Emotional Rules Research Articles

O Governo dos Sentimentos Morais no Século XVIII

RESUMO O presente artigo realiza uma história da noção de sentimentos morais na governamentalidade britânica do século XVIII e de sua estratégia de poder “emocional”, a qual difere de outras concepções gerais de vida “emocional”, como a de paixões do século XVII. Partindo do construcionismo social das emoções, busca-se compreender como os discursos e as técnicas de poder moldam a maneira de sentir. Com este fim, são explicadas suas fontes causadoras (senso moral, simpatia e sociedade), como se relacionam com as demais faculdades da mente (julgamentos morais, razão, imaginação e memória), com o corpo (sensorial de dor e prazer) e como determinam as condutas. Após este percurso, argumenta-se que o discurso dos sentimentos morais constituiu um poder emocional caracterizado por determinados objetos (julgamentos morais), técnicas (simpatia, arte de agradar feminina e mitologização da comunidade nacional), finalidades (desenvolvimento da personalidade atrelado à integração grupal) e regras emocionais (prescrição do amor benevolente e moderação do amor de si) e expressivas (manifestações de solidariedade).

게임 캐릭터의 감정구조를 위한 감정규칙의 활용

게임 캐릭터의 감정구조를 위한 감정규칙의 활용

Emotional landscapes; discomfort in the field

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore a researcher’s emotions in the field. It argues that a researcher’s emotional responses can lead to insights into certain aspects of participants’ emotional and social worlds, while simultaneously obscuring certain lines of inquiry and limiting data collection. On this basis, the author calls for researchers to maintain a high level of awareness and reflexivity while working with strong emotions in the field. This, the author argues, allows a researcher to remain open to new understandings and address any limitations skilfully and transparently.Design/methodology/approach– Drawing on feminist theory and emerging scholarship pertaining to fieldwork and emotions, this paper examines the methodological dilemmas the author faced in relation to the own subjectivity while carrying out field-work at radical ecovillage in the USA. It analyses sections of the reflexive diary and explores the insights the author gained by remaining aware and reflexive while in the field.Findings– The author demonstrates how feelings of unease, alienation and entrapment prompted to explore new lines of inquiry and, in turn, consider certain emotion rules and ideologies present in the research setting. The author also speculates about the ways such feelings impacted the data collection by obscuring certain phenomena in the field.Research limitations/implications– The author makes a number of practical suggestions about how researchers can work skilfully with emotions in the field. In addition, the author proposes that by remaining mindful of one’s emotional responses valuable lines of questioning and themes may emerge for consideration.Originality/value– This paper contributes to emerging scholarship on the importance of examining a researcher’s experiences and reactions to a research setting in conjunction with other data. It offers a practical example of how this approach can elicit insight into the lives of participants.

A biologically based neural network model for decision making

We present a neural network model, describing an adaptive decision making process (DM), under varying internal and external contexts [1]. The model includes the three most crucial structures in both emotional and rational aspects of DM: amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) [2-4]. Neural activities in these structures represent emotional attitude, expectancy value, and rules towards the options (Figure ​(Figure1).1). The DM is modeled at a level of mesoscopic neurodynamics, using biologically inspired neural networks [5]. Rational and emotional associations are encoded with cell assembly oscillations in all three structures, determining the value of an option, V(opt), as a product of the number of activated cells and the mean frequency and amplitude of their oscillations (Figure ​(Figure2).2). A decision is based on the competition among stored patterns, using cosine similarity of the frequency vectors f→. The option with highest value will win the competition in each system: Figure 1 Interactions of the main neural structures in the decision making process: Amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC). Inputs from sensory modalities and from rational and emotional feedback. Figure 2 Activity of a cell assembly representing one of possible options. Red and green traces show the activity of the inhibitory neurons and the blue one the activity of all excitatory neurons. V(opt)|sopt|.⟨fopt ,Aopt ⟩=|sopt|.⟨fopt ,Aopt ⟩,∀opt=1,...,n The emotional system is goal directed on the predicted value of the options. Emotional memory of various options are formed and stored in the amygdala. A prediction signal is generated in OFC and an emotional response is measured as a level of satisfaction. LPFC is a pivotal structure in the rational analysis and is based on habitual DM. Declarative and procedural memories, as the main components of this system are activated by external stimuli. The bidirectional interactions between maintained rules in procedural memory, rational attitudes towards different options, and stored factual information in declarative memory, lead to the selection of an option as a rational decision. The integration of emotional and rational activities results in a final decision. When an action is executed as a result of a decision its experienced value is compared with the expected one, and stored in memory. Depending on the sign and the magnitude of the prediction error (expected value - real value), the stored emotional and rational attitude might be updated. The experience of our decisions/choices are learnt and may influence future decisions. For any particular input signal, the final decision could shift, depending on internal and external context. Large delayed rewards have a lower value, compared to small immediate rewards. This fact can be included with the help of a hyperbolic discounting function, which models the exponential reduction of rewards in terms of time.

How is Eom Myo Seob’s diagnosis on emotion in Korean society proved? - By examining ‘emotion rules’ imposed on university students in their 20s -

How is Eom Myo Seob’s diagnosis on emotion in Korean society proved? - By examining ‘emotion rules’ imposed on university students in their 20s -

The emotional labor of nursing: critical incidents and coping strategies

Despite the suggestion to adopt a balanced approach between detachment and involvement, the nurse-patient relationship is always embedded with emotional conflicts. To collect data on how nurses manage the emotional support to patients. The study adopted the theoretical perspective of the emotional work. Fifty-three nurses completed a questionnaire investigating everyday "emotional accidents." The data were analyzed considering the strategies employed to address and resolve them. All nurses exert an emotional work to try to outcome the dissonance between subjective emotions and emotional rules required by the professional role. There are three strategies: normalizing, regressive, transformative. Most of the emotional efforts are aimed at showing emotions in accordance with the role, even if they are dissonant with respect to the subjective feelings (surface acting). Nurses are expected to practice an "emotional neutrality", but their profession continually exposes them to a heavy emotional work that may be at the basis of emotional exhaustion and burnout. Strategies should be adopted to prevent stress and health damages.

감정규칙을 사용한 게임 캐릭터 분석

ABSTRACT Emotion is one of the elements of the game that will help the user interaction. The way to express the emotions and personality of the character was taken into account severity of reaction to action or a specific graphics in the game so far. However recently structured for the interest in the study of emotion increases and to utilize a variety of feelings in the game is needed. In the field of autonomous agents, studies of the possibility of the use of emotion, defined 12 different emotion rules. In this paper, we dilate by defining the terms used in the game rules of emotion made ​the rules of the emotion of the game. And, we analyzed emotions in actual game character used Game Emotions Rule. As a result, it was possible to see the rules of the game feeling separate from that being used for game genre similar.Keywords : Game(게임), Emotion Rule(감정규칙), Character(캐릭터) Received: Dec. 16, 2013 Revised: Feb. 20, 2014Accepted: Mar. 10, 2014Corresponding Author: Il-Ju Ko(Soong-sil University)E-mail: andy1026@gmail.comISSN: 1598-4540 / eISSN: 2287-8211Ⓒ The Korea Game Society. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.otg/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A Framework for the Creating, Expressing and Sharing of User’s Emotion

This paper presents the Emotionally Intelligent Contents (EIC) framework designed to support the rapid development of interactive emotion contents. The EIC framework consists of the Emotion Recognizer for detecting user’s emotional states, the Emotion Server for storing and sharing emotion data, the Emotion Content Authoring Tool for customizing user’s own emotional expression rules, the Emotion Rule Controller for processing user’s emotional rules, and the Emotion Content Player for displaying the content according to the user’s emotional states and his/her personalized emotion rules. This framework allows a designer to create the emotion content that interprets a user’s emotional state and adapts its visual and aural characteristics based on user-specified emotion rules. It dynamically alters userspecified images or models to express user emotions. It also enables users to share their emotion with others using customized emotion expressions applied in the content. Several prototype EICs were built with this framework. A pilot study was conducted to compare the EIC against the original content and the initial result showed that the EIC had significantly more influence on the subject’s emotion than the original content.

Managed hearts? Emotional labour and the applied theatre facilitator in urban settings

This paper reflects on Arlie Hochschild's concept of Emotional Labour to investigate the emotion work undertaken by artists facilitating participatory arts in urban community settings. The discussion seeks to capture the emotional cost of ‘managing’ feelings to understand the resilient practitioner in wider political economies. This entails understanding the dilemmas of practice which include the practitioner's performativity, expressed through a complex negotiation of human responsiveness and the ‘professional’ role, in relationship with feeling rules. Influenced by findings from community development, nursing and education; the discussion reflects on and interprets vignettes by practitioners facilitating drama in inner city schools and pupil referral units. A pedagogical framework emerges as necessary to enable the Applied Theatre practitioner to negotiate, work resiliently and resourcefully with the emotion rules and feelings produced in dilemmatic spaces.

Modernity, Stress and the Quest for Emotional Self-management

Sociology has a longstanding tradition in describing the emotional regime of modernity as "disciplining" effect, accompanied by an increased demand for selfregulation (Elias). Recently, researchers stressed that we nowadays observe a growing informalization of emotion rules (Wouters) and an increased demand for the emotional labour (Hochschild). The tension between disciplinary limitation of emotions and their informalization is mirrored in the growing necessity to psychologically and chemically alter and optimize emotions (Neckel). Beyond a mere theoretical analysis of this tension, the article empirically explores the selfperceptions and self-management strategies of young women in Sweden in order to cope with felt oppression and stress in relation to the emotional and behavioural demands of their environment.

Journeys Across Difference: Pre-service Teacher Education Students’ Perceptions of a Pedagogy of Discomfort in a Digital Storytelling Project in South Africa

Engaging with difference is an important skill for teachers in current South Africa. Critics of the dominant approach to teaching on and with difference in pre-service teacher education argue that it mostly promotes de-contextualised celebrations of diverse cultures without addressing critical issues of power and social forces. One of the reasons that educators shy away from engaging with issues of power and privilege in the classroom is the fear of highly explosive emotions that might emerge in the process. In South Africa this is compounded by the legacy of racial discrimination, still impacting on today’s social engagements of students. However, proponents of the ‘affective turn’ (Berlant 2008; Ahmed 2004; Ahmed 2010; Clough and Halley 2007; Gregg and Seigworth 2010) in the Social Sciences argue, that it is important to work with the emotions that govern our classrooms, for social transformation in students to happen. Boler and Zembylas’ ‘pedagogy of discomfort’ (2003) for example stipulates that for social transformation to happen both students and educators have to step out of their comfort zone, to experience discomforting emotions, and recognizes the value of both cognitive and emotional labour for learning about difference. This study is piloting an innovative approach for teaching on and with difference in a South African pre-service teacher education classroom, combining a digital storytelling process with participatory learning and action techniques and a reflective essay. Framed by Boler and Zembylas’ (2003) work on the politics of emotions and feminist writings on the role of affect and public feelings, we explored how students experienced and negotiated their cognitive and emotional journey in this project. An interpretive analysis of data collected through focus groups with selected students revealed that this classroom was a highly divided, complex and contested space, in which students identified strongly along racial background and actively constructed entities in opposition to each other. However, through the creation of disruptive moments of sharing and listening openly to each others’ stories, students began to critically engage with the unspoken emotional rules and power dynamics governing the classroom and their lives. Further research would be valuable to explore the long term potential of this pedagogical intervention towards social change.

ModernitÀ, stress e ricerca dell'autogestione emotiva

Sociology has a longstanding tradition in describing the emotional regime of modernity as "disciplining" effect, accompanied by an increased demand for selfregulation (Elias). Recently, researchers stressed that we nowadays observe a growing informalization of emotion rules (Wouters) and an increased demand for the emotional labour (Hochschild). The tension between disciplinary limitation of emotions and their informalization is mirrored in the growing necessity to psychologically and chemically alter and optimize emotions (Neckel). Beyond a mere theoretical analysis of this tension, the article empirically explores the selfperceptions and self-management strategies of young women in Sweden in order to cope with felt oppression and stress in relation to the emotional and behavioural demands of their environment.

Be passionate, but be rational as well: Emotional rules for Chinese teachers’ work

Employing the concepts of emotional labour and emotional rules, the present study explored the emotional rules governing teachers’ work in the context of Mainland China. This showed that teachers can be seen as emotional workers in teaching and there are four emotional rules for Chinese teachers’ feelings and emotional expressions. For Chinese teachers, teaching contains a salient component of “heart-consuming” labour ( caoxin). They rationally instrumentalise their emotional experience and expression to follow the professional and ethical norms in teaching. Because of this, the nature of teachers’ emotional labour and emotional rules in the context of Chinese culture is discussed.

The Role of Emotion in Democratic Dialogue: A Self Study

This study contributes to existing scholarship on democratic education by focusing explicitly on the affective dynamics of teaching with and for discussion. More specifically, the purpose of this research is to critically analyze the first author’s efforts to address the role of emotion in democratic dialogue within the context of classroom-based discussions and the work of preparing future social studies educators for their role as discussion facilitators. We found that despite the instructor’s stated goals and her efforts to teach about the constructive role of emotion in learning to communicate across difference, overall, students continued to judge dispassionate and disembodied speech acts as appropriate, while expressions of anger, frustration, or exaspe-ration were judged inappropriate. More specifically, if a female student spoke with anger or frustration during class discussions, her concerns, ideas, and questions tended to be ridiculed, ignored, or dismissed, while the same emotional rule did not apply to male students. If our intent is to facilitate communication across difference, we must actively attend to the ways in which social hierarchies inform discussion by carefully considering how emotional expression and experiences are positioned.

Emotional Ambiguity: Japanese Migrant Women in Mixed Families and their Life Transition

Through the narratives of Japanese migrant women in Ireland, this paper focuses on their perceptions of ‘home’ and their emotional processes in the context of their life transition. In order to explore the interactive and relational nature of their emotional processes, three questions are examined. How do migrant women manage their emotions in the process of constructing motherhood as their main social identity? How do their emotional orientations complement or conflict other emotion rules? In changing social and familial settings, how are their feelings navigated? The narratives of two Japanese mothers illustrate their contradictory, inconsistent and ambiguous emotional experiences which are created through physical mobility and transnational family relationships. Through changing social roles, obligations and expectations, they participate in different ‘feeling rules’ to frame the lived experiences in which their relationships with their new country and home place are renewed. Through changing their life course, they also experience ‘emotional resonance’ or ‘dissonance’ with others, which affects their sense of belonging/non-belonging in different places. The context of motherhood provides examples of such dynamics of multiple, interdependent processes in which subjectivities and feelings emerge.

Overall HIEs deconstruction method and its application

Based on the human interface elements (HIEs) as the emotional carriers, this paper researches the general analysis steps of hierarchical HIEs and puts forward a new systematical deconstruction method for Kansei engineering fields. A mobile phone is taken as the research subject, the emotional design rules are inferred based on the multiple-orientation information of human interfaces, and the emotional change law is grasped from a new perspective. The research on the deconstruction method promotes the study of Kansei engineering and is a significant guide and reference for the theory and practice of related product design fields.

Sexual Violence, Marital Guidance, and Victorian Bodies: An Aesthesiology

This essay examines some of the emotional rules, encoded in grammars of representation and framed within law and prescriptive marital advice literature, regarding the expression of male sexual aggressivity within the bedroom. Despite the general Victorian idealization of marriage, many wives suffered physical and sexual abuse at the hands of their husbands, marital rape drawing particular attention from early feminists, psychologists, physicians, and evolutionary physiologists. In the 1870s, a belief that unrestrained sexual license was a symptom of degeneration led these commentators to consider marital rape particularly harmful to husbands. By the turn of the century, however, the focus of this harm had nominally shifted to women, who might become frigid if forced to submit to sex--a problem for wives but for husbands as well. As sexology and psychology gained greater influence, couples came to rely on the emotion-talk of commentators to negotiate mutually agreeable bedroom activity.

Applying an analysis of acted vocal emotions to improve the simulation of synthetic speech

All speech produced by humans includes information about the speaker, including conveying the emotional state of the speaker. It is thus desirable to include vocal affect in any synthetic speech where improving the naturalness of the speech produced is important. However, the speech factors which convey affect are poorly understood, and their implementation in synthetic speech systems is not yet commonplace. A prototype system for the production of emotional synthetic speech using a commercial formant synthesiser was developed based on vocal emotion descriptions given in the literature. This paper describes work to improve and augment this system, based on a detailed investigation of emotive material spoken by two actors (one amateur, one professional). The results of this analysis are summarised, and were used to enhance the existing emotion rules used in the speech synthesis system. The enhanced system was evaluated by naive listeners in a perception experiment, and the simulated emotions were found to be more realistic than in the original version of the system.

A Politics of Passion in Education: The Foucauldian Legacy

Prompted by what is seen as a missing analysis in the discussions about passion and affect in education, this essay attempts to clarify and provide a context for understanding the contribution of Foucault in the discourse of passion. In particular, the author traces the politics of passion in Foucault's work. A ‘politics of passion’ is the analysis that challenges the cultural and historical emotional rules with respect to what passion is, how it is expressed, who gets to express it and under what circumstances. It is argued that a discussion of Foucault's ideas on passion provides a way of sharpening and clarifying his politics on affect, particularly what is relevant to individual and collective emotional control in education.

Discursive practices, genealogies, and emotional rules: A poststructuralist view on emotion and identity in teaching

This paper invokes a poststructuralist lens—and, in particular, Foucauldian ideas—in conceptualizing teacher emotions as discursive practices. It is also argued that within this theoretical framework, teacher identity is theorized as constantly becoming in a context embedded in power relations, ideology, and culture. In terms of the methodology used when studying teacher identity and emotion through this lens, it is shown that long-term ethnographic investigations offer important advantages. This is shown through an ethnographic study of the emotions of teaching with one teacher over three years (1997–1999) and a semester long follow-up study with the same teacher four years later (spring 2003). The contribution of this study in what is presently known about teacher emotions in educational settings consists in the following three ideas: first, that emotional rules in teaching are historically contingent; second, that a teacher plays a part in her own emotional control; and third, that a teacher's identity is constituted in relation to the emotional rules in the context in which she/he teaches. The contribution of a poststructuralist perspective in research on teacher emotion is discussed and analyzed.