Emotion Regulation Research Articles

Adherence to a digital therapeutic mediates the relationship between momentary self-regulation and health risk behaviors

IntroductionSmoking, obesity, and insufficient physical activity are modifiable health risk behaviors. Self-regulation is one fundamental behavior change mechanism often incorporated within digital therapeutics as it varies momentarily across time and contexts and may play a causal role in improving these health behaviors. However, the role of momentary self-regulation in achieving behavior change has been infrequently examined. Using a novel momentary self-regulation scale, this study examined how targeting self-regulation through a digital therapeutic impacts adherence to the therapeutic and two different health risk behavioral outcomes.MethodsThis prospective interventional study included momentary data for 28 days from 50 participants with obesity and binge eating disorder and 50 participants who smoked regularly. An evidence-based digital therapeutic, called Laddr™, provided self-regulation behavior change tools. Participants reported on their momentary self-regulation via ecological momentary assessments and health risk behaviors were measured as steps taken from a physical activity tracker and breathalyzed carbon monoxide. Medical regimen adherence was assessed as daily Laddr usage. Bayesian dynamic mediation models were used to examine moment-to-moment mediation effects between momentary self-regulation subscales, medical regimen adherence, and behavioral outcomes.ResultsIn the binge eating disorder sample, the perseverance [β1 = 0.17, 95% CI = (0.06, 0.45)] and emotion regulation [β1 = 0.12, 95% CI = (0.03, 0.27)] targets of momentary self-regulation positively predicted Laddr adherence on the following day, and higher Laddr adherence was subsequently a positive predictor of steps taken the same day for both perseverance [β2 = 0.335, 95% CI = (0.030, 0.717)] and emotion regulation [β2 = 0.389, 95% CI = (0.080, 0.738)]. In the smoking sample, the perseverance target of momentary self-regulation positively predicted Laddr adherence on the following day [β = 0.91, 95% CI = (0.60, 1.24)]. However, higher Laddr adherence was not a predictor of CO values on the same day [β2 = −0.09, 95% CI = (−0.24, 0.09)].ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that a digital therapeutic targeting self-regulation can modify the relationships between momentary self-regulation, medical regimen adherence, and behavioral health outcomes. Together, this work demonstrated the ability to digitally assess the transdiagnostic mediating effect of momentary self-regulation on medical regimen adherence and pro-health behavioral outcomes. Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier (NCT03774433).

Supporting the cognitive development of individuals with intellectual disabilities through a video game for emotional regulation

Emotional regulation is a fundamental skill for the cognitive, social, behavioral, and academic development of individuals with intellectual disabilities. However, these individuals often face significant challenges in this area. Therapeutic interventions have been designed to improve emotional regulation. Nevertheless, most interventions and studies have been directed at other populations, such as individuals with autism spectrum disorder or ADHD. Some of them have been proven to be effective in supporting individuals with intellectual disabilities, yet a promising alternative is the use of serious games, and no specific research has been found on the use of video games for the development of emotional regulation in individuals with intellectual disabilities. This article presents the first part of the design of a video game aimed at supporting the emotional regulation of individuals with intellectual disabilities, with the goal of providing an innovative and effective tool in this field.

Factorial structure, measurement invariance and reliability of the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC) in a sample of Portuguese parents

Emotion regulation is important for socioemotional and mental health development, with lifelong implications. The Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC; Shields & Cicchetti, 1997) is a widely used tool to assess emotional regulation and dysregulation in children. Despite wide use and translate into several languages, inconsistent findings have been found in its factorial structure across studies. This study addresses this gap by examining the factorial structure, reliability, and measurement invariance of the ERC in a Portuguese sample. A sample of 789 parents (mostly mothers, 90.9%) with children between 3 to 12 years old (49.3% preschoolers and 50.7% School-age) completed the scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) revealed that the original two-factor model (Emotion Regulation and Lability/Negativity) reached an acceptable fit, however three items had to be removed, and two item residuals correlated. Full invariance was achieved regarding boys and girls. While, regarding age, only configural invariance was achieved, meaning that, different loadings should be expected between preschool and school-age children. Considering the final model the Cronbach’s alphas (α) was .66 for Emotion Regulation and .80 for Lability/Negativity. These findings provide some support for the use of the Portuguese parents’ version of the ERC with preschool and school-age children.

Smartphone overuse and distraction: which relationship with general well-being across different generations?

BackgroundThe appropriate use of smartphones is closely related to individual well-being. However, excessive use of smartphones can have detrimental effects on users. This study explores the relationship between problematic smartphone use, smartphone distraction, and well-being across four different generations.MethodA total of 430 Italian participants ranging across four generations categorized by age groups, completed a comprehensive questionnaire. These groups included Baby Boomers (M = 63.76; SD = 4.50), Generation X (M = 50.94; SD = 4.41), Generation Y (35,88; SD = 2.29), and Generation Z (M = 24.23; SD = 2.73). The questionnaire included socio-demographic information, digital tools usage, digital activities, the Mobile Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS) and its subdimensions—withdrawal and social aspects (WITHD) and craving and escape from other problems (CRAV)—the Smartphone Distraction Scale (SDS) and its subdimensions—attention impulsiveness (ATT IMP), online vigilance (ON VIG), emotion regulation (EM REG), and multitasking (MULT)—and the I COPPE well-being scale. Analyses were conducted using ANOVA, correlations, and hierarchical regression to explore the relationships between these variables. Generational groups and weekly time spent on online activities were included as control variables in the hierarchical regression analysis.ResultResults revealed a positive correlation between MPPS and SDS scores. The younger generation showed higher mean values for MPPS and SDS, except for ON VIG. No significant generational differences were found in well-being subdimensions. WITHD negatively affects interpersonal (β = -0.144; p < 0.05), community (β = -0.172; p < 0.01), psychological (β = -0.128; p < 0.05), general (β = -0.140; p < 0.05), and economic (β = -0.147; p < 0.05) well-being while EM REG negatively affect occupational (β =—0.158; p < 0.05) well-being. Conversely, MULT was positively related to occupational (β = 0.191; p < 0.01) physical (β = 0.131; p< 0.05), and economic (β = 0.124; p < 0.05) well-being.ConclusionThis study illustrates how smartphones often function as an escape from the real word, underscoring the need to manage and educate their use.

Exploring Psychological Factors and Brain Alterations in Functional Anorectal Pain Patients: Insights From Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigations.

Functional anorectal pain (FAP) is classified as one of the disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI). It involves the impairments of anorectal afferents and disrupted gut-brain communication. However, neuroimaging studies focused on FAP are lacking. A total of 25 FAP patients and 18 healthy controls (HC) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) scans, and collection of demographic data, mental health assessment scales and pain assessment questionnaires. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM), tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) were utilized to analyze the imaging data. Correlation analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between the neuroimaging findings and clinical symptoms. Functional anorectal pain (FAP) patients exhibited higher levels of anxiety, depression scores and lower sleep quality compared to HC. VBM analysis revealed increased gray matter volume (GMV) in the bilateral fusiform, right parahippocampal, bilateral inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), and decreased GMV in the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG), left middle frontal gyrus (MFG), bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left Calcarine, bilateral middle occipital gyrus (MOG), left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) in FAP patients. TBSS analysis showed decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), and forceps minor in the FAP patients. Additionally, increased ALFF in the right cerebellum and increased ReHo in the right MFG were observed in the FAP patients. These findings showed a worse psychological condition and suggested neuroanatomical and neurofunctional alterations associated with pain processing, emotion regulation, and cognitive control in FAP patients.

“Calming Y’r nerves on Instagram?” social media escapism in light of neuroticism and emotion regulation.

“Calming Y’r nerves on Instagram?” social media escapism in light of neuroticism and emotion regulation.

Functional connectivity in burnout syndrome: a resting-state EEG study

Chronic occupational stress is associated with a pronounced decline in emotional and cognitive functioning. Studies on neural mechanisms indicate significant changes in brain activity and changed patterns of event-related potentials in burnout subjects. This study presents an analysis of brain functional connectivity in a resting state, thus providing a deeper understanding of the mechanisms accompanying burnout syndrome. The sample consists of 49 burnout employees and 49 controls, matched by age, gender and occupation (Mage = 36.15, SD = 8.10; 59 women, 39 men). Continuous dense-array EEG data were collected from a 256-channel EEG system. The difference in functional connectivity between burnout and control subjects was tested in the eyes-closed (EC) and eyes-open (EO) conditions using the resting-state paradigm. The results indicate significant differences in brain activity between the burnout and the control groups. The resting-state network of the burnout group is characterized by decreased functional connectivity in frontal and midline areas in the alpha3 sub-band (11–13 Hz) in an eyes-open condition. The most significant effect of decreased connectivity was observed in the right frontal brain area. For the first time, these analyses point to distinctive aspects of functional connectivity within the alpha3 sub-band in burnout syndrome. These findings provide insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of burnout syndrome and its associations with changed resting-state networks. The data on neural characteristics in burnout subjects may help to understand the mechanisms of decline in cognitive function and emotion regulation and to search for adequate methods of treatment.

Vagally-mediated heart rate variability longitudinally predicts test anxiety in university students.

Self-regulatory processes, namely behavioral regulation (in terms of executive functions) and emotion regulation, are assumed to be central for test anxiety. Both self-regulation components, along with vagally-mediated heart rate variability (HRV) - a proposed concomitant of top-down self-regulation - are associated with anxiety. A longitudinal design was adopted to test the hypotheses that (1) higher vagally-mediated HRV, (2) adaptive emotion regulation and (3) better executive functioning (i.e., higher inhibitory control) at the semester beginning (t1) predict lower levels of test anxiety at the end of the semester (t2). A sample of N = 70 (58 female) university students (M [SD] age = 25.04 [7.14] years) completed a measurement of resting HRV (RMSSD), performed an affective go/no-go task, and reported on emotion regulation and test anxiety at t1. Test anxiety and certain examination characteristics were assessed at t2. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses. Supporting hypothesis 1, HRV at t1 significantly predicted test anxiety at t2, whereas emotion regulation and inhibitory control were no significant predictors. As vagally-mediated HRV seems meaningful for the prediction of test anxiety, interventions designed to reduce test anxiety could benefit from incorporating HRV biofeedback training.

Whether Chinese familism could modify the problem of emotional burnout: an empirical study of Vietnamese migrant workers working in Taiwan

ABSTRACT Investigations in the field of Asian migration focused little on how Asian cultural dimensions can improve the emotional burnout problem of migrant workers. This survey explores how Chinese familism affects migrant workers’ cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression of emotions, thereby improving emotional burnout. This survey used 201 Vietnamese migrant workers working in the catering service industry in Taiwan and collected data three times within six months to verify the proposed emotional burnout improvement model. This investigation contributes to the emotional regulation mechanism in migrant workers. It can also provide a reference for formulating improved emotional regulation issues for migrant workers.

The Effects of Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT) on Cognitive and Emotional Symptoms of Adult ADHD: A Randomised Pilot Study

ABSTRACTBackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder with emotional and cognitive symptoms.AimsThis study aimed to investigate the effect of dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT) on cognitive and emotional aspects of ADHD in adults.Materials and methodsA quasi‐experimental pre‐test/post‐test design with a control group (waiting list) was applied. Forty participants were selected for the study among the target population of adult ADHD patients. They were randomly assigned to the control and experimental (group DBT) groups. The Adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale (ASRS), Tower of London, Stroop test, Wisconsin sorting test, Continuous Performance Test, Eysenck Impulsivity Test, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) were used for assessment purposes. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS‐23 and the MANCOVA method.ResultsThe results showed that DBT was significantly effective in improving emotion regulation (31.4%), impulsivity (37.4%), Stroop scores (21.9%), attention and concentration (31.8%), and hyperactivity (41%) compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the subscales of the Tower of London, Wisconsin test and the attentional subscale of the ASRS.ConclusionIt can be inferred from this research that DBT can significantly reduce the emotional difficulties of adults with ADHD, but may not be very helpful for the cognitive aspects of this disorder.

Understanding the Relationship Between Empathy, Theory of Mind (ToM), and Parenting Styles Among Children With Disruptive Behaviour.

Disruptive behaviour has been recognized as one of the most common and persistent forms of childhood maladjustment, and predictive of a range of negative adolescent and adult outcomes including continuing aggression, failure in school and work settings, substance abuse, and late-onset psychopathology. As a child grows many factors influence the child's development like genetic factors, parenting styles, attachment patterns, environmental factors etc. These factors help in the development of empathy, theory of mind (ToM), emotional and behaviour regulation. We need to understand the relation between these factors among children with disruptive behaviours, inorder to develop targeted interventions and support strategies tailored to the unique needs of this population. A sample of 70 children and their mothers completed validated psychometric scales. Pearson correlation & regression analysis were conducted to determine the relation between variables. Results indicated that a significant negative correlation was observed between the permissive parenting style of the father and ToM among children with disruptive behaviour. Empathy was considered a significant inverse predictor of disruptive behaviour among children with disruptive behaviour. Another finding suggests that there is no significant difference in disruptive behaviour between boys and girls and no evident association between parenting styles and disruptive behaviours in children. While this could imply that inherent factors (nature) may have a more notable influence on disruptive behaviour in this sample, it is important to consider that this does not rule out the potential impact of environmental factors (nurture). The results should be viewed as part of a complex interplay between nature and nurture, and further investigation, particularly through longitudinal studies, is needed to clarify their respective contributions. This study builds upon existing research in providing a better understanding of contributors to disruptive behaviour among children, which may assist in the development of interventions to promote positive socio-emotional development and enhance the overall well-being of children.

Mindful bridge: Brief mindfulness practices alter negative emotion transmission and cooperative performance in parent-adolescent dynamics.

Parent-adolescent emotion transmission is crucial for adolescents' psychological development. Parental negative emotions could impair parent-adolescent interaction and relationships. Brief mindfulness practices (BMPs) are effective for improving emotional regulation and reducing negative emotions. However, few studies explored the effects of BMP on parent-adolescent negative emotion transmission. This study used the hyperscanning technique to examine the differences in the change of emotional states, cooperative performance, and interbrain synchrony (IBS) between the BMP group (20 parent-adolescent dyads) and the control rest (CR) group (20 parent-adolescent dyads) under induced parental negative emotions in cooperation interaction tasks. Results showed (1) decreases in negative emotions, hostility, and state anxiety in the BMP group after BMP, but only negative emotions decreased in the CR group after rest; (2) an increase in the success rate in the BMP group after BMP, but no change in the CR group after rest; and (3) decreases in IBS in the delta and theta bands in success feedback and increases in IBS in failure feedback in the BMP group after BMP, but no change in the CR group after rest. These findings suggest that BMP may mitigate parental negative emotion transmission to adolescents and promote their focused attitude toward cooperation.

Adult Attachment Style, Emotion Regulation and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Mediational Investigation of an Attachment-Based Model.

There is evidence that emotion regulation plays a role in the aetiology and maintenance of OCD, but knowledge about what impacts emotion dysregulation is limited. Attachment style is related to both emotion regulation and OCD symptoms, but the link between them has not been thoroughly studied. Examining emotion dysregulation within the context of OCD through an attachment theory framework may lead to a better understanding of the aetiology and maintenance of OCD. In the present study, we combined theoretically and empirically derived knowledge to examine the mediating role of emotion regulation between attachment dimensions (avoidance and anxiety) and OCD symptoms. One-hundred seventy-nine individuals with OCD were assessed with Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Yale-Brown Obsession Compulsion Scale (Y-BOCS), and mediation analyses were conducted. Our results indicate that the association between OCD and attachment anxiety/avoidance was mediated by emotion dysregulation. The primary limitation of our study is that data are cross-sectional and, therefore, we cannot infer anything about the causal direction of these relationships. A second limitation of the study is that two of the three measures were derived from self-reported questionnaires, which may be prone to biassed reporting. Our results suggest that insecure attachment is important in OCD when taking emotion regulation into account. Thus, clinical interventions for OCD may improve by targeting attachment and difficulties related to emotion regulation. However, our findings are based on cross-sectional data that preclude conclusions relating to causal influence.

Bullying victimization and self-harm in adolescents: The roles of emotion regulation and bullying peer norms.

While prior research has suggested that experiencing bullying victimization increases the risk of self-harm, the exact role of intrapersonal emotion regulation and bullying peer norms in contributing to this association are not fully understood. This study examined the mediating effects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression and the moderating effects of bullying descriptive and popularity norms on the association between bullying victimization and self-harm. A total of 3545 Chinese adolescents (52.4% boys; Mage=12.36years; 90.9% Han nationality) from 76 classes participated in the current study. Data were collected in two waves, spaced six months apart. Participants completed self-report questionnaires regarding bullying victimization, bullying perpetration, emotion regulation and self-harm. Peer nomination items were used to assess bullying perpetration and popularity. The study found that bullying victimization was linked to an increase in self-harm six month later, both directly and indirectly, by enhancing the use of expressive suppression. The effects of expressive suppression as a mediator were notably stronger in environments with low bullying descriptive norms or high bullying popularity norms. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which bullying peer norms adversely affect emotion regulation and escalate self-harming behaviors among victimized adolescents. Effective bullying prevention and intervention strategies should focus not only on reducing bullying behaviors, but also on addressing maladaptive emotion regulation strategies such as expressive suppression. Additionally, fostering a classroom environment characterized by non-aggressive and prosocial norms is crucial for mitigating the negative outcomes associated with bullying.

Narcissistic personality disorder and emotion regulation in psychiatric inpatients.

Emotional regulation difficulties in those with narcissistic personality disorder can cause problematic social and occupational functioning and inhibit treatment. Identifying which aspects of emotion regulation difficulties narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) patients have can help inform treatment. Adult psychiatric inpatients (N = 108) were assessed on measures of emotion regulation. Propensity score matching (PSM) was utilized to match inpatients with a diagnosis of NPD (n = 54) to psychiatric peers on several criteria. An analysis of variance compared groups at admission and discharge. A moderation analysis was used to explore the effects of neuroticism across the treatment for NPD, and cut scores were used to explore the effect of neuroticism on NPD patients at admission and discharge. NPD patients demonstrated more difficulties with impulse control, engaging in goal-directed behaviours, clarity of emotions, emotional regulation strategies, and experiential avoidance at admission. NPD patients experienced difficulties with impulse control and acceptance of emotional responses at discharge. They were also more likely to end treatment before their peers. Neuroticism was a moderating factor in treatment of patients with NPD, with high neuroticism aligning with greater gains across treatment; however, high neuroticism NPD patients continued to report more difficulties with experiential avoidance and strategies for emotional regulation. Use of self-report measures, reliance on DSM criteria for NPD diagnoses, and the generalizability to non-inpatient populations. NPD patients benefit from treatment but continue to struggle with aspects of emotion regulation. Addressing these aspects may help NPD patients receive more benefits from treatment.

Investigation into nurses’ emotion regulation while causing pain to adult patients during burns dressing changes: a qualitative study

BackgroundBurns can cause patients significant pain at the time of injury and during subsequent treatment. Other people’s pain often elicits empathic responses in observers. However, effective emotion regulation strategies are needed to manage personal distress, which may otherwise inhibit helping behaviour. MethodsThis study used an interpretative qualitative approach to conduct semi-structured interviews with burns nurses. Interviews explored emotion regulation strategies used by nurses whilst causing pain to adult patients during burns dressing changes. Transcripts were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s six stages of thematic analysis. ResultsEight burns nurses participated in the interviews. Thematic analysis developed five themes: Emotions get in the way of being a good nurse; Pain’s an inevitable and justifiable part of treatment and healing; If I’m not made aware of the pain, maybe there is no pain; The pain’s due to other factors, not my actions; and Sometimes it’s too much. ConclusionBurns nurses’ attempts at regulating their emotions were influenced by their beliefs about what makes a ‘good’ nurse. Gross’s model of emotion regulation provides a useful framework for understanding these strategies, but further research is needed into the helpfulness of them for nurses and patients.

The Impact of Trauma and Substance Use on Emotion Regulation and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Implications for Perpetrator Programs

(1) Background: Alcohol and/or other drug use problems (ADUPs) and trauma are key risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) that should be addressed in perpetrator programs. Participants with ADUPs and trauma histories may display greater difficulties in emotion regulation, which may increase the likelihood of IPV recidivism. The study aimed to examine differences among participants with trauma, ADUPs, ADUPs and trauma, and without such factors in dropout, IPV, and variables related to emotion regulation at pre- and post-intervention; (2) Methods: A sample of 312 men court-mandated to attend a perpetrator program (Contexto Program) was used. Variables related to emotion regulation difficulties included alexithymia, depressive symptomatology, and clinical syndromes. IPV variables included self-reported physical and psychological IPV and IPV recidivism risk assessed by facilitators. Comparisons between groups were made using one-way ANOVA, chi-square tests, and two-way repeated measures ANOVAs; (3) Results: Participants with ADUPs and trauma presented greater difficulties on variables related to emotion regulation, higher risk of IPV at pre-intervention, and higher dropout rates. At post-intervention, all participants improved their emotion regulation skills and reduced IPV recidivism risk, with participants with ADUPs and trauma maintaining a higher risk of IPV; (4) Conclusions: IPV perpetrators with ADUPs and trauma are high-risk participants. Interventions should target trauma and ADUPs to improve their effectiveness.

Modifiable Psychological Mechanisms of Resilience Among UK Trainee and Newly Qualified Teachers.

Teaching is identified as a stressful occupation, with elevated levels of burnout among the profession. Research suggests that resilience may buffer against stress and psychological distress and potentially be a useful resource for this occupational group. This research aimed to identify mechanisms associated with trainee teachers' resilience across time. Using the cognitive model of resilience, we examined interpretation bias and emotion regulation as cognitive mechanisms associated with resilience. The study investigated whether these cognitive processes have an association with trainee teachers' resilience during teacher training and in the first year as teachers in two 1-year longitudinal online studies. Study 1 commenced before COVID-19 pandemic (September 2019), but ended during ongoing pandemic-related restrictions. Study 2 was conducted as a replication study, commenced during COVID-19 (May 2020). Resilience, short-term stress, chronic perceived stress, and cognitive mechanisms (interpretation bias, emotion regulation) were assessed at baseline (during teacher training), with resilience and short-term stress monitored at the 8-month and 13-month follow-ups. Across both studies, cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships were found between perceived stress, cognitive mechanisms, and resilience. Positive interpretation bias predicted trainee teachers' resilience across time, suggesting that it is likely to be a good target for interventions to promote resilience.

UPAYA MENGEMBANGKAN REGULASI EMOSI MELALUI LAYANAN BIMBINGAN KELOMPOK DENGAN TEKNIK ROLE PLAYING PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS XI SMK LPI SEMARANG

The research conducted is entitled Efforts to Develop Emotional Regulation Through Group Guidance with Role Playing Techniques for Students of SMK LPI Semarang. The research on Efforts to Develop Emotional Regulation Through Group Guidance Services with Role Playing Techniques for Class XI Students of SMK LPI Semarang is motivated by the low level of emotional regulation of students as indicated by the exclusion of these students from their peers, causing students to become sensitive to suggestions and criticisms from others. The purpose of this study was to determine Efforts to Develop Emotional Regulation Through Group Guidance Services with Role Playing Techniques for Class XI Students of SMK LPI Semarang. This type of research is quantitative research using the true-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design model. The sample in this study was 21 students who then became the experimental group and the control group. The data collection tool used the emotional regulation scale. The results of the hypothesis test obtained significance (2-tailed) &lt;0.05 indicating a significant difference between the control group and the experimental group. Meanwhile, the t-test result of 0.0064 showed a difference in the treatment given to the experimental group compared to the control group. It can be concluded that group guidance services with role playing techniques can help develop emotional regulation of SMK LPI Semarang students. Based on the results of this study, the suggestion that can be conveyed is that group guidance services with role playing techniques can be used as one of the treatment methods to develop emotional regulation.

Emotion dysregulation in youths with obsessive-compulsive disorder and its implication for treatment - an exploratory study from the TECTO trial: A protocol and statistical analysis plan

BackgroundResearch on improving psychotherapy for youths with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), should explore what works for whom and how by examining baseline moderators and potential mechanisms of change. Emotion dysregulation is proposed as an intermediate therapy factor in a transdiagnostic framework. This study investigates emotion dysregulation as an outcome, mechanism, and moderator of psychotherapy in youths aged 8-17 years with OCD. MethodsData are from a randomized clinical trial and a parallel prospective study of healthy controls. Participants with OCD (n=130; 121 in this study) were randomized to 14 sessions of either family-based CBT with exposure and response prevention versus family-based psychoeducation and relaxation training. We will; 1) assess if emotion dysregulation, measured by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), decreases from baseline to end-of-treatment; 2) compare the proportion of participants with normative emotion regulation to a 90% reference interval from healthy controls (n=90); 3) use linear regression to examine if baseline emotion dysregulation moderates treatment effects measured by the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale; 4) investigate if changes in emotion dysregulation mediate treatment effects; and 5) investigate the stability of emotion regulation over time in the healthy controls. Analyses 1-4 will be conducted for all OCD participants and separately for the two treatment groups. Two independent investigators will perform the analyses. ConclusionThis protocol and statistical analysis plan are presented to enhance analytical transparency and limit bias.