Emotional Victimization Research Articles

Distinct profiles of violence victimization and suicide risk: Findings from a national survey of emerging adults.

Victims of bullying, dating violence, and child maltreatment are all more likely than their peers to contemplate and attempt suicide in adolescence and young adulthood. However, knowledge of the relationship between violence and suicide risk is primarily limited to studies that isolate certain forms of victimization or examine several forms in additive risk models. We aim to move beyond the findings of basic descriptive studies by investigating whether multiple types of victimization elevate risk for suicide and whether latent profiles of victimization are more strongly related to suicide-related outcomes than are others. Primary data are from the first National Survey on Polyvictimization and Suicide Risk, a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of emerging adults 18-29 in the United States (N = 1,077). A total of 50.2% of participants identified as cisgender female, followed by 47.4% cisgender male, and 2.3% transgender or nonbinary. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to establish profiles. Suicide-related variables were regressed onto victimization profiles. A four-class solution was determined to be the best fitting model: Interpersonal Violence (IV; 22%), Interpersonal + Structural Violence (I + STV; 7%), Emotional Victimization (EV; 28%), and Low/No Victimization (LV; 43%). Participants in I + STV had increased odds for high suicide risk (odds ratio = 42.05, 95% CI [15.45, 114.42]) compared to those in LV, followed by IV (odds ratio = 8.52, 95% CI [3.47, 20.94]) and EV (odds ratio = 5.17, 95% CI [2.08, 12.87]). Participants in I + STV reported significantly higher odds for nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts compared to most classes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The Associations between Sibling Victimization, Sibling Bullying, Parental Acceptance–Rejection, and School Bullying

Bullying has been identified as the most common form of aggression experienced by school-age youth. However, it is still unclear about the family's influence on school bullying. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the associations between sibling bullying and school bullying, sibling victimization and school victimization, and parental acceptance-rejection and school bullying victimization. The study was cross-sectional and conducted on a sample of students aged between 11 and 20 years recruited from middle schools in Algeria. The study used a survey adopted from the scale of Sibling Bullying, Student Survey of Bullying Behavior-Revised 2, and the Survey of parental acceptance-rejection in collecting the data. The model's results assessing the association between sibling bullying and school bullying demonstrated that the effect of sibling physical and sibling verbal victims on school victimization was statistically significant. Despite the non-significant effect of sibling emotional victims on school victimization, the effect of sibling physical and sibling verbal bullying on school bullying was statistically significant. However, the effect of sibling emotional bullying on school bullying was not statistically significant. The direct effect of parental acceptance on school victimization was not statistically significant, whereas the effect of parental rejection on school victimization was statistically significant. The direct effect of parental acceptance on school bullying was not statistically significant, while the effect of parental rejection on school bullying was statistically significant. Based on the results, this study provides insights into the understanding of how the family and siblings contribute to school bullying. In particular, sibling victimization, sibling bullying, and parental acceptance-rejection are predictive factors of school bullying among adolescents. Future research should take into account factors based on family to explore the risks of school bullying.

Intimate Partner Violence and Willingness to Use Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Chengdu, China.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is common in men who have sex with men (MSM). MSM also face increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection. However, it is not known whether IPV experience of MSM in China would affect their attitudes toward pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the associations between different types of IPV and willingness to use PrEP in a sample of 608 MSM from November 2018 to May 2019 in Chengdu, China. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to explore the associations between different types of IPV and willingness to use PrEP. The average age of the participants was 31.8 ± 12.3 years, 48.9% of them were aware of PrEP before this study, and only 7.2% were aware of long-acting injectable PrEP (LAI-PrEP). The overall willingness to use any type of PrEP in the next 6 months was 82.2%. Approximately one third of the participants (n = 198) had experienced at least one type of IPV. We found that experience of sexual perpetration was negatively associated with the willingness to use on-demand PrEP (adjusted odds ratio [ORa] = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.16-0.67) and the overall willingness to use any type of PrEP (ORa = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.15-0.64). The willingness to use LAI-PrEP also had negative associations with any type of monitoring IPV (ORa = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.38-0.91), controlling victimization (ORa = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.21-0.82), and emotional victimization (ORa = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35-0.97). The findings of this study demonstrate that IPV experiences are negatively associated with willingness to use PrEP among MSM, suggesting that PrEP promotion programs should consider IPV screening and develop explicit intervention strategies for both perpetrators and victims.

Relationship Between Self-Esteem with the Ability of Emotional Managementi Victims of Bullying Teenager

Introduction: Victims of bullying teenager gets pressure that can lead to decrease selfesteem and emotional management skills. The aimed of this study is to know the relationship between self-esteem with the ability of emotional management in victims of bullying teenager at Sunan Giri junior high school Malang. Method: The research design used a correlational descriptive design with a cross sectional approach. The research population was 155 students in junior high school Sunan Giri Malang and 112 students was obtained by with simple Random Sampling. The independent variable in this study was self-esteem and dependent variable in this study was the ability to manage emotions. The data were collected by Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) self-esteem Questionnaires and then analyzed by the Fisher's Exact test. Results: The results showed 69 (61.6%) respondents have low self-esteem and 65 (58.0%) respondents have negative category emotion management skills in victims of bullying teenajer. The results of the Fisher's Exact test showed there was a relationship between self esteem and the ability of emotional management in victims of bullying teenager in junior high school Sunan giri Malang (p = 0.000). Conclusions: There is a relationship between with self-esteem the ability of emotional management in victims of bullying teenager in Sunan giri junior high school Malang. For further research expected to examine other factors that cause self-esteem and emotional management skills such as physical conditions, parenting patterns and social classes.

Sexual, physical, and emotional aggression, experienced by autistic vs. non-autistic U.S. college students

ObjectiveTo compare rates of aggression victimization for autistic vs. non-autistic U.S. college students. Participants: n = 1,411 autistic and n = 218,430 non-autistic students from 78 colleges. Methods: We used a three-way interaction term to examine moderation of the relationship between autism and sexual, physical and emotional aggression victimization by depression and sense of belonging. Results: Autistic students were nearly twice as likely as non-autistic students to report past-year emotional victimization (44% vs. 26%, p < 0.001), and more likely to report physical victimization (8.4% vs. 5.7%, p < 0.001). Autistic students who experienced sexual assault were 2.23 times more likely than non-autistic students to report it affected academic performance (80.4% vs. 36.0%, p < 0.001). At both low and high levels of depression, sense of belonging was protective against physical and sexual victimization for autistic students more than for non-autistic students. Conclusions: Institutions of higher education should prioritize preventing and responding to interpersonal aggression against autistic students.

Victimization profiles in girls involved in the juvenile justice system: A latent class analysis

BackgroundPrevious research has demonstrated that youth involved in the juvenile justice system endorse diverse patterns of victimization. However, previous research investigating victimization profiles among youth involved in the juvenile justice system has primarily consisted of boys. ObjectiveThis study investigated victimization profiles and correlates of victimization exposure, including posttraumatic stress symptoms and risk behaviors, in a sample of girls involved in the juvenile justice system. Participants and SettingParticipants were 245 girls involved in the juvenile justice system (Mage = 15.57, SD = 1.13) participating in a dating violence prevention program. The sample was racially diverse, and 48 % self-identified as Hispanic/Latina. MethodPrior to participating in the intervention, participants completed self-report measures of adversity and victimization exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and risk behaviors. ResultsResults of latent class analysis identified three distinct victimization profiles. The first class (n = 106) was characterized by low levels of victimization. The second class (n = 98) experienced predominantly emotional victimization (i.e., emotional dominant). The third class (n = 41) was characterized by exposure to polyvictimization (i.e., polyvictimization predominant). Girls categorized into the polyvictimization dominant class evidenced the greatest levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms, substance use, suicidal behaviors, and sexual risk behaviors. ConclusionsGirls involved in the juvenile justice system report distinct patterns of victimization, which are differentially associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms and risk behaviors. The present study underscores the importance of implementing trauma-informed assessment and intervention practices within juvenile justice systems.

Uma visão geral de um paí­s em desenvolvimento sobre homens ví­timas de violência fí­sica e sexual

Objetivo: Analisar os dados de vitimização de homens, com idade entre 20 e 59 anos, pelas distintas formas de violência fí­sica e sexual, registrados no Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes/SIVVA da cidade de São Paulo (SP). Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, descritivo, retrospectivo. Realizado por meio das notificações do Sistema de Informação para a Vigilância de Violência e Acidentes (SIVVA) da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde da cidade de São Paulo, no perí­odo de janeiro a dezembro de 2014 na cidade de São Paulo, sendo composto por 6658 homens na faixa etária entre 20 a 59 anos. Resultados: O número de casos de violência fí­sica foram 6.624 casos e violência sexual 34 casos contra homens com idade entre 20 e 59 anos. O ví­nculo do agressor em relação a ví­tima era familiar ou conhecido da ví­tima; 61,8% violência sexual e 42,8% violência fí­sica. Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou que as ví­timas eram predominantemente adultos jovens. A violência na maioria dos estudos é vista como um grande problema social que atinge toda a sociedade, sendo responsável pelo adoecimento e mortes causadas por ações realizadas por indiví­duos ou, provocando danos fí­sicos, emocionais as ví­timas; além de gerar despesas para os serviços público.

Effect of emotional victim images in prosocial advertising: The moderating role of helping mode

Charities and marketers routinely incorporate images of recipients, for example victims of a flood or famine, in their prosocial advertising; however, previous literature suggests mixed results regarding the effectiveness of relying on sad versus happy images of victims. Recently, due to reactance to excessively traumatic marketing campaigns, happy victim images have been found to be more effective in eliciting prosocial behaviors. To extend this line of research, an experiment found that consumers are more willing to help when viewing advertisements featuring happy children over sad children. Moreover, helping mode moderates the relationship between victim image and helping intentions. The effect of a happy victim image is attenuated when consumers are asked to buy cause‐related products rather than donate to charities. According to emotion regulation consumption theory, consumers mitigate the feeling of negative emotions by increasing their intention to buy cause‐related products. Practically, the findings provide guidance on integrating victim images in prosocial advertising.

Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among elderly Mexican women

Using information from the National Survey on Household Relationship Dynamics (Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares 2016), this study examines the prevalence and factors associated with emotional, physical, and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among a representative sample of elderly Mexican women (n=7,410), using an ecological approach. Prevalence rates and related risk factors for IPV among younger women served as a basis for comparison and were contrasted with data from elderly female participants. Results show that 16.3% of women aged 64 and over had experienced some form of intimate partner violence during the previous year, with emotional violence as the most commonly occurring form. Furthermore, there was a significantly lower prevalence of emotional and sexual IPV among elderly women than among younger women. Some risk factors for IPV victimization were similar across both groups of women, mainly individuals' personal histories and immediate social context. On the other hand, differences were found regarding factors related to the broader social context. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed, specifically with regards to their usefulness in violence prevention and response programs.

Comparative study of victimized Egyptian patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression

Background Patients with severe mental disorders living in the community are liable to victimization and are considered a high-risk group. However, there is a lack of identification of victimization rate and factors associated with its occurrence among mentally ill patients. Objectives To explore the sociodemographic variables and clinical characteristics related to victimization of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Patients and methods This was a cross-sectional comparative study that included 300 patients (100 patients for each disorder) who were recruited from the inpatient wards and outpatient clinics of the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. They were subjected to the following: a designed questionnaire to obtain demographic data, Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., Axis I diagnosis (SCID I-CV), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and the Victimization Questionnaire (VQ). Results Overall, 43.3% of our sample reported being victimized in the past 12 months, with high victimization rate among depressed patients. It was found that all victimized patients were subjected to emotional victimization; however, patients with schizophrenia were exposed to higher rates of physical victimization (93.3%) and miscellaneous victimization (73.3%) in comparison with other groups. It was also found that 33% of patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia had been victimized by their parents, whereas 77% of depressed patients had been victimized by their spouses. Depressed women were the most likely to be victimized followed by male patients with bipolar disorder and patients with schizophrenia. Pattern of victimization was different among the study groups. Depressed patients were mainly perpetrated by their spouses, whereas patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were mainly victimized by their parents. None of the patients reported the victimization events to police, friends, family members, or their physicians. Conclusion Our findings suggest that victimization is common among patients with severe mental illness, with high rates in depressed patients through their spouses. The clinicians should inquire about victimization during their routine assessment and should follow strategy to minimize revictimization of their patients.

A meta-analysis of the emotional victim effect for female adult rape complainants: Does complainant distress influence credibility?

Rape cases have a disproportionately high attrition rate and low conviction rate compared with other criminal offenses. Evaluations of a rape complainant's credibility often determine whether a case progresses through the criminal justice system. Even though emotional demeanor is not related to witness honesty or accuracy, distressed rape complainants are perceived to be more credible than complainants who present with controlled affect. To understand the extent and robustness of the influence of emotional demeanor on credibility judgments of female adult rape complainants, we conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis, and p-curve analysis of the experimental simulated decision-making literature on the influence of complainant emotional demeanor on complainant credibility. The meta-analysis included 20 studies with participants who were criminal justice professionals (e.g., police officers and judges), community members, and mock jurors (N = 3128). Results suggest that distressed demeanor significantly increased perceptions of complainant credibility, with a small to moderate effect size estimate. Importantly, the results of p-curve analysis suggest that reporting bias is not a likely explanation for the effect of emotional demeanor on rape complainant credibility. Sample type (whether perceivers were criminal justice professionals or prospective jurors) and stimulus modality (whether perceivers read about or watched the complainant recount the alleged rape) were not found to moderate the effect size estimate. These results suggest that effective methods of reducing reliance on emotional demeanor to make credibility judgments about rape complainants should be investigated to make credibility assessments fairer and more accurate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Dating and relationship violence victimization and perpetration among 11-16 year olds in Wales: a cross-sectional analysis of the School Health Research Network (SHRN) survey.

BackgroundThis study examines the prevalence of dating and relationship violence (DRV) victimization, perpetration and joint victimization and perpetration, and associations between DRV and socio-demographic characteristics.MethodsCross-sectional self-report data from 74 908 students aged 11–16 from 193 schools across Wales were collected and analysed using generalized estimating equations to examine prevalence and predictors of emotional and physical DRV victimization, perpetration and joint victimization and perpetration.ResultsMore girls reported emotional victimization (28%) and perpetration (18%) than boys (20% and 16%, respectively). More girls (8%) than boys (7%) reported physical perpetration. However, boys (17%) reported more physical victimization than girls (12%). Age-related trajectories of DRV victimization and perpetration were stronger in girls than in boys. Students from single or step parent homes, those in care, and certain ethnic minority groups had increased odds of DRV. No association was found between socioeconomic status and DRV.ConclusionsAge-related trajectories and the lack of social patterning by socioeconomic status point to the value of early, universal interventions, while some evidence of ethnic patterning and family structure-related risk factors suggest areas for further research and targeted interventions. DRV continues to be a major public health problem for which little UK-specific intervention evidence exists.

Intimate Partner Violence: Childhood Witnessing and Subsequent Experiences of College Undergraduates.

Previous work links witnessing adult violence in the home during childhood ("witnessing") and adolescent relationship violence, but studies are limited to recent experiences with one or two outcomes, missing the holistic viewpoint describing lifetime experiences across multiple types of violence. We measured associations between witnessing and victimization (being harmed by violence) and perpetration (causing harm by violence) among males and females for the three most common types of adolescent relationship violence (physical, sexual, and emotional), and we assessed whether students experienced multiple outcomes ("polyvictimization/ polyperpetration"). We also compared sex-specific differences to assess for additive effect modification. We used an anonymous, cross-sectional survey with 907 undergraduates attending randomly selected classes at three urban East Coast colleges. Multiple logistic regression and marginal standardization were used to estimate predicted probabilities for each outcome among witnesses and non-witnesses; additive interaction by sex was assessed using quantifiable measures. 214 (24%) students reported witnessing and 403 (44%) students experienced adolescent relationship violence, with 162 (17.9%) and 37 (4.1%) experiencing polyvictimization and polyperpetration, respectively. Witnesses had higher risk than non-witnesses for physical, sexual, and emotional victimization and perpetration. Notably, witnesses also had higher risk for polyvictimization and polyperpetration. Additive effect modification by sex was insignificant at 95% confidence bounds, but distinct patterns emerged for males and females. Except for sexual victimization, female witnesses were more likely than female non-witnesses to experience all forms of victimization, including polyvictimization; they also had higher risk for perpetration, particularly physical perpetration. In contrast, victimization outcomes did not differ for male witnesses, but male witnesses were more likely than male non-witnesses to perpetrate all forms of violence, including polyperpetration.

Invisibility Is Not Invincibility: The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Gay, Bisexual, and Straight Men's Mental Health.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a critical public health problem. However, there is limited research conducted on and about men who are survivors. This project extends previous research by examining the post-traumatic impact of diverse forms of IPV (sexual, physical, emotional, control, and stalking) on the internalized and externalized mental health of gay, bisexual, and straight men. Using data from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (2011; N = 18,957), we find that all men are equally likely to report emotional victimization and controlling tactics (with between 50% and 70% doing so), while bisexual men are significantly more likely to report physical and sexual violence and gay men are significantly more likely to report intimate stalking. Due to these experiences, gay men are significantly more likely to report missing school or work, but bisexual men are significantly more likely to rate their current overall mental health as poor. Around 10% of all men, regardless of sexual orientation, report post-traumatic stress disorder symptomology and 30% of all men report difficulty sleeping. This research suggests that sexual orientation is a critical area of focus in the study of violence and mental health for men and that we can no longer ignore the voices and needs of men survivors: Invisibility is not invincibility.

Emotional victims and the impact on credibility: A systematic review

Previous research suggests that a victim's emotional expression plays an important role in credibility judgments. However, victims show different emotional responses to the consequences of a crime. Previous research has shown that the emotionality of a victim's demeanor affects the perceived credibility of the victim, also known as the emotional victim effect (EVE). The current systematic review aims to critically scrutinize the current literature on the influence of a victim's emotional demeanor on credibility ratings of that same victim. A comprehensive literature search was performed using search term combinations including victim-related terms, emotion-related terms, and credibility-related terms. A total of 25 studies, published between 1981 and 2017, and in which the emotional demeanor of the victim was manipulated, were included in the systematic review. By using a systematic approach, both in search for studies and in reporting results, the current review provides an overview under what circumstances the EVE is present. This is important because credibility is a key determinant for case advancement in the criminal justice system. A synthesis of the literature suggests that the effect of a victim's emotionality on credibility is dependent upon several factors and almost exclusively found in student samples. • A victim’s emotionality can affect his/her perceived credibility, also known as the emotional victim effect (EVE) • This systematic review investigates how robust the EVE is and which boundary conditions exist • It shows that the EVE is dependent upon several factors and is almost exclusively found in student samples • In general this systematic review highlights biases of emotionality and potential risks of secondary victimization

Rates and profile of victimization in a sample of Egyptian patients with major mental illness.

Patients with major mental illness have an increased risk of victimization. Nevertheless, this topic was not thoroughly studied in Egyptian patients with major mental illness. The objectives of this study are to investigate the rates of victimization and understand its profile, psycho-demographic and clinical correlates among a sample of Egyptian patients with major mental illness. A total of 300 patients (100 patients with schizophrenia, 100 with bipolar and 100 with major depression) were recruited from the inpatient wards and outpatient clinics at Ain Shams University. They were subjected to a demographic questionnaire, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and a Victimization Questionnaire (VQ). In our study population, 130 (43.3%) of patients were victimized, of them 52 (40%) were diagnosed with major depressive disorder, 48 (36.9%) with bipolar disorder and 30 (23.1%) with schizophrenia. Victimization was more in female, married, unemployed individuals and those living in rural areas. Patients exposed to domestic violence or abuse during childhood had higher rates of victimization. All victimized patients were subjected to emotional victimization, 64.6% were physically victimized and 53.8% were subjected to miscellaneous types of victimization. Patients were victimized mainly by acquaintance followed by family members. The majority of patients did not report their victimization and considered it as a personal issue or not important enough to be reported. Patients with major mental illness are susceptible to significant victimization. Clinicians should explore possible history of abuse or victimization in their patients, empower and support the victimized ones.

Assessing Emotional Abuse Victimization and Perpetration: A Multi-Theoretical Examination

ABSTRACTCriminological theories traditionally used to account for crime and deviance have now been applied to explain physical intimate partner violence (IPV). However, little research has examined whether these theories can also account for emotional abuse victimization and perpetration in intimate relationships. Such an endeavor is important because one important requirement for evaluating theory is the exploration of core propositions with different types of behaviors and, of course, testing this social problem in a theoretical lens will inform health professionals and others to identify correlates that may help them create preventative solutions to reduce or end this problem. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of self-control, social learning, and strain theories to explain emotional abuse victimization and perpetration. Using a sample of college students from two public universities (N = 434), results show variables derived from general strain theory better predicted emotional abuse victimization and perpetration than self-control or social learning. Limitations, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.

Complainant emotional expressions and perceived credibility: Exploring the role of perceivers’ facial mimicry and empathy

PurposeThis research investigated the roles of perceivers’ facial mimicry and empathy in the emotional victim effect (EVE) – the finding that complainants tend to appear more credible when exhibiting (vs. not exhibiting) negative emotional displays during their statements. Because facial mimicry plays a key role in empathic responding, it was hypothesized that inhibiting and facilitating perceivers’ mimicry would attenuate and amplify the EVE, respectively.MethodsParticipants (N = 362) in an experiment were instructed to mimic or not to mimic facial expressions (controls received no mimicry instructions) while watching a statement by an emotional or non‐emotional rape complainant. Participants rated the complainant's believability and the extent to which they experienced cognitive and affective empathy.ResultsThe perceived believability of the complainant was not affected by complainant emotions, thus failing to replicate the EVE. However, the inhibition of mimicry unexpectedly reduced the perceived believability of the complainant, apparently by decreasing participants’ cognitive empathy.ConclusionsThe current findings suggest that mimicry inhibition may increase scepticism in the context of credibility assessment. This has important implications for decision‐making in legal settings and for research on the process of credibility attribution. Moreover, the failure to replicate the EVE adds to the cumulative evidence on the underlying effect size for the phenomenon.

Observer reactions to emotional victims of serious crimes: stereotypes and expectancy violations

ABSTRACTNegative observer reactions towards victims may be related to people’s expectations of the characteristics and demeanor of an ideal victim. We examined how expressed emotion, victim sex, and type of victimization influence observers’ perceptions of victim credibility, victim character, and harm. Our hypothesis was that angry victims, male victims, and victims of sexual violence are perceived less positively than sad victims, female victims, and victims of physical violence. Additionally, we anticipated that expectancy violations following expressed agentic/high status, or passive/low-status emotions of the victim would lead to negative reactions. Participants (N = 335) read a written victim impact statement, by a male or female victim of a sexual or physical assault, in which anger or sadness was expressed. The results show that observers generally respond more negatively to male victims than to female victims, and to victims expressing anger rather than sadness. However, a two-way interaction between expressed emotion and type of crime revealed that expressed emotion only significantly influences character derogation and victim credibility in cases of physical violence. Finally, emotion expectancy violations based on ex-ante expectations lead to derogation and diminished credibility. The discussion focuses on how emotion expectancy violations seem intimately tied to stereotype-ridden features of victimization.

Violent Poly-Victimization: The Longitudinal Patterns of Physical and Emotional Victimization Throughout Adolescence (11-17Years).

In this study, we aimed to characterize developmental patterns of poly-victimization in a normative sample of adolescents by applying longitudinal latent class analysis. Using the four most recent waves of data from the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youths (z-proso), we identified three classes, or separate groups, of youths with distinct patterns of victimization from age 11 to 17. The largest class represented young people who were least likely to be victimized in any way and at any time. The two smaller groups represented different types of poly-victimization-a non-parental and a long-term parental victimization group. Adolescents in the two groups differed both in the number as well as type of victimization that they experienced at different times. Moreover, class membership also had implications for different mental health outcomes.