oriented with DASS-21 stress (r = 0.683), DASS-21 depression (r = 0.622), and DASS-21 anxiety (r = 0.557); and emotional fear and cognitive fear (r = 0.652).ConclusionThe findings of this study support the growing concern for the psychological well-being of researchers and the need for intervention with more extensive and diverse studies.

Emotion en tant que sensation et sentiment dans La Peur de Maupassant

The argumentation process is not exclusive to non-fictional texts. On the contrary, it has coexisted with narrative since the early stages of human history. From an anthropological point of view, primitive societies imposed social prohibitions and laws through narrative discourses - such as myths - to avoid a possible crisis within society and to ensure homo sapiens survival. In considering the narrative aspect of the argument, it would be appropriate to assume that literary discourse can constitute a certain argumentative reality. This article seeks to discover and verify the way a character affects its extratextual reader through the argumentation process. In Guy de Maupassant’s La Peur, a group of soldiers discuss the true meaning of the emotion of fear: indeed, they argue about it. The ethos constructed by the storytelling character and his way of expressing his emotions leads us to discover how fear’s literary expression can metamorphose into different states, like sensation and feeling, for the sake of making the storyteller legitimate in his discourse. The methodology of this article is based on narrative, enunciative and discursive analyzes to identify the argumentative reality in Maupassant’s La Peur.