Emotional Disorders In Children Research Articles

Differentiation between depression and bipolar disorder in child and adolescents by voice features

ObjectiveMajor depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are serious chronic disabling mental and emotional disorders, with symptoms that often manifest atypically in children and adolescents, making diagnosis difficult without objective physiological indicators. Therefore, we aimed to objectively identify MDD and BD in children and adolescents by exploring their voiceprint features.MethodsThis study included a total of 150 participants, with 50 MDD patients, 50 BD patients, and 50 healthy controls aged between 6 and 16 years. After collecting voiceprint data, chi-square test was used to screen and extract voiceprint features specific to emotional disorders in children and adolescents. Then, selected characteristic voiceprint features were used to establish training and testing datasets with the ratio of 7:3. The performances of various machine learning and deep learning algorithms were compared using the training dataset, and the optimal algorithm was selected to classify the testing dataset and calculate the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and ROC curve.ResultsThe three groups showed differences in clustering centers for various voice features such as root mean square energy, power spectral slope, low-frequency percentile energy level, high-frequency spectral slope, spectral harmonic gain, and audio signal energy level. The model of linear SVM showed the best performance in the training dataset, achieving a total accuracy of 95.6% in classifying the three groups in the testing dataset, with sensitivity of 93.3% for MDD, 100% for BD, specificity of 93.3%, AUC of 1 for BD, and AUC of 0.967 for MDD.ConclusionBy exploring the characteristics of voice features in children and adolescents, machine learning can effectively differentiate between MDD and BD in a population, and voice features hold promise as an objective physiological indicator for the auxiliary diagnosis of mood disorder in clinical practice.

Pilot Effectiveness and Acceptability of Partial Hospitalization Treatment Incorporating Transdiagnostic, Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention

Acute mental health treatment (e.g., partial hospitalization or PHP) is a critical component of the mental health services landscape for youth whose symptoms are too acute for a typical outpatient setting, but for whom inpatient psychiatric hospitalization is not recommended or desired. Very few interventions have been developed, adapted for, or evaluated in these fundamentally different delivery contexts. Transdiagnostic treatments may be ideal for addressing the comorbidity, complexity, and heterogeneity typical of acute mental health settings. Our aim was to examine initial acceptability and effectiveness of an adaptation of the Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents (UP-C/A; Ehrenreich-May, Kennedy, et al., 2017), delivered as part of comprehensive therapeutic programming in a general psychiatric PHP. We recruited 152 youths (M age = 13.1 years, 62.5% female) and caregivers, who participated in an average of 11 days of intensive UP-C/A intervention. Participants rated symptoms and functioning at baseline, weekly, posttreatment, and 1-month follow-up. Latent growth curve modeling was used to examine patterns of change and evaluate the impact of potential demographic and treatment-related covariates. For all outcomes, a quadratic model best fit the data, with symptoms and emotional reactivity decreasing significantly during treatment and then leveling off during follow-up. There was a medium-sized change in functional impairment from baseline to the 1-month follow-up, and ≥90% of participants reported treatment as acceptable and helpful. Results provide initial support for use of a transdiagnostic, cognitive-behavioral intervention in acute mental health settings and suggest important future directions, including controlled trials and investigation of implementation supports.

Effectiveness of unified protocol for trans diagnostic treatment in children with anxiety disorders: A randomized control trial

BACKGROUND: The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children (UP-C) is a theory-derived approach that can target the common underlying processes, such as the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in emotional disorders in children aged 8–12 years. This study aimed to investigate UP-C's efficacy in treating children's anxiety disorders compared to cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized control trial (RCT), with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up, 34 participants aged 8–12 with anxiety disorders were selected through the restricted randomization method and allocated to intervention (UP-C) or control (CBT) groups by random allocation rule. UP-C group consisted of 15 weekly individual sessions, and CBT included 16 weekly individual sessions. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA) and The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED-71) were completed in the pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow-up stages. The data of participants were analyzed using the repeated measure analysis of variance. A P- value under. 05 was regarded as significant. RESULTS: Based on the repeated measures ANOVA, UP-C, and CBT significantly reduced anxiety symptoms (P = .002) and emotional suppression (P = .032). Moreover, UP-C and CBT significantly increased emotion regulation (P = .000) and cognitive reappraisal (P = .000). CONCLUSION: The individual UP-C can be effective as anxiety-oriented CBT in treating anxiety disorders. Also, in the three months follow-up, the UP-C's effects were more stable and progressive than the CBT.

A qualitative study on the implementation of a transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy for children in a child welfare residential treatment program

BackgroundYouth with severe emotional or behavioral issues who are involved with child welfare authorities are sometimes placed in intensive care services in a residential treatment program. Evidence-based psychotherapies are often used in residential treatments, but there is very little research on how to adapt psychotherapy for residential treatment. ObjectiveTo describe the implementation of a transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy (the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children) in a residential treatment program for children. Participants and settingStaff (n = 20) at a residential facility in Calgary, Canada. MethodsA combination of qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted before and after therapy to identify barriers and facilitators to implementation. Data were analyzed and reported using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications to Evidence-based Implementation Strategies. ResultsModifications were made to the program including creating inclusive language, integrating relevant content targeting pediatric irritability, delivering sessions online for caregivers, and using additional staff to support youth to learn and practice the application of the content and behavioral interventions. Key barriers to implementation of the Unified Protocol included staff turnover and the difficulty of sustaining a critical mass of knowledge surrounding the Unified Protocol. The major facilitators to implementation were the perceived quality of the program and advantages of the program to children and their caregivers. ConclusionsThis study supports the feasibility and acceptability of providing transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapies for children in residential treatment and provides a template for how to implement evidence-based practice in residential treatment.

Sistem Pakar Deteksi Dini Tingkat Kecanduan Gadget pada Anak Menggunakan Fuzzy Tsukamoto

Information and communication technology continues to develop and progress which demonstrated by the presence of gadget technology. Gadgets are smart electronic devices that assist in making it simple for users to accomplish various task. The use of gadget technology in children are unable to be separated. According to the 2020 KPAI survey, approximately 71,3% of school-age children own and have played with gadgets for a longer time. As a result, it is expected that early detection of gadget addiction can be carried out to ensure that mental and emotional disorders in children who use gadgets can be properly addressed. The aim of this research is to create a prototype expert system for early detection of gadget addiction levels in children using the fuzzy tsukamoto. The fuzzy tsukamoto method was used in this study. This study included 74 respondents aged 9 to 12 years old. The DAS (Digital Addiction Scale : For Children) was used as the data collection method in this study. The system’s as performance will be evaluated using 74 respondents data by comparing the result of expert calculations and fuzzy tsukamoto method calculations. Fuzzy Tsukamoto reasoning with 64 rule bases in used to build this expert system. According to evaluation with 74 respondent data, this expert system has a system acurracy rate of 87,83%, which indicates that it proceeds succesfully.

Benefits of Super Skills for Life in a randomized controlled trial in clinical settings for Spanish children with comorbid conditions.

Emotional disorders in children are often associated with low self-concept and problems with peers, and in many cases externalizing symptoms. Super Skills for Life (SSL) is a transdiagnostic treatment for emotional problems in children that has also shown benefits in other comorbid symptoms. This study aimed to examine, for the first time, the effect of SSL on a clinical sample of Spanish children aged 8-12 years with a major emotional disorder and comorbid externalizing symptoms and low self-concept. A quasi-experimental design with two groups, pretest and posttest, was carried out. Thirty-eight children received the SSL intervention, and 36 children were assigned to a wait-list control (WLC) group. Children in SSL showed statistically fewer posttest emotional symptoms (p < .001), peer problems (p = .002), and overall internalizing and externalizing difficulties (p = .005) compared to children in WLC, in addition to higher posttest self-concept (p = .002). There were no differences in the postinterventional changes between boys and girls in internalizing and externalizing symptoms. However, significant differences were found in some facets of self-concept. The results of this study suggest that the SSL protocol may be useful in Spanish clinical contexts. Still, more research is needed to overcome some of the inherent limitations.

Intervention of music therapy on emotional disorders of autistic children in the context of intelligent medical internet of things

AbstractMany parents have been troubled by the emotional problems of autistic children. Emotional disorders are one of the main characteristics of autistic children in terms of thinking, interpersonal relationship, language communication and intelligence. The rapid development of intelligent medicine and the Internet of Things has provided more facilities for music therapy in the field of rehabilitation, such as equipment tools, case analysis and training practice. In this paper, four autistic children with emotional disorders were treated and intervened with Orff music therapy and visual music therapy. The average probability of occurrence of emotional disorders in children with autism No.1 and No.2 before intervention was 53.2% and 53% respectively. After receiving Orff music therapy, the average probability of emotional disorders decreased to 44.9% and 38.6% respectively; the average probability of occurrence of emotional disorders in children with autism No.3 and No.4 before intervention was 40.3% and 50.2% respectively. After receiving visual music therapy, the average probability of occurrence of emotional disorders decreased to 33.7% and 44.2% respectively. Using music, pictures, lighting and other therapeutic elements, the visual and auditory motor sense is organically combined. Through the interaction between the therapist and the treatment object, to adjust the children's emotions, to awaken, stimulate, soothe, catharsis and other spiritual effects.

Cultural Adaptation and Implementation of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychosocial Interventions for Anxiety and Depression in Japanese Youth.

The present article reviews the current status of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions for anxiety and depression in Japanese youth. First, a literature review of youth CBT programs for anxiety and depression is provided. Through this process, we identify which program/protocol has been most researched within Japan. Second, through a systematic interview to the authors, the development process of four predominant programs is outlined. The programs included were a family CBT program for anxiety disorders (the Japanese Anxiety Children/Adolescents Cognitive Behavior Therapy program), two school-based prevention programs for anxiety and depression (Journey of the Brave and Phoenix Time), and a transdiagnostic protocol for anxiety and depression (Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents). Third, cultural adaptation and modification of the programs are discussed from the scope of user-centered design principles as described by Lyon and Koerner (Sci Pract 23:180-200, 2016). As a result, changes in program content and material, as represented by the use of culture-friendly program names, acronyms, illustrations, and characters were endorsed in all of the programs. Structured but flexible session formats helped increase learnability and efficiency while keeping the cognitive load of providers and consumers low. A careful selection of providers, as well as quality training and consultation are important factors to maximize competency and ensure appropriate implementation. Application of existing time frames and staff who work in each setting were effective ways to increase scalability. Overall, it was shown that many of the modifications adopted overlap among successful programs; these represent the most basic and essential requirements for a program to be applicable to a wide range of contexts. Implications and further directions are explored.

Behavioural and emotional disorders in children during COVID-19 pandemic in Ujjain district

Background: Objectives of the study was to find the prevalence of behavioral and emotional disorder in children and correlate it with various epidemiological factors. Methods: This observational study includes 240 children of 6 to 18 years of age using child behavioral checklist (CBCL). The study was conducted from the month December 2020 to June 2022, as this was the period with major COVID-19 cases in Ujjain district. Results: Out of 240, children showed clinically significant behavioral problems were oppositional defiant disorder 29.4% (n=5), anxiety 14.90% (n=10), attention deficit/ hyperactivity 14.9% (n=4), depression 10.421% (n=25), somatic 5.80% (n=9) and conduct problems 3.8% (n=6). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused behavioral problems in adolescents, correlated with age, gender, history of infection, death, and quarantine in the family member.

Early life exposure to chronic unpredictable stress induces anxiety-like behaviors and increases the excitability of cerebellar neurons in zebrafish

Anxiety is a common emotional disorder in children. To understand its underlying mechanisms, chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) has been established as a stress model in zebrafish. By using the tall tank test, the stress response reliability could be improved in adult fish which has not been confirmed in larvae. In addition, the increasing evidences have shown that cerebellum plays important roles in anxiety. Whether CUS will affect cerebellar neuronal activity remains unknown. We found that CUS exposure to larvae (from 10 to 17 days post fertilization) induced anxiety-like behaviors and social cohesion impairments within 1–2 d after CUS, including a prolonged freezing time, an increased time spent at the bottom of tank, an increased thigmotaxis index, and an increased interindividual distance. Our results showed that the four behavioral tests were homogeneous, especially the tall tank test either anxiety-like behaviors or the basal locomotion. Furthermore, we found that CUS enhanced the excitability of cerebellar neurons, as the amplitude, frequency, time to peak and half-width of spontaneous firing significantly decreased, as well as the amplitude of excitatory post-synaptic current when compared with the control group. CUS also activated hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated and potassium channels of cerebellar neurons. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the total distance in bottom (tall tank test) was correlated positively with outward Na+-K+ currents (r = 0.848, P = 0.016), and the thigmotaxis index (open field test) correlated with action potential amplitude (r = 0.854, P = 0.030). Altogether, early life CUS transiently induced an anxiety-like behavior which could be more accurately assessed by combining the tall tank test with other behavior tests in young zebrafish. CUS increased the excitability of cerebellar neurons might provide new targets to treat emotional diseases such as anxiety.

EMOTIONAL STATE OF CHILDREN OF UKRAINE WHO WERE AFFECTED BY WAR FACTORS IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORY

Relevance. The infliction of war and military aggression is a violation of children's basic rights, because during war children gain experiences that are in stark contrast to their needs to grow up in a physically and emotionally safe and predictable environment.&#x0D; Objective of the work was to establish the frequency and manifestations of emotional disorders in children who lived in the occupied territory of Ukraine in February-March 2022.&#x0D; Material and methods. In May-July 2022, 184 children aged 3-17 years who lived in February-March 2022 in Kyiv and Chernihiv regions in the territories occupied by Russian troops were examined. Psychological and psychiatric counseling of 119 children was carried out. The "Child's Dream" method was used to identify themes of disturbing thoughts (the child was asked to draw a sleeping child and a dream that she had). Parents of 81 children were also surveyed using the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 (PSC-17): 29 children from May 3 to May 17 (Group I); 17 children from May 19 to May 31 (II group); 35 children from June 6 to July 14 (III group).&#x0D; Results. Anxiety disorders were detected in 27.7% of children, and conditions associated with high anxiety (insomnia, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder, behavioral disorders) were found in another 24.4%. In 72.4% of the children of the I group, 29.4% of the children of the II group, and 17.1% of the children of the III group, internalization disorders were found; disorders of attention and externalization were found only in children of I (55.2% and 51.7%, respectively) and II groups (20.4% and 11.8%, respectively).&#x0D; Conclusions. More than half of the children who lived in the occupied territory were found to have psychoemotional disorders with a predominance of anxiety. 3 months after experiencing acute stress, internalization problems remain in 17% of children. These emotional disorders indicate the need to develop psychological correction measures.

The Unified Protocols for Children and Adolescents in Partial Hospitalization: Using Implementation Science Frameworks to Guide Adaptation

Partial hospitalization programs (PHPs) and other acute mental health treatment programs, which are becoming increasingly common, may help divert children and adolescents from inpatient psychiatric care and provide a concentrated dose of intervention to individuals living in low-resource areas. However, there have been relatively few examinations of the effectiveness of PHPs in addressing emotional concerns (e.g., anxiety, depression, irritability) and functional impairment in youth. Further, evidence-based treatments originally designed for delivery in an outpatient weekly format may require significant adaptation to be appropriate for delivery in acute mental health settings, which differ significantly from weekly outpatient care in program structure, patient acuity, and staffing. In this intervention development and adaptation report, we present the rationale for adapting a transdiagnostic approach to treating emotional disorders—the Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents (UP-C/A)—for a hospital-based, general psychiatric partial hospitalization program. We use implementation science frameworks to describe our iterative approach to treatment adaptation and testing and to describe in detail proactive, planned adaptations to the UP-C/A for partial hospitalization that occurred prior to initial implementation and pilot testing. Three case examples (child, preadolescent, adolescent) are presented to illustrate how a transdiagnostic approach to care such as the UP-C/A can be used intensively in an acute mental health setting to address emotional and behavioral concerns, including safety.

Tantrum Behavior of Children Aged 3-7 Years Viewed from Parental Parenting

A temper tantrum is an emotional disorder in children through excessive emotional outbursts such as shouting and crying and is characterized by aggressive body movements caused by parenting. Parenting patterns significantly impact the next child's growth and development. The purpose of the study was to determine how much influence parenting styles have on temper tantrum behavior in children aged 3-7 years. The research was conducted in Garon Village, Kawedanan District, Magetan Regency. The research method uses a descriptive quantitative approach. The number of samples in this study was 40 parents who have children aged 3-7 years. The sampling technique used was a simple random sampling technique. They are collecting data in the study using a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS. The results showed that authoritarian parenting significantly influences physical, aggressive tantrum behavior in children with a t-count = 1.906, greater than the t table = 1.689. Second, democratic parenting substantially influences children's physical, aggressive tantrum behavior with a t-value = 1.743, which is greater than the t-table value = 1.689. Third, permissive parenting substantially affects children's physical, aggressive tantrum behavior with at count = 3.067, which is greater than the t table = 1.689. Parenting applied by parents has a significant influence on children's behavior, so it is hoped that parents will pay more attention to the parenting used according to the child's development to avoid temper tantrums.

The efficacy of transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy on reducing negative affect, anxiety sensitivity and improving perceived control in children with emotional disorders - a randomized controlled trial.

In response to the high rate of comorbidity among different types of emotional disorders in children, Transdiagnostic Unified Protocol of Emotional disorder in children (UP-C) was developed to address common underlying mechanisms in the development and maintenance of emotional disorders using empirically supported cognitive and behavioural strategies. Although, studies supported the effectiveness of this protocol in the treatment of wide range of emotional disorders, further studies are needed to examine its effect on transdiagnostic factors. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of the UP-C on negative affect, anxiety sensitivity and perceived control in children with emotional disorders. During this randomized controlled trial, 34 children aged 7 to 13 with emotional disorders were randomly assigned to treatment (n=18) and control (n=16) groups. The treatment group and their parents received 15 sessions of UP-C. Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANASNA- C), Children’s Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI), Anxiety Control Questionnaire-Children (ACQ-C) were carried out in all phases (pre-treatment, post-treatment, 3 and 8 months follow- up). The results showed that following UP-C, negative affect (hedges’g=2.01) and anxiety sensitivity (hedges’g=1.05) were significantly reduced, and perceived control (hedges’g= – 2.36) was significantly improved. The results remained relatively constant during the follow-ups. Findings provide evidence that the UP-C has significant effect on negative affect, anxiety sensitivity and perceived control as roots of emotional disorders.

The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children (UP-C) in Portugal: Feasibility Study Results.

The Unified Protocol for Children (UP-C) is a transdiagnostic Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy group intervention for children and caregivers targeting the treatment of children’s emotional disorders (EDs). The present study aims to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the UP-C in the Portuguese population using a single-armed design. The participants were 32 children (6–12 years of age) with an ED (anxiety and/or depressive disorder) as a main diagnosis and their parents. All participants received the UP-C intervention and were assessed at pretreatment, midtreatment, posttreatment, and 3 months posttreatment. Children, parents, the clinicians, and an external observer completed questionnaires to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the UP-C (e.g., satisfaction, motivation, and adherence). Children and parents also completed self-report measures assessing the children’s anxiety and depression and its interference and severity. The results of the present study support the feasibility and acceptability of the UP-C in Portugal; low dropout rates, high adherence rates, and high levels of child and parent satisfaction and motivation were observed. Moreover, significant reductions over time in children’s levels of anxiety and/or depression and of its interference and severity were found and were maintained after 3 months of follow-up. These results are promising and warrant a subsequent randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Behavioral and emotional disorders in children with hearing and visual impairment in the city of Jeddah

Behavioral and emotional disorders in children with hearing and visual impairment in the city of Jeddah

Emotional and behavioral dysregulation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

To study disorders of emotional regulation in different types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. 58 children suffering from ADHD, aged 12 to 15 years were divided into 2 subgroups (38 children with a combined form of ADHD and 20 children with ADHD with a predominance of inattention). The control group consisted of 30 children without manifestations of neuropsychiatric disorders. The following research methods were used in the work: the SNAP-IY scale to assess the severity of the disease; the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SCT), a form for parents to assess emotional and behavioral impairments; Spielberger's self-assessment test in the processing of Khanin to assess the level of anxiety; spectral analysis of the EEG with the construction of graphical power spectra and registration of evoked potentials (EP) with the performance of an attention test in the Go/No-Go paradigm. The results of the study showed the presence of emotional and behavioral disorders in children with ADHD, more pronounced in the combined form of the disease. Complaints of emotional lability, tearfulness, irritability were noted in 53 children with ADHD in the study group (61.6%). At the same time, these complaints were registered in 39 children from the first group (72.2%) and 14 children from the second group (43.8%). The level of inattention was approximately the same (3.21±0.64 and 3.43±0.56, respectively), while the level of hyperactivity and impulsivity in adolescents from the first group was significantly higher (3.18±0.54, p<0.01). Indicators of the SCT scale, as a total indicator (3.4±1.6, p<0.01), and on the scales of «behavior problems» (7.4±1.6, p<0.01), «emotional problems» (8.0±1.6, p<0.01), «problems with peers» (7.6±1.3, p<0.01), «prosocial behavior» (3.4±1.6, p<0.01) were significantly higher in the subgroup of children from the first group. The performed statistical analysis of the test data for attention in the Go/No-Go paradigm revealed significant differences (p<0.01) in the number of omissions of significant pairs of stimuli between healthy children and a subgroup with ADHD with a predominance of inattention, between healthy children and a subgroup with combined form ADHD. When comparing evoked EEG synchronization in the theta range under Go conditions, we found a significant decrease in this parameter in the range of 200-400 ms in the subgroup of children with ADHD with a predominance of inattention and in the subgroup of ADHD with a combined form; under No-Go conditions, a significant decrease in the magnitude of evoked EEG synchronization was revealed in a subgroup of children with combined form ADHD. In general, the results of this study allow us to conclude that impaired cognitive control has a large impact on the development of emotional disorders in children with ADHD.

Psychiatric, behavioral and emotional disorders in Polish children and adolescents with perinatal HIV infection.

The aims of the study were to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric, behavioral and emotional disorders in children and adolescents with perinatal HIV infection and to establish their possible relationships with clinical and sociodemographic variables. 56 children with perinatal HIV infection (PHIV+ group), 24 healthy children perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected (PHEU) and 43 healthy children of uninfected parents (HIV-nA), aged 6-18 years, were assessed. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4-18), completed by parents, and the Youth Self-Report (YSR) were used to assess behavioral and emotional disorders, while the semi-structured diagnostic interview K-SADS-PL was used to assess the symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders was found in the PHIV+ group and the PHEU group compared to the HIV-nAgroup. Anxiety disorders and affective disorders were diagnosed most often. Prevalence of symptoms of emotional and behavioral disorders in the PHIV+ group and in the PHEU group was associated with similar sociodemographic variables (male, not living with the biological caregiver, the experience of stressful life events). Psychiatric disorders were noted more often among PHIV+ subjects whose ARV treatment was started after 12 months of age. Positive correlations were observed between the results of some YSR and CBCL/4-18 problem scales and CD4 counts at the time of the study, higher logarithm of viral load at the start of ARV treatment and at the time of HIV diagnosis. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in PHIV+ group and the PHEU group is higher in comparison with HIV-nAgroup. Amore serious course of HIV infection and its severity before treatment are associated with the severity of internalizing problems.

The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders Among Japanese Children: A Pilot Study.

At present, there is no established cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating emotional disorders in Japanese children. Therefore, we introduced the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children (UP-C) in Japan and adapted it to the Japanese context. We then examined its feasibility and preliminary efficacy using a single-arm pretest, posttest, follow-up design. Seventeen Japanese children aged between 8 and 12 years (female n = 11; male n = 6; M = 10.06 ± 0.97 years) with a principal diagnosis of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, or depressive disorders, and their parents were enrolled in the study. The primary outcome was the overall severity of emotional disorders as assessed by psychiatrists using the Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale. Secondary outcomes included child- and parent-reported anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and functional status. No severe adverse events were observed. The feasibility was confirmed by the low dropout proportion (11.76%), high attendance proportion (children: 95.6%; parents: 94.6%), and sufficient participant satisfaction. Linear mixed models (LMMs) showed that the overall severity of emotional disorders and child- and parent-reported anxiety symptoms improved from pre-treatment to post-treatment, and that these treatment effects were maintained during the 3-month follow-up period. Additionally, child- and parent-reported functional status improved from pre-treatment to the 3-month follow-up. In contrast, child-reported depressive symptoms improved from pre-treatment to follow-up, but there was no significant change in parent-reported depressive symptoms between pre-treatment and other time points. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the Japanese version of the UP-C, suggesting that future randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are warranted (Clinical trial registration: UMIN000026911).

The Association Between Psychological Symptoms and Self-Reported Temporomandibular Disorders Pain Symptoms in Children and Adolescents.

Background: Several studies have reported an association between temporomandibular disorder pain (TMD-P) and emotional disorders in children and adolescents. However, no studies have reported if self-reported TMD-P in Saudi Arabia is associated with psychosocial symptoms. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the association between self-reported TMD-P with depression, anxiety and somatic problems in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia. The hypothesis was that there is an association between self-reported TMD-P and psychological symptoms among children and adolescents.Materials and Methods: The included participants were randomly selected boys and girls aged between 10 and 18 years, with a mean (SD) age of 14.0 (2.3) years. Out of 633 children and adolescents that were invited to participate, 509 voluntarily agreed to participate, and 466 completed all questionnaires. The questionnaires included items retrieved from the Youth Self Report (YSR) and Axis II of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) besides demographic data, medical history, and presence of oral parafunctions. To assess the presence of self-reported TMD-Pain, each participant was verbally asked two validated questions regarding the presence of TMD-P and dysfunction (2Q-TMD).Results: Self-reported TMD-P in children and adolescents was significantly associated with anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and social problems (P < 0.0001). Further, the frequencies of anxiety, depression, and somatic disorders were more evident among children and adolescents who suffered from TMD-P (P < 0.0001). The odds of reporting TMD-P in children and adolescents was 1.4 times for border line and clinical diagnosis scores for anxiety and withdrawal depression domains, and 2.6 times for the somatic symptoms' domains. However, in the multiple regression model after controlling for possible confounders, only somatic symptoms and social scores were significant. Moreover, self-reported TMD-P was twice as prevalent among girls compared to boys.Conclusion: This study reports a significant association between psychosocial burden and presence of self-reported TMD-Pain, with a stronger impact on girls than boys. There were significantly higher number of participants with self-reported TMD-P reporting a poor oral and general health. In addition, self-reported TMD-P was higher among those with borderline and clinically diagnosed anxiety/depression scores. Based on this finding, the current study supports that an early approach and recognition of children and adolescents with anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and TMD problems. This could result in a lesser burden for these children and adolescents both in regard to pain and psychosocial implications with increased quality of life.