Abstract
Background: Several studies have reported an association between temporomandibular disorder pain (TMD-P) and emotional disorders in children and adolescents. However, no studies have reported if self-reported TMD-P in Saudi Arabia is associated with psychosocial symptoms. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the association between self-reported TMD-P with depression, anxiety and somatic problems in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia. The hypothesis was that there is an association between self-reported TMD-P and psychological symptoms among children and adolescents.Materials and Methods: The included participants were randomly selected boys and girls aged between 10 and 18 years, with a mean (SD) age of 14.0 (2.3) years. Out of 633 children and adolescents that were invited to participate, 509 voluntarily agreed to participate, and 466 completed all questionnaires. The questionnaires included items retrieved from the Youth Self Report (YSR) and Axis II of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) besides demographic data, medical history, and presence of oral parafunctions. To assess the presence of self-reported TMD-Pain, each participant was verbally asked two validated questions regarding the presence of TMD-P and dysfunction (2Q-TMD).Results: Self-reported TMD-P in children and adolescents was significantly associated with anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and social problems (P < 0.0001). Further, the frequencies of anxiety, depression, and somatic disorders were more evident among children and adolescents who suffered from TMD-P (P < 0.0001). The odds of reporting TMD-P in children and adolescents was 1.4 times for border line and clinical diagnosis scores for anxiety and withdrawal depression domains, and 2.6 times for the somatic symptoms' domains. However, in the multiple regression model after controlling for possible confounders, only somatic symptoms and social scores were significant. Moreover, self-reported TMD-P was twice as prevalent among girls compared to boys.Conclusion: This study reports a significant association between psychosocial burden and presence of self-reported TMD-Pain, with a stronger impact on girls than boys. There were significantly higher number of participants with self-reported TMD-P reporting a poor oral and general health. In addition, self-reported TMD-P was higher among those with borderline and clinically diagnosed anxiety/depression scores. Based on this finding, the current study supports that an early approach and recognition of children and adolescents with anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and TMD problems. This could result in a lesser burden for these children and adolescents both in regard to pain and psychosocial implications with increased quality of life.
Highlights
It is well-documented that pain disorders, such as the pain in orofacial or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) regions, are comorbid with biopsychosocial factors [1,2,3]
Out of those 509 participants, 466 completed all study questionnaires (Figure 1). Their age ranged from 10 through 18 years with a mean (SD) of 14.0 (2.3) years. They were categorized according to selfreported Temporomandibular disorders (TMD)-P into two groups: no TMD pain (TMD-P) and TMD-P
Since pain is a subjective feeling affected by the bio-psychosocial model, our study aimed to evaluate the associations between selfreported TMD-P and depression, anxiety, and somatic problems in children and adolescents
Summary
It is well-documented that pain disorders, such as the pain in orofacial or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) regions, are comorbid with biopsychosocial factors [1,2,3]. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a heterogeneous group of symptoms including signs and symptoms with different degrees which affect the musculoskeletal system in the face and TMJ area [4]. Studies have shown that the prevalence of TMD signs and symptoms range between 20 and 34% [5,6,7,8]. Several studies have reported an association between temporomandibular disorder pain (TMD-P) and emotional disorders in children and adolescents. No studies have reported if self-reported TMD-P in Saudi Arabia is associated with psychosocial symptoms. The current study aimed to evaluate the association between self-reported TMD-P with depression, anxiety and somatic problems in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia. The hypothesis was that there is an association between self-reported TMD-P and psychological symptoms among children and adolescents
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