Emotional Variables Research Articles

Monitoring emotional intensity and variability to forecast depression recurrence in real time in remitted adults.

Recurrent depressive episodes are preceded by changing mean levels of repeatedly assessed emotions (e.g., feeling restless), which can be detected in real time using statistical process control (SPC). This study investigated whether monitoring changes in the standard deviation (SD) of emotions and negative thinking improves the early detection of recurrent depression. Formerly depressed adults (N = 41) monitored their emotions five times a day for 4 consecutive months. During the study, 22 individuals experienced recurrent depression. We used SPC to detect warning signs (i.e., changing means and SDs) of four emotions (positive and negative affect with high or low arousal) and negative thinking. SD-based warning signs only preceded 23%-36% of recurrences, but almost never reflected a false alarm (0%-16%). Correspondingly, SD-based warnings had a high specificity (at the cost of sensitivity), while mean-based warnings had a higher sensitivity (but lower specificity). There was little overlap in mean- and SD-based warning signs. For the majority of emotions, monitoring for high SDs alongside monitoring changes in mean levels improved the detection of depression (p < .015) compared to when only monitoring for changing mean levels. Warning signs for depression manifest not only in changing mean levels of emotions and cognitions but also in increasing SDs. These warnings could eventually be used to detect not just who is at increased risk for depression but also when risk is rising. Further research is needed to evaluate the clinical utility of depression SPC. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Determinants of Consumption Value on Intention to Use Shariah Mobile Banking: Exploring the Role of Consumer Preference

This study analyzes the use of mobile banking by both Islamic and conventional bank customers using the theory of consumption value. The aim of this research is to evaluate the factors influencing customers' decisions to use dual mobile banking services. The proposed hypothesis is that the intention to use Islamic mobile banking services is influenced by functional, conditional, social, emotional, and epistemic values mediated by consumer preferences. The method used is structural equation modeling with partial least squares (SEM-PLS) with a sample of 191 people, all of whom use both conventional and Islamic mobile banking. The results show that the theory of consumption value does not directly affect the interest in using mobile banking, either conventional or Islamic, except for the emotional value variable. Consumer preferences mediate the effect of functional, conditional, emotional, and epistemic values on the intention to use conventional mobile banking. Meanwhile, conditional, emotional, and epistemic values influence the interest in using Islamic mobile banking, which is mediated by consumer preferences. These findings indicate that the consumer's intention to use mobile banking is influenced by the theory of consumption value regardless of whether the service is Islamic or not. The implication of this research is that Islamic mobile banking services need to improve their service quality by considering consumer preferences and the theory of consumption value, thereby enhancing the usage of services by both conventional and Islamic bank customers.

How Social Presence Affects Potential Tourists’ Purchase Intention: Integrating Cognitive, Emotional and Behavioral Paths

ABSTRACT This study constructs a triple-path model of the effect of social presence on the purchasing behavior of tourism live-streaming consumers, revealing the juxtaposed and series-mediating effects of cognitive, emotional and behavioral variables. The findings show that social presence mainly affects purchasing behavior via cognitive and behavioral pathways. Through serial mediation with the behavioral variable (behavioral engagement), the emotional variable (emotional engagement) primarily links social presence and purchasing behavior. It confirms our theoretical understanding of the mechanisms that drive the impact of tourism live-stream marketing. It offers valuable insights for enhancing marketing strategies in the tourism industry based on a solid theoretical foundation.

Fishing tourists’ green behaviors at coastal destinations: an optimum combination of perceived benefits, volitional/non-volitional factors, and emotions

ABSTRACT The population of recreation-seeking fishing tourists is increasing. This study aimed to examine the variables that contribute to predicting fishing tourists’ green behaviors at coastal tourism destinations by adopting an fsQCA approach. The research findings show that while each factor (i.e. perceived benefits, volitional variables, non-volitional variables, and emotion variables) individually exerts a significant influence on green behavior, the combined effect of integrating all these factors is substantial. This indicates that the synergy or combined influence of considering perceived benefits, volitional variables, non-volitional variables, and emotion variables together has a pronounced effect on promoting environmentally friendly behavior. Furthermore, the results of this study have academic and practical implications, as it was the first investigation of fishing tourists’ psychological mechanisms undertaken by defining the relationship between green behaviors and their antecedents.

THE INFLUENCE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON SALESPERSON PERFORMANCE

Salesperson are the frontline connector between organizations and consumers. The attitude aimed at salespeople affects consumer perceptions and purchasing decisions that will be made. The emotions that salespeople experience have a big impact on their attitude. Businesses must be aware of how their salespeople interact with customers in order to build long-lasting partnerships and boost productivity. The purpose of the study is to ascertain how emotional intelligence affects salesperson performance in the Surabaya region. The research sample used 100 smartphone salesperson respondents who were still active in the Surabaya area and analyzed using multiple linear regression techniques which were previously tested for quality using validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests. The findings clarified that salesperson performance is positively and significantly impacted by emotional intelligence. The Adjusted R Square of 52.5% indicates the emotional intelligence variable's impact on salesperson performance.

Impact of a digital serious game on emotional variables of students of the master’s degree in teaching

ABSTRACT The training of future teachers requires innovative strategies that involve and motivate students. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of a digital serious game on students’ emotional variables. A total of 62 students aged 22–23 years of age from a Master’s degree participated. A digital serious game called ‘The case of the stolen exam’ was carried out in an experimental group to analyse its impact on emotional variables, in comparison with a control group that did not take part in this serious game. To evaluate several emotional variables, the Gameful Experience in Gamification scale was used, including five dimensions: enjoyment, absorption, creative thinking, activation, and absence of negative effect. Significant differences were observed favourable to the experimental group in all the questionnaire’s dimensions with an overall high effect size (r ≥ 0.61). New innovative approaches in education are needed to improve students’ commitment and motivation.

Evolutionary Ensemble Learning for EEG-Based Cross-Subject Emotion Recognition.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been widely utilized in emotion recognition due to its high temporal resolution and reliability. However, the individual differences and non-stationary characteristics of EEG, along with the complexity and variability of emotions, pose challenges in generalizing emotion recognition models across subjects. In this paper, an end-to-end framework is proposed to improve the performance of cross-subject emotion recognition. A novel evolutionary programming (EP)-based optimization strategy with neural network (NN) as the base classifier termed NN ensemble with EP (EPNNE) is designed for cross-subject emotion recognition. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated on the publicly available DEAP, FACED, SEED, and SEED-IV datasets. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method is superior to state-of-the-art cross-subject emotion recognition methods. The proposed end-to-end framework for cross-subject emotion recognition aids biomedical researchers in effectively assessing individual emotional states, thereby enabling efficient treatment and interventions.

Attention and Interoception Alter Perceptual and Neural Pain Signatures-A Case Study.

Fluctuations of chronic pain levels are determined by a complex interplay of cognitive, emotional and perceptual variables. We introduce a pain tracking platform composed of wearable neurotechnology and a smartphone application to measure and predict chronic pain levels and its interplay with other dimensions of experience. Our method measures, dynamically and at home, pain strength, phenomenal and neural time series collected with an online tool and low-density EEG. Here we used data from a single participant who performed an attention task at home for a period of 20 days to investigate the role of attention to different bodily systems in chronic pain. We show a relationship between emotions and pain strength while allocating attention to the heartbeat, the breathing, the affected or the unaffected limb. We found that pain was maximal when attending to the affected limb and decreased when the participant focused on his breathing or his heartbeat. These results provide interesting insights regarding the role of attention to interoceptive signals in chronic pain. We found power changes in the delta, theta, alpha and beta (but not in the gamma) band between the four attention conditions. However, there was no reliable association of these changes to pain intensity ratings. Theta power was higher when attention was directed to the unaffected limb compared to the others. Further, the pain ratings, when attending to unaffected limb, were associated with alpha and theta power band changes. Overall, we demonstrate that our neurophysiology and experience tracking platform can capture how body attention allocation alters the dynamics of subjective measures and its neural correlates. This research approach is proof of concept for the development of personalized clinical assessment tools and a testbed for behavioural, subjective and biomarkers characterization.

Insights into interoceptive and emotional processing: Lessons from studies on insular HD-tDCS.

Interoception, the processing of internal bodily signals, is proposed as the fundamental mechanism underlying emotional experiences. Interoceptive and emotional processing appear distorted in psychiatric disorders. However, our understanding of the neural structures involved in both processes remains limited. To explore the feasibility of enhancing interoception and emotion, we conducted two studies using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) applied to the right anterior insula. In study one, we compared the effects of anodal HD-tDCS and sham tDCS on interoceptive abilities (sensibility, confidence, accuracy, emotional evaluation) in 52 healthy subjects. Study two additionally included physical activation through ergometer cycling at the beginning of HD-tDCS and examined changes in interoceptive and emotional processing in 39 healthy adults. In both studies, HD-tDCS was applied in a single-blind cross-over online design with two separate sessions. Study one yielded no significant effects of HD-tDCS on interoceptive dimensions. In study two, significant improvements in interoceptive sensibility and confidence were observed over time with physical preactivation, while no differential effects were found between sham and insula stimulation. The expected enhancement of interoceptive and emotional processing following insula stimulation was not observed. We conclude that HD-tDCS targeting the insula does not consistently increase interoceptive or emotional variables. The observed increase in interoceptive sensibility may be attributed to the activation of the interoceptive network through physical activity or training effects. Future research on HD-tDCS involving interoceptive network structures could benefit from protocols targeting larger regions within the network, rather than focusing solely on insula stimulation.

INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE USING ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR

Human resources (HR) are one of the important assets in an organization consisting of individuals who work to achieve common goals. The research method in this study is a quantitative method, the sample size is 50 employees. The aim of the research is to determine respondents' responses about cultural intelligence, emotional intelligence on employee performance at the South Medan Upt Samsat Office using Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as an intervening variable. The R2 value is 0.72, which means that 72% of the OCB variables and employee performance can be explained by the cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence variables, while the remaining 28% can be explained by other factors outside this research. The z value for the cultural intelligence variable is 2.10 and because The z value obtained was 2.10 &gt; 1.96 (5% level, namely 1.96), proving that cultural intelligence is able to mediate the relationship between the influence of work morale on employee performance. JEL Classification: M10, M14

THE INFLUENCE OF WORK DISCIPLINE, EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, AND WORK MOTIVATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PAUD TEACHERS IN PAMULANG, SOUTH TANGERANG

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of work discipline and emotional intelligence on the performance of PAUD teachers in Pamulang, South Tangerang. The research method used in this research is descriptive with a quantitative approach. The population amounted to 1,652 people, this study used a sampling technique with the accidental sampling method and obtained a total sample in this study of 50 respondents. Data analysis techniques using multiple linear regression. The results showed that: There is a positive and significant influence of work discipline and emotional intelligence variables on the performance of PAUD teachers in Pamulang, South Tangerang. This is evidenced by the value of Fhitung &gt; Ftable, namely 72.591 &gt; 2.70 with a probability value (significance) = 0.000 which is below 0.005.

Fluctuations in therapist responsiveness facing clients with borderline personality disorder: Starting therapy on the right foot

Objective The present paper focuses on therapist responsiveness during the initial therapy session with clients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), aiming to analyze therapist responsiveness at short intervals during the initial session and determine if it can predict therapeutic alliance from both therapist and client viewpoints. Method A sample of 47 clients participated in the study for 10 sessions of therapy. Therapeutic alliance from therapists’ and clients’ perspectives was rated after each session; external raters assessed therapist responsiveness during the initial session. Multiple linear regression models and linear mixed models with backward variable selection based on AIC were run to analyze whether specific therapist behaviors during session one predicted therapeutic alliance rated from therapists’ and clients’ perspectives. Results The results indicate that therapists normalizing and validating clients’ experiences during the first session are crucial for establishing therapeutic alliance for BPD clients; however, for therapists, the increase in variability of emotions verbalized by clients during the initial session negatively impacts therapeutic alliance. Conclusion The study contributes to further understand the impact of therapists’ behavior at the beginning of therapy with BPD clients. Therapist responsiveness is crucial for therapy outcome but is methodologically challenging; therefore, efforts in this direction should be pursued.

The moderating role of food involvement: An application of the theory of planned behaviour model in reducing red meat consumption

Reducing red meat intake is crucial for both planetary sustainability and human health. However, various psychosocial barriers impede this dietary shift, necessitating the application of psychological models such as the Theory of Planned behaviours (TPB) to predict individuals’ inclination to reduce red meat consumption. Despite TPB’s widespread use, there is a need for a more refined model addressing emotional variables. This study aims to assess TPB’s effectiveness in understanding intentions and behaviours regarding red meat reduction, while investigating food involvement’s role as a moderator between intention and behaviours. Data were collected through two questionnaires (n = 963, Time 1; n = 541, Time 2) filled out by a representative sample of the Italian population. Using descriptive statistics and structural equation models, findings reveal that attitudes and subjective norms explain 22.2 % of the variance in intentions to reduce red meat consumption. Additionally, perceived behavioural control and intention account for 39.7 % of the variance in self-reported meat consumption behaviours six months later. Moreover, high levels of food involvement hinder the translation of intention into behaviour, highlighting its moderating effect. These results emphasize the necessity of reshaping red meat reduction strategies and promoting alternative consumption choices, fostering habitual practices linked to positive emotions. It is crucial for reducing red meat consumption that this behaviour becomes a cultural symbol of change, identifying individuals as “new consumers” within a society adapting to environmental and health challenges. By integrating emotional factors into behavioural models, interventions can better address barriers and promote sustainable dietary habits.

Scalability and diversity of StarGANv2-VC in Arabic emotional voice conversion: Overcoming data limitations and enhancing performance

Emotional Voice Conversion (EVC) for under-resourced languages like Arabic faces challenges due to limited emotional speech data. This study explored strategies to mitigate dataset scarcity and improve Arabic EVC performance. Fundamental experiments (Speaker-Dependent, Gender-Dependent, Gender-Independent) were conducted using the KSUEmotions dataset to analyze speaker, gender, and model impacts. Data augmentation techniques like time stretching and phase shuffling artificially increased data diversity. Attention mechanisms integrated into StarGANv2-VC aimed to better capture emotional cues. Transfer learning leveraged the larger English Emotional Speech Database (ESD) to enhance the Arabic system. A novel “Reordering Speaker-Emotion Data” approach treated each emotion as a separate speaker to expand the emotional variability. Our comprehensive approach, combining transfer learning, data augmentation, and architectural modifications, demonstrates the potential to overcome dataset limitations and enhance the performance of Arabic EVC systems.

THE EFFECT OF INTELLECTUAL INTELLIGENCE (IQ), SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE (SQ), EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EQ) ON THE LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING ACCOUNTING STUDENT TAXPAYER UNISMUH MAKASSAR

This study aims to determine how Intellectual Intelligence (IQ), Spiritual Intelligence (SQ) and Emotional Intelligence (SQ) affect the Level of Understanding of Unismuh Makassar Accounting Students regarding Taxpayers. The type of data used in this study was quantitative data obtained from questionnaires distributed. The population and sample in this study are accounting students of the class of 2020 and 2021. This sampling technique uses purposive sampling. In this study, the data sources used include primary data. The research instrument used in this study used the Likert scale method. Based on the results of research using statistical calculations through the Statisticall Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 22 application that the probability for intellectual intelligence variables is 0.021, which is smaller than 0.05. With a tcount of 2.352 greater than ttable 1.66123.. The probability for an intellectual intelligence variable is 0.000, which is smaller than 0.05. With a tcount of 12.420 greater than ttable 1.66123. The probability for an emotional intelligence variable is 0.000, which is smaller than 0.05. With a tcount of 64.439greater than ttable 1.66123. Intellectual Intelligence (IQ), Spiritual Intelligence (SQ), and Emotional Intelligence (EQ) have a significant positive effect on the understanding of accounting student taxpayers of Unismuh Makassar.

Incorporating new variables into a model of brand extension in fast fashion

This study tests a brand extension in fast fashion to explore the extension’s effect on the parent brand. It investigates whether extensions to varyingly distant product classes modify customers’ attitudes toward the parent brand. University students from the Technical University of Liberec, the Faculty of Economics (Czech Republic), aged 22-25 years, participated in an online survey for this study. The number of respondents was 310. The outcomes are relevant for this segment of customers. The model with classic brand extension factors (perceived fit (FIT), attitudes toward the brand extension (ATE), parent brand attitude change (PBCH)) was constructed. Factors of fashion leaders and emotional variables (e.g., trust and loyalty) were added to the model. The model was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS software and was statistically significant (Chi-squared value of 6.402, p = 0.171). A positive relationship was observed between FIT and ATE (β = 0.534, p-value = 0.000), the same as trust and ATE (β = 0.693, p-value = 0.000). Equally, ATE had a significant positive impact on PBCH (β = 0.722, p-value = 0.000) and trust and loyalty (β = 0.649, p-value = 0.000). Loyalty negatively affects ATE (β = -0.126, p-value = 0.010), indicating that these customers may have problems with brand extension, similar to a fashion leader (β = -0.126, p-value = 0.010). TRUST has a negative effect on the PBCH (β = -0.338, p-value = 0.000). Insights derived from this study hold substantial relevance for marketers in fast fashion aiming to prepare brand extensions effectively. AcknowledgmentThis work is supported by the Technical University of Liberec, Faculty of Economics – internal grant.

Flexibility or instability? Emotion goal dynamics and mental health.

Emotion goals (i.e., what people want or do not want to feel) have important implications for emotional and mental health because they can shape whether, when, and how people regulate their emotions. Although research has shown that emotion goals vary across individuals and situations, we know relatively little about the dynamic changes in emotion goals in daily life and their potential implications. Given the dynamic features of emotions and emotion regulation, emotion goals may also fluctuate across time and their fluctuations may be critically linked to mental health. This research assessed the everyday dynamics of emotion goals, in particular, variability and inertia, and their associations with mental health. In two studies (N = 56 in Study 1 and N = 173 in Study 2), we included different indices of mental health and used Ecological Momentary Assessments to measure both pleasant and unpleasant emotion goals and experiences at a momentary level in daily life. We found that variability in unpleasant, but not pleasant, emotion goals was linked to better mental health outcomes, even after controlling for the mean levels of emotion goals, and the variability and mean levels of the corresponding emotional experiences. Emotion goal inertia was unrelated to mental health. These findings suggest that emotion goal variability is an important novel factor that may contribute to or reflect mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The mediating role of ICT learning confidence and technostress between executive functions and digital skills

Having good digital skills is essential today, yet little is known about the cognitive factors that influence the development of these skills. Given the importance of executive functions (EFs) in adapting to environmental changes and acquiring skills, EFs might contribute to acquiring digital skills too. EFs might also influence people’s approach toward ICTs and affect digital skills through emotional variables. Therefore, here, we tested whether cognitive control and flexibility are connected to computer and smartphone skills through emotional factors (learning confidence, stress, and attitude). A total of 269 participants (56 males, M = 30 years) filled out our survey which included questionnaires on demographic variables (age, education, and socioeconomic status), ICT motivation, digital skills, EFs, and technology-related emotional factors. EFs were also investigated through two performance-based measures. We used generalized linear models and structural equation modeling to test the associations between these variables. The results showed that smartphone skills were positively associated with self-reported cognitive flexibility through ICT learning confidence and technology-induced stress. Self-reported cognitive control and age were connected to smartphone skills directly. Self-reported cognitive flexibility was also associated with computer skills through ICT learning confidence. In addition, performance-based cognitive control and the level of education were directly linked to computer skills. These results may provide guidance to support digital skills and create digital skill training.

Child-parent agreement on the SDQ: The role of child-parent attachment and parental feelings.

Children and their parents often provide divergent reports regarding their mental health on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). These discrepancies may impede the diagnostic processes. The present study aimed to explore how a child's attachment to the parent and parental feelings may explain some of the variability between parent's and children's reports on the SDQ. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires from 277 children and their parents (n = 421) who were referred to a public mental health clinic. This information was classified into clinical categories (normal and abnormal) and analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. The agreement rates between children and parents on the normality of children were high in general and across gender and age. Insecure attachment to parents positively and significantly predicted the agreement of child and parent reporting abnormality and disagreement when parents reported normality and children reported abnormality. Parental anger positively and significantly predicted disagreement in reports in which parents reported abnormal anger and children reported normal anger. These findings highlight the importance of assessing informant variability in association with emotional and relationship variables as clinically meaningful information for a clinical diagnosis.

Temporomandibular disorder and somatic symptoms: Relations to 'fear of missing out' and other negative emotional states.

The association between the 'fear of missing out (FOMO)' and physical symptoms has not been widely explored. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FOMO and other negative emotions with Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and somatic symptoms in young adults. The correlations between the various physical and emotional variables were also established. TMD and somatic symptoms were appraised with the Short-form Fonseca Anamnestic Index, quintessential five TMD symptoms of the Diagnostic Criteria (DC)/TMD, and Patient Health Questionnaire-15. FOMO and other negative emotional states were assessed with the FOMO Scale and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). Data were evaluated using non-parametric tests/correlation and regression analysis (α = 0.05). While only negative affectivity (total DASS), anxiety, and stress differed significantly between those without and with TMDs, significant variances in FOMO and all DASS-21 constructs were discerned between individuals without and with somatization. Conclusions: Individuals with orofacial pain and more severe somatic symptoms have higher levels of negative emotions including FOMO. While somatization increased the prospect of TMDs, being female, presence of TMDs, and negative affectivity were risk factors for somatization in young adults. Asian young adults appear to be disposed to somatization, and TMDs may be a form of functional somatic syndromes. Recognition of somatic symptoms and emotional distress, including FOMO, is essential for person-centric TMD care.