Emotional Motivation Research Articles

Positive and Negative Selective Allosteric Modulators of α5 GABAA Receptors: Effects on Emotionality, Motivation, and Motor Function in the 5xFAD Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Positive and negative allosteric modulators of α5 GABAA receptors (PAM and NAM, respectively) are worthy of investigation as putative treatments of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, their potential to modify a dynamic range of behaviors in AD models needs to be systematically examined. The study aimed to assess effects of MP-III-022 as PAM and PWZ-029 as NAM on emotional reactivity, motivation, and motor function, as well as on gene expression of GABRA2, GABRA3 and GABRA5 subunit of GABAA receptors in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HC) in 5xFAD mice, as an early-onset transgenic AD model. The 6-month-old 5xFAD transgenic and non-transgenic mice of both genders underwent a battery of reflexes and behavioral tests (sensorimotor tests, elevated plus maze, and open field) after 10-day intraperitoneal treatment with MP-III-022, PWZ-029, or solvent. The behavioral battery was followed by qPCR analysis of gene expression. MP-III-022 induced a decline in motor function, while PWZ-029 further decreased emotionality of transgenic males, as compared to the transgenic control. No interfering effects on non-cognitive behavior were observed in female mice. In HC, both treatments reversed reciprocal GABRA2 and GABRA3 changes in transgenic females. In PFC, MP-III-022 decreased GABRA5 in both genders, while PWZ-029 increased GABRA2 in male transgenic animals. Gender-dependent protracted effects of PAMs and NAMs in AD model, with detrimental impact on motor capabilities of PAM, and attenuation of emotionality elicited by NAM in transgenic males, were revealed. This favors future research of α5 GABAA receptor modulation in females as more promising.

The Regulating Effect of Entrepreneurial Alertness on Maker's Online Social Motivation

To explore the regulating effect of entrepreneurial alertness on the motivation of makers to use online social network. It is found that high entrepreneurial alertness can improve the sensitivity of information seeking motivation and the perception and reaction speed of external environment changes, so as to adjust the team structure and development strategy more quickly, gain competitive advantage and succeed in financing entrepreneurial projects; with high entrepreneurial alertness, makers will treat emotional motivation factors more rationally and weaken the negative effects of personal emotional motivation on financing of entrepreneurial projects. At the same time, high entrepreneurial alertness will help makers to learn forward-looking knowledge and business, and promote entrepreneurial projects to obtain leading time and fruitful innovation.

Intergenerational leisure and family reconciliation

Scientific literature suggests the contribution to family reconciliation as a motivation for leisure shared by grandparents and grandchildren. However, there are some discrepant results. The study aimed to examine the need for family reconciliation as a practical motivation for grandparents’ and grandchildren’s shared leisure, and its linkage with its frequency, the geographical residential area, and the cohabitation of both generations in the same home. A questionnaire was administered to 357 grandparents of children aged 6 to 12 years residing in northern Spain, and a descriptive study and inferential analysis of the data were performed. The results placed the need for family reconciliation in an intermediate position, below the motivations of entertainment and emotional motivations, but above those related to co-learning and the absence of other people to perform such activities. The need for family reconciliation is associated with the frequency of shared practice, but not with the geographical residential area or the fact that both generations cohabitate at the same address. The possible exceptionality of the current situation, within the framework of COVID-19, which may have produced significant alterations in the grandparent-grandchildren relationship, is discussed, with the consequent need to continue this line of inquiry. [1] Throughout the document, an attempt will be made to use inclusive language, although "under Law 3/2007 of 22 March, for the effective equality of women and men, any reference to positions, persons, or groups included in this document in the masculine, are to be understood as including both women and men.”

Longshot or Favorite: The Ending Effect in Investment Decisions.

The ending effect describes the phenomenon that at the end of a series of repeated risky decision-making tasks, participants become more likely to engage in risk-taking behavior. Past research has suggested that the ending effect might be caused by a motivational shift induced by changes in time perception. Previous studies mainly tested this phenomenon in a binary decision-making setting (e.g., a decision-making task usually includes two alternatives). However, none of these prior studies included safe options and risky options that differed in risk levels. To address this knowledge gap, the present study replicated the ending effect in a repeated decision-making task that included both a safe option and risky options that differed in risk levels (N = 104). We found that at the end of the decision-making task, participants became more likely to engage in risk-taking and to favor the option with the highest risk. Further, we found that the investment likelihood and investment amount of high-risk options both increased significantly at the ending. In addition, a shift in favoring the safe option emerged in the noninformed condition at the end. We also found that the emotional motivation in the last round could predict the increased preference for high-risk at the ending. This study extended previous findings on the ending effect by adopting a more complex decision-making scenario and, more broadly, helped further our understanding of the psychological consequences of perceived endings.

The influence of emotional motives on the decision to use a credit card

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of emotional motives consisting of personal factors and psychological factors on consumer decisions to use credit cards. This study involved 100 respondents, with a sampling technique based on purposive sampling. The questionnaire was distributed to respondents according to the research criteria, namely being customers of credit card users in banks in the city of Makassar, which were further analyzed using the Multiple Linear Regression model, which will test variables from emotional motives, namely personal factors, and psychological factors, on the decision to use credit cards. . The results showed that personal factors had a significant positive effect on the decision to use a credit card, while psychological factors also showed a significant positive effect on the decision to use a credit card. Thus, people in the city of Makassar use credit cards based on the encouragement of emotional motives consisting of personal factors and psychological factors.

Sex differences in behavior, response to LPS, and glucose homeostasis in middle-aged mice

Sex and age have distinct influences and roles in behavior and immune reactivity; yet, most studies use adult male rodents with little attention to middle age, a time associated with key physiological transitions in both sexes. Thus, this study investigated sex differences during middle age in behavior, immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and glucose regulation in C57BL/6 mice with GFP-tagged monocytes/microglia. Behaviorally, males performed better in tests of motor function (Open Field [OF], Grip Strength, Sticker Removal, Gait, and Pole tests) and displayed less depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors across multiple mood tests (OF, Elevated Zero Maze, Sucrose Preference, and Swim test). However, females performed better in tests of cognition (Barnes Maze and Novel Object Recognition). Following behavioral assessment, mice were given LPS to characterize sex-dependent inflammagen responses. Females displayed greater sickness behavior in the OF, higher levels of peripheral cytokines, and subtle neuroinflammation in the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. A separate middle-aged cohort was used for glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity testing. Both sexes had excessive blood glucose rebound after insulin challenge, but displayed differences following glucose administration, where males had higher baseline glucose and females remained hyperglycemic. This study suggests that during middle-age male mice have better emotional regulation and motor function, but not cognitive ability than females. Further, males are less sensitive than females to the acute effects of LPS peripherally and centrally, but both sexes showed sex-specific impairments in blood glucose regulation. Overall, it appears that middle age is an important transition point with multiple sex differences, some of which are unique to this stage of life.

Emotions Under Trauma

While emotions can play positive, contributory roles in our cognition and our lives, they frequently have the opposite effect. Michael Brady’s otherwise excellent introduction to the topic of emotion is unbalanced because he does not attend to harms emotions cause. The basic problem is that emotions have a normative aspect: they can be justified or unjustified and Brady does not attend to this. An example of this is Brady’s discussion of curiosity as the emotional motivation for knowledge. More importantly, while emotions can and sometimes do reveal to us what we value, it is far less frequent that emotions reveal objective value.

Beyond the Basics of Emotions

While emotions can play positive, contributory roles in our cognition and our lives, they frequently have the opposite effect. Michael Brady’s otherwise excellent introduction to the topic of emotion is unbalanced because he does not attend to harms emotions cause. The basic problem is that emotions have a normative aspect: they can be justified or unjustified and Brady does not attend to this. An example of this is Brady’s discussion of curiosity as the emotional motivation for knowledge. More importantly, while emotions can and sometimes do reveal to us what we value, it is far less frequent that emotions reveal objective value.

Determinants of the online purchase intention: hedonic motivations, prices, information and trust

PurposeThe Internet has changed the nature of purchasing, proof of this being the proliferation of e-commerce sites which have seen their activity grow more quickly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the authors aim to investigate the impact of the consumer's hedonic motivations, price, access to information and trust on the online purchase intention.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative, transversal study of a conclusive nature was carried out. Based on information gathered through a questionnaire administered to a sample of 750 online purchasers, a structural equation model was estimated.FindingsThe results showed that the intention to continue purchasing in online shops is partly explained by access to information online, hedonic motivations and trust in e-commerce sites. It stands out that online information generates trust, and the perception of online prices does not influence loyalty but has a positive influence on hedonic motivations.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough some constructs were ignored, for example, the integration of channels, experiential marketing and the fear of fraud, including unauthorised use of personal details, the study shows that easy access to useful information about products, prices, promotions is an important antecedent of online purchase.Practical implicationsOnline shop managers should pay special attention to e-commerce websites, and the information provided there should explore consumer's hedonic motivations for adventure. Furthermore, it is fundamental to create trust in order to maintain the interest in online shopping.Originality/valueThe estimation of the structural model in the context of online shopping includes the influence of utilitarian motivations (price and access to information), which offer a rational experience and also include emotional motivations (hedonic adventure motivations) on the intention to buy online. The results also revealed that it plays an important role to promote online trust and online loyalty.

Managing the Motivation of Customers of International Tourism Services

The desires and needs of tourists are often considered to be the motivation for travel. The International Tourism Survey showed that there are four main factors: culture, destinations, social contact and adventure, which influence the decision of tourists to travel in international tourism.The paper discusses the rational and emotional motives that influence tourists' travel choices and the selection of the tourism industry sector. Rational motives represent economic; Minimize risks, stability, life safety, health, property, financial resources; Comfort when arriving at the destination and compatibility of service quality with price.Emotional motives are no less important, include knowledge acquisition, success, respect and recognition, consideration of fashion trends, reputation and status.Based on the motivations of the consumers and the behavior of the people, a list of types of leisure has been formed, which is preferred by a large number of consumers: 1) rest, which has the character of restoration of rest; 2) active recreation (possibly with sports activities); 3) educational and cultural recreation; 4) Spectacular, entertaining, light rest; 5) Medical and recreational rest. We can say that the rapid development of the travel industry today is largely due to the transformation of public consciousness. Today, in the structure of modern human values, there is a quality rest that meets his individual needs. These requirements of the modern consumer of tourism services should be taken into account in the development of tourism-related infrastructure and the tourism industry in order to develop their tourist attractiveness in different regions of the world.

Relationship between emotional apathy and motor symptoms, sleep and cognitive function in patients with early Parkinson's disease

Objective: To study the relationship between emotional apathy and motor symptoms, sleep, and cognitive function in patients with early Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: One hundred and twenty-nine early PD patients who were treated in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from June to October 2020 were included, including 82 male and 47 female patients. The emotional apathy was assessed by modified apathy rating scale (MAES). The above 129 patients were divided into 67 patients in the PD with emotional apathy group (MAES>14 points) and 62 patients in the PD without emotional apathy group (MAES≤ 14 points). Age, gender, course of disease and levodopa equivalent dose were also collected. Hoehn-Yahr stage and unified Parkinson's disease rating scale PartⅢ(UPDRS-Ⅲ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), polysomnography, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) were used to evaluate the motor symptoms, sleep and cognitive functions of patients with early PD, and the clinical characteristics of patients with early PD with apathywere determined. Results: Compared with PD patients without apathy, those with apathy had longer disease duration [M(Q1,Q3)][5.0 (3.0, 7.0) years vs 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) years, P=0.006] and severer motor symptoms [20.0 (10.0, 28.0) vs 14.0 (8.5, 23.0), P=0.047]. There was no significant difference in PSQI score between the two groups. Among the 33 patients who completed polysomnography, compared with PD patients without apathy (n=16), those with apathy (n=17) had a longer rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency [150 (124, 184) min vs 87 (57, 133) min, P=0.035)] and more frequent periodic limb movements in the REM phase(P=0.042).The REM sleep ratio (r=0.373, P=0.042), apnea-hypopena index (AHI)(r=0.374, P=0.046) and oxygen deficit index (r=0.409, P=0.025) were positively correlated with the degree of apathy in PD patients. PD patients with apathy had relatively poorer performance in cognition assessment than those without apathy and total MoCA score was inversely correlated with the degree of apathy (r=-0.231, P=0.017). Conclusion: Early PD patients with apathy have objective sleep disorders dominated by REM sleep disorders, which can have a negative impact on cognitive function.

761 PATIENT PREFERENCES FOR ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE VERSUS STANDARD SURGERY AFTER NEOADJUVANT CHEMORADIOTHERAPY IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER TREATMENT

Abstract The need for standard surgical resection in esophageal cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) is subject of debate. Possibly, active surveillance (AS) is an option for patients with a clinically complete response (cCR), in whom no vital tumor cells are detected after nCRT. In a large Dutch multicenter randomized trial (SANO trial), standard surgery is compared to AS in patients with a cCR. Within this trial, we performed a side-study on patient treatment preferences. Methods Esophageal cancer patients, who declined participation in the SANO-trial due to a strong treatment preference for either AS or surgery were included. In-depth interviews were held on patient’s motives for their treatment choice. First, personal motives were addressed in an open manner, and later specific topics were addressed: earlier experiences with illness and health care, future health expectations, emotional motives, religious or spiritual believes and values in life. Data was recorded, transcribed verbatim and qualitatively analyzed according to the grounded theory principles. In addition, questionnaires on health literacy, coping, anxiety and decision regret were administered at two time points. Results Forty patients participated: twenty preferred AS and twenty standard surgery. The central principle for all patients is striving for safety while dealing with the threat of cancer. However, patients express different coping strategies in dealing with this threat. Patients preferring AS rely on trusting their bodies and good outcomes, while questioning the need for surgery. Patients preferring surgery try to minimize insecurity by eliminating the source of the cancer, while arguing that chances for undergoing surgery are high anyway. Interestingly, for either treatment option comparable arguments were used, with the most striking one of wishing ‘not to become a patient’. Conclusion Patients’ preferences in the treatment of esophageal cancer are determined by the way they cope with the threat of cancer. Since the arguments given for either AS or standard surgery can be comparable or even similar, the need for healthcare professionals to discuss what truly matters to their patients is of high importance. Subsequently, attuning to the personal needs of esophageal cancer patients will benefit the decision making process on future treatment.

Cannabinoids for SARS-CoV-2 and is there evidence of their therapeutic efficacy?

To combat the coronaviruses and their novel variants, therapeutic drugs and the development of vaccines that are to be effective throughout human life are urgently needed. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) acts as a modulator in the activation of the microcirculation, immune system, and autonomic nervous system, along with controlling pharmacological functions such as emotional responses, homeostasis, motor functions, cognition, and motivation. The ECS contains endogenous cannabinoids, cannabinoid receptor (CBRs), and enzymes that regulate their biosynthesis, transport, and degradation. Moreover, phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids that mimic the action of endocannabinoids also play an essential role in the modulation of the ECS. Cannabinoids, the main constituents of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), are therapeutic compounds that have received international attention in the health field due to their therapeutic properties. Recently, they have been tested for the treatment of COVID-19 due to their antiviral properties. Indeed, cannabinoid-type compounds, and in particular cannabidiol (CBD), isolated from glandular trichomes found in the calyx of cannabis flowers with reported antiviral properties is hypothesized to be a therapeutic option in the ministration of SARS-CoV-2 consorted with COVID-19 disease. The relevant articles were determined from the database search published mainly in Web of Science, Google scholar, PubMed, Crossref, and ClinicalTrials.gov database during the pandemic period. The articles were evaluated for the therapeutic potentials, mechanisms of action of cannabinoids, the roles of the ECS in the immune system, impact of cannabinoids in SARS-CoV-2 septic, especially if they address the application of cannabinoids as drugs for the curability and management of SARS-CoV-2 and its novel variants. Although the evidence needed to be considered using cannabinoids in the control and treatment of viral diseases is currently in its infancy, they already offer an opportunity for clinicians due to their effects in relieving pain, improving appetite, and improving childhood epilepsy, especially in cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) patients. In addition to these, the most recent scientific evidence emphasizes their use in the treatment of the coronavirus infected patients. In brief, all preclinic and clinic studies that have been reported show that, through the cannabinoid system, cannabinoids, particularly CBD, have many mechanisms that are effective in the treatment of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, more extensive studies are necessary in this area to fully identify the effects of cannabinoids on SARS-CoV-2.

Function Feasibility Analysis of Theme Parks for the Realization of a Learning City (Case Study: Mellat Park of Zanjan)

Education is not limited to chalk and talk in the 21st century, but learning science is possible through different formats and methods. Meanwhile, visual representations of a city could be considered by a system of signs and based on the opposition between emotional motivation and the visible structure of the material world and through a complex system of signs, as well as social, economic, and cultural characteristics of the communities. Hence, these visual representations of the cities play an important role in the metamorphosis of urban spaces; besides reproduction or elimination and decline of semantic values during time. With this approach, the main purpose of this paper is to study the function feasibility of theme parks in the realization of learning city. This topic is important for urban planning studies, more than ever with respect to the concepts and theoretical and practical configurations. In regard to its purpose and nature, this study is an applied research, and based on its method it is a descriptive-analytical study. The study was carried out in September 2017. Thus, 34 items with seven components and four indicators have been identified to check the thematic parks for the realization of a learning city. Mental model software is used to analyze the performance of the indicators. Confirmatory factor analysis was used in SMART PLS software to confirm or reject the performance findings of the indicators. The research results showed that the items have been effective in the theme parks with different coefficients (from high to low impacts) and with an increasing trend in the realization of learning city, in this way, the indicators of continuity in activities, creating conditions for healthy competition, identifying competencies and moral excellence have had the greatest impacts and centrality with effect 11.21, 10.58, 10.45 and 10.41, respectively. Also, the findings of confirmatory factor analysis showed a strong relationship between the performance of theme parks and the learning city by confirming the relationship among the indicators, in Mellat Park of Zanjan.

The Effect of Rational Motivations, Emotional Motivations, Promotions, and Brand Images on the Purchase Decision of Yamaha Motorcycles at Alfa Scorpii Rantauprapat

This study aims to determine the effect of rational motives, emotional motives, promotions, and brand image on motorcycle purchasing decisions on Yamaha consumers at Alfa Scorpii Rantauprapat. Purposive sampling is a sampling technique in this study. Research data obtained by distributing research questionnaires to 89 respondents. The data analysis technique used is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, F Test, t Test, and Coefficient of Determination, using the help of the IBM SPSS Statistics 16 application. The results show that (1) rational motives and emotional motives partially influence purchasing decisions ( 2) promotion, and brand image partially have no effect on purchasing decisions (3) rational motives, emotional motives, promotions, and brand image simultaneously affect purchasing decisions (4) the results of the Multiple Linear Regression equation are Y = 2.204 + 0.326X + 0.358X + 0.045X + 0.132X and (4). the value of the coefficient of determination is 0.313.

Promoting Interpersonal Relationships through Elbow Tag, a Traditional Sporting Game. A Multidimensional Approach

The aim of this research was to study from a multidimensional point of view (decisional, relational and energetic) the interpersonal relationships established by girls and boys in the traditional sport game of Elbow Tag. Scientific evidence has shown that Traditional Sport Games (TSG) trigger different effects on male and female genders in relation to emotional experiences, decision-making, conflicts and motor relationships. Despite the fact that these dimensions are intertwined, there are hardly any studies that interpret motor behaviors holistically, i.e., taking a multidimensional (360°) view of these dimensions. For this study, a quasi-experimental design was used and a type III design was applied, inspired by the observational methodology N/P/M. A total of 147 university students participated (M = 19.6, SD = 2.3): 47 girls (31.97%) and 100 boys (68.02%). A mixed ‘ad hoc’ registration system was designed with acceptable margins of data quality. Cross-tabulations, classification trees and T-patterns analysis were applied. The results indicated that social interactions between girls and boys in a mixed group were unequal. This difference was mainly due to decision-making (sub-role variable), which has much greater predictive power than the energetic variables (MV and steps).

What links to psychological needs satisfaction and excessive WeChat use? The mediating role of anxiety, depression and WeChat use intensity

BackgroundExcessive online social network sites (SNSs) use, such as Facebook or WeChat overuse, has become a severe problem and have caused negative consequences. It is especially important to examine what causes excessive WeChat use in the Chinese population. This study explored the critical role of affective states and WeChat use intensity in the relationship between psychological needs satisfaction and excessive WeChat use based on the self-determination theory and the emotional motivation theory.Methods952 Chinese college students aged 18 to 25 completed an online survey that measured psychological needs satisfaction, depression, anxiety, WeChat use intensity, and excessive WeChat use.ResultsPath analysis demonstrated that anxiety, depression, and WeChat use intensity mediated the effect of psychological needs satisfaction on excessive WeChat use. More importantly, the chain mediation model indicated that psychological needs satisfaction could influence excessive WeChat use through the “anxiety—WeChat use intensity” path, but not the “depression—WeChat use intensity” path.ConclusionThe current study could not only contribute to theoretical development, but also guide mental health practice by showing that improving psychological needs satisfaction may restrain excessive WeChat use through regulating affective states and Wechat use intensity.

Drunk Texting: When the Phone Becomes a Vehicle for Emotional Dysregulation and Problematic Alcohol Use

Background: Drunk texting is an understudied phenomenon, despite its ubiquity and evidence suggesting it may be implicated in heavy drinking. Research on texting motivations and use of the phone as a tool for self-regulation also represent newly emerging areas of study. Objective/Method: The goal of the current study was to examine how drunk texting relates to drinking based on difficulties in emotional regulation and texting motivations in a sample of 2,559 women. Results: Drunk texting predicted heavy drinking. Emotional regulation difficulties (specifically, lack of access to strategies and lack of emotional clarity) predicted reliance on texting to escape as well as to facilitate self-expression. Further, indirect associations found that texting to escape strengthened the association between emotional regulation difficulties and drunk texting, while texting as a form of self-expression buffered against this association. Conclusions: These results highlight the extent to which problematic drinking and drunk texting have overlapping associations with emotional regulation, which can result from the presence of certain motivations for text messaging. Implications are discussed for interventions targeting the use of both phones and alcohol to escape, and increasing awareness of emotional states that might trigger such behavior.

Why the ‘Fear, Honour and Interest’ Trinity Harms Our Understanding of War

While the ‘fear, honour and interest’ trinity is immensely popular, it is also fallacious. Samuel Zilincik discusses how the trinity is not a neutral analytical tool but rather a rhetorical instrument to advocate foreign aggression. It conveys an incomplete picture of war causation by focusing on the aggressor’s motivation while ignoring that of the defender. It also insufficiently explains motivations for hostile behaviour by omitting salient stimuli and the variance of emotional motives across cultures. Through its popularity, the trinity also detracts attention from truly insightful observations that Thucydides made in his work. Zilincik suggests that going beyond the trinity is essential to enhancing knowledge of strategic affairs. ◼

Kecerdasan Emosional dan Motivasi Serta Dampaknya Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Negeri Sipil

This study discusses human resources regarding emotional intelligence and motivation for employee performance. The number of samples was 55 with the status of Civil Servants (PNS) and This study aims to prove whether there is a influence between the independent variable on the dependent variable. Researcher are interested in taking topics related to emotional intelligence for each employee, where emotional intelligence plays an important role in determining attitudes and managing emotions at work and achieving company goals and individual achievements. The analysis techniques used were validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression tests, R2 tests, t tests and F tests. simultaneous namely emotional intelligence (X1) and motivation (X1) there is an influence on employee performance. Based on the results of the simultaneous regression analysis, the Fcount value was 34.994 with a significance F 0.000 <0.05. In the simultaneous or joint test, the three variables of emotional intelligence, motivation and performance have a joint influence. Meanwhile, partially emotional intelligence (X1) has an influence on performance (Y) and motivation (X2) has an influence on performance (Y). Based on these results, it shows that employees can show that they have achievements in their field of work. Not only work but can show integrity in himself, and can increase work motivation.