Emotional Disengagement Research Articles

Peer Effects on Engagement and Disengagement: Differential Contributions From Friends, Popular Peers, and the Entire Class.

School engagement and disengagement are important predictors of school success that are grounded in the social context of the classroom. This study used multilevel analysis to examine the contributions of the descriptive norms of friends, popular students and classmates regarding engagement and disengagement to the development of Students’ own behavioral and emotional engagement and disengagement among Flemish 7th-graders (N = 3,409). Moderating effects of Students’ self-esteem and cognitive ability were examined. The results showed effects from friends’ and classmates’ (dis)engagement on all dimensions of (dis)engagement. Popular Students’ engagement only affected individual Student’s behavioral disengagement and emotional engagement. Self-esteem and high cognitive ability did not make students more or less susceptible to peer effects.

Toddlers' Emotional Overregulation: Relations With Infant Temperament and Family Emotional Climate

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this article is to examine the development of toddlers' overregulated emotions in relation to temperament, as well as to family hostile and emotionally disengaged emotional climates.BackgroundToddlerhood is a time in which children have developed consistent, characteristic strategies for coping with their negative emotions. Temperament plays an important role in the development of emotion regulation strategies. Overregulated emotions are understudied and characterized by children's flat or suppressed affect.MethodThe present study examined mothers' reports of infant temperament assessed at 6 weeks of age and observations of hostile and emotionally disengaged family interactions in relation to observed toddlers' emotional overregulation gathered at 24 months of age. Families (N = 108) were videotaped while interacting in four separate family subsystems. The marital, mother–child, father–child, and whole family subsystems were observationally coded for overt hostility and disengagement. Toddlers were separately observed and coded for overregulation.ResultsInfants with temperaments low in net negative reactivity who experienced disengaged family interactions at 24 months showed the greatest overregulation.ConclusionsTaken together, the results suggest that the way toddlers respond to a disengaged family emotional environment may depend at least in part on temperament assessed at infancy. Findings support the suggestion that overregulation is a unique type of emotional dysregulation and that it should continue to be examined in relation to family subsystems.ImplicationsThis work emphasizes the importance of clinicians examining emotional disengagement within multiple family subsystems and the importance of not overlooking overregulated toddlers compared with underregulated children.

Influence of Gender, Dispositional Optimism, and Coping Strategies on Appearance-Related Distress Among Swedish Adults With Cleft Lip and Palate.

Objective:To investigate the influence of gender, dispositional optimism, and coping strategies on appearance-related distress among individuals with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP).Design:Cross-sectional design with self-report questionnaires analyzed primarily with Spearman correlations (r s) and multivariate regression analyses.Setting:A tertiary cleft center in Sweden.Participants:Eighty individuals with UCLP born 1966 to 1986. The mean age for men (n = 50) and women (n = 30) was 38.8 and 37.4 years, respectively.Main Outcome Measures:The Derriford Appearance Scale 24 measured appearance-related distress, the Life Orientation Test–Revised, short version measured dispositional optimism and pessimism, and the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced, short version included 14 coping strategies.Results:Women had higher appearance-related distress than men, which was significantly (P < .05) related to self-blame (r s = 0.59), pessimism (r s = 0.59), and low optimism (r s = −0.56). Men’s appearance-related distress was significantly associated with low active coping (r s = 0.35), low use of emotional support (r s = 0.29), denial (r s = 0.39), behavioral disengagement (r s = 0.41), and pessimism (r s = 0.28). The only significant gender interaction reflected greater impact of optimism in reducing appearance-related distress for women (β = −0.06).Conclusions:This study showed that high levels of dispositional optimism decrease appearance-related distress, particularly for women. The coping strategies used differed between men and women, and the results suggest that both gender and psychosocial facto r s need to be considered in regard to appearance-related distress among individuals with UCLP in both clinical and research settings. A possible way to decrease distress is to strengthen positive coping strategies and dispositional optimism.

Exploring Malaysian Tertiary Students’ Behavioural, Cognitive, Emotional and Social Engagement and Disengagement in ODL

Exploring Malaysian Tertiary Students’ Behavioural, Cognitive, Emotional and Social Engagement and Disengagement in ODL

Establishing Crosswalks Between Common Measures of Burnout in US Physicians

BackgroundPhysician burnout is often assessed by healthcare organizations. Yet, scores from different burnout measures cannot currently be directly compared, limiting the interpretation of results across organizations or studies.ObjectiveTo link common measures of burnout to a single metric in psychometric analyses such that group-level scores from different assessments can be compared.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingUS practices.ParticipantsA total of 1355 physicians sampled from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile.Main MeasuresWe linked the Stanford Professional Fulfillment Index (PFI) and Mini-Z Single-Item Burnout (MZSIB) scale to the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) in item response theory (IRT) fixed-calibration and equipercentile analyses and created crosswalks mapping PFI and MZSIB scores to corresponding MBI scores. We evaluated the accuracy of the results by comparing physicians’ actual MBI scores to those predicted by linking and described the closest cut-point equivalencies across scales linked to the same MBI subscale using the resulting crosswalks.Key ResultsIRT linking produced the most accurate results and was used to create crosswalks mapping (1) PFI Work Exhaustion (PFI-WE) and MZSIB scores to MBI Emotional Exhaustion (MBI-EE) scores and (2) PFI Interpersonal Disengagement (PFI-ID) scores to MBI Depersonalization (MBI-DP) scores. The commonly used MBI-EE raw score cut-point of ≥27 corresponded most closely with respective PFI-WE and MZSIB raw score cut-points of ≥7 and ≥3. The commonly used MBI-DP raw score cut-point of ≥10 corresponded most closely with a PFI-ID raw score cut-point of ≥9.ConclusionsOur findings allow healthcare organizations using the PFI or MZSIB to compare group-level scores to historical, regional, or national MBI scores (and vice-versa).

The Relationship Between Case Manager Competence and Nurse Burnout in Indonesia

This study aims to identify the relationship between case manager competency and nurse burnout in Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 235 nurses in three hospitals located in Jakarta and Tangerang. The questionnaire used in this study comprise of: demographic data; General Self Efficacy Scale; Nurse Manager Competency Scale; and Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Most respondents experienced emotional exhaustion and disengagement. The case manager’s competence reported low. Analysis showed that the case manager’s competence in actuating, communication, and problem-solving associated with nurse burnout. Direction, communication competency, and problem-solving competency of the case manager may reduce the burnout of nurse executor. Improving the competence of nurse manager is very important in order to reduce nurse burnout.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: burnout, case manager, managerial competencies, work environment

Do coping responses predict better/poorer mental health in Portuguese adults during Portugal's national lockdown associated with the COVID-19?

BackgroundThis study aimed at assessing the mental health status of adults living in Portugal during the national lockdown of March 2020 to May 2020, how study participants coped with stress during the national lockdown, as well as the association between coping responses and mental health status. Methods430 adults from the general population living in Portugal completed measures of mental health status and coping. ResultsParticipants reported a mental health status in the normal range. Most commonly used coping responses were acceptance, planning and active coping. The use of instrumental and emotional support, self-blame, venting, denial, behavioural disengagement, and substance use were associated with poorer mental health. Active coping, positive reframing, acceptance, and humour were associated with better mental health. However, only positive reframing and humour significantly predicted better mental health, while only substance use predicted poorer mental health. ConclusionsFindings suggest that there was not a significant negative impact of the Portuguese national lockdown in the adults living in Portugal. Findings supported positive reframing and humour as being adaptive coping responses in this context. These responses should be encouraged by healthcare professionals and targeted in the context of psychosocial intervention programs directed to most vulnerable populations.

Cry in the sky: Psychological impact on drone operators.

Drone operations have added a new chapter to modern warfare. They may not guarantee immediate territorial gains but can significantly influence ideological and political alignment of the adversary at a cost which is much lower than conventional war. However, drone operators, which include remote pilots, intelligence coordinators, and other support staff, may face important psychological issues which may affect their mental health and operational efficiency. We conducted a nonsystematic narrative review of the articles dealing with the issue and found that drone operators and support staff have higher chances of suffering from emotional disengagement, Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSD), emotional exhaustion, and burnout. The scope of the article does not cover the psychological effect on the targeted populations or political and ethical issues dealing with drone warfare.

The Underlying Mechanisms of Psychological Resilience on Emotional Experience: Attention-Bias or Emotion Disengagement.

Psychological resilience is consisted of social resources and protective factors for individuals against negative effects, and can influence the process of meta-cognition of individuals in response to emotion feelings. However, individuals with high or low resilience may produce various emotional experiences when facing the same events. According to an emotional input–output model, the different impacts of resilience on emotional experience may be caused during the process of receiving or disengaging stages. In order to address this problem, three experiments were conducted in the present study. The Experiment 1 was designed to explore whether the positive and negative emotions were associated with higher or lower levels of resilience. The aims of Experiments 2 and 3 were to test at which stages the different emotional experiences were caused by high or low resilience of individuals. The results showed that individuals with low resilience were more likely to feel more negative and less positive emotions, and resilience was significantly negatively associated with anxiety or depression. However, there was no difference in the stage of receiving emotional information between high and low resilient individuals, but differ on their ability of disengagement from emotional information, the individuals with high resilience disengaged from both positive and negative emotional information much faster. These findings were discussed in the context of different theories about the relationship between resilience and emotional experience.

Emotion and Business Exit

This article examines the impacts of emotional disengagement on business exit strategies. Analysing survey data of 402 entrepreneurs across the UK we find that entrepreneurs’ emotional disengagement mediates the relationship between their vision for business and their exit strategies. However, the mediating effect varies according to their planned route to leave, including cessation, harvest, and stewardship. The paper makes three contributions. First, it helps explain the business exit from emotion point of view. Second, by illustrating the emotional disengagement-exit decision relationship, a link is established between research on disengagement and turnover intentions, to the field of entrepreneurship. Third, it provides evidence to help develop relevant non-financial and behavioural orientated support for those entrepreneurs seeking to exit their business.

Surface Acting as a Mediator between a Perceived Emotional Demands-Abilities Fit and Disengagement

In this study, we examine the relation between the perceived emotional demands-abilities fit (ED-A fit) and the burnout dimension disengagement in the emotionally highly demanding profession of judges and the process in which surface acting is a potential harmful factor by mediating the forenamed relation. 713 judges in family and civilian court in Germany participated in a two-part online survey. As hypothesized, results imply that surface acting is mediating the relation between the perceived ED-A fit and disengagement. A low perceived ED-A fit was linked to the application of surface acting. Subsequently, the more surface acting was used by judges, the more they felt disengaged. Results help to gain a better understanding of the harmful role of surface acting, especially in judges. Also, the findings indicate the relevance of a perceived ED-A fit in emotional labour jobs. Theoretical contributions, future perspectives and implications for practice are discussed.

Pathways Between Alcohol Use and Internalizing Symptoms Across Emerging Adulthood: Examination of Gender Differences in Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Processes

Pathways between alcohol use and internalizing symptoms, controlling for comorbid externalizing symptoms, within a sample of 593 ethnically diverse emerging adults (age 20–22; 49% female) collected between 2013 and 2018 in the United States were examined. Peer deviance and emotional disengagement were used to examine mediation between internalizing symptoms and alcohol use. Results demonstrate that alcohol and internalizing pathways varied across gender. For males, no significant direct paths between internalizing symptoms and alcohol use were observed. However, there was an indirect path between age 20 alcohol use and reduced age 22 internalizing symptoms, via age 21 peer deviance. For females, significant bidirectional links between alcohol use and internalizing symptoms were observed from age 21 to 22. Additionally, an indirect path between age 20 internalizing symptoms and increased age 22 alcohol use via age 21 emotional disengagement was observed. Results suggest unique targets for intervention for males and females.

The Severity of Gambling and Gambling Related Cognitions as Predictors of Emotional Regulation and Coping Strategies in Adolescents

People with gambling disorder (GD) exhibit distorted cognitions and superstitious beliefs more often than the general population.Similarly, difficulties in coping and emotion dysregulation are more prevalent among those with GD, and could determine the onset of GD in particularly vulnerable groups such as adolescents. This study examines the relationship between gambling severity and gambling-related cognitions with coping strategies and emotion regulation. Also, it explores how accurately gambling severity and gambling-related cognitions were able to predict emotion regulation and coping strategies. Two groups were recruited and analyzed: a community sample comprising 250 adolescents and young adults from secondary education schools, and a clinical sample of 31 patients with similar age characteristics seeking treatment for GD. The participants from the clinical sample scored higher on gambling severity, emotion dysregulation, cognitive biases, and maladaptive coping strategies. In the community sample, cognitive biases mediated the relationship between sex and emotion dysregulation and disengagement. People with GD use more often than controls maladaptive emotion regulation strategies to manage negative emotional states. This perspective emphasizes the need to focus on coping with emotions, as opposed to coping with problems, as the best approach to tackle gambling problems.

Two Tales of Rumination and Burnout: Examining the Effects of Boredom and Overload

Although boredom poses serious consequences for employees and organizations, research has paid little attention to this phenomenon, especially when compared to other job experiences such as overload. Building upon the Effort‐Recovery Model, our study examines the impact of these two sub‐optimal experiences, characterized by under‐ and over‐stimulation, on burnout via three facets of rumination. Using a time lagged design with three measurement moments and a sample of 152 participants, we found partial support for our hypotheses. Boredom and overload led to emotional exhaustion and disengagement 2 weeks later, via an increase in affective rumination. Overload also increased emotional exhaustion via reduced detachment, yet boredom reduced emotional exhaustion by facilitating detachment. These findings stress the importance of addressing boredom as a pervasive, although often silent, workplace phenomenon.

A qualitative study examining the quality of working alliance as a function of the social identifies of clients and therapists during the mental health intake

Therapists are faced with the challenge of developing effective ways to advance cross-cultural engagement with a rapidly growing diverse client population. In this qualitative study, we characterized the way clients and therapists described the quality of working alliance during the mental health intake and examined whether these descriptions vary as a function of their social identities. We conducted in-depth interviews with Ashkenazi (socially advantaged group; n = 22) therapists and their Mizrahi (socially disadvantaged group n = 29) or Ashkenazi (n = 26) clients immediately following their intake session in four mental health clinics in Israel. We performed a thematic analysis. Overall, interrater reliability among three raters who coded the narratives was high (kappa = 0.72, therapist; 0.70, client). Across all client and therapist interviews, we identified eight central themes detailing different qualities of the working alliance: (1) feeling understood, (2) feeling comfortable, (3) openness and cooperation, (4) trust, (5) empathy and identification, (6) frustration and disappointment, (7) anger and hostility, and (8) emotional disengagement. On average, clients reported 2.56 (standard deviation = 1.17) and therapists described 2.65 (standard deviation = 1.45) themes in each session. Overall, concordant and discordant dyads described similar themes with few exceptions. In particular, being part of a discordant dyad may affect the client’s interpretation of non-verbal communication as well as the therapist’s evaluation of the client’s openness and trustworthiness. Although less frequent, when anger and hostility were described by therapists, these characterized the interaction with Mizrahi clients. We discuss implications to care including the need to promote a culturally humble approach to providing care for minorities.

Profesionalno sagorijevanje zaposlenih na području palijativne skrbi

Prolongation of life expectancy increases the likelihood of death caused by chronic illness and the need for medical and psychosocial support within the palliative care setting. Professionals working in the palliative care field need adequate education to work with dying patients in order to achieve greater expertise, but also to prevent professional burnout. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of personal (i.e. communication skills, resistance, religiosity) and factors related to the work environment (i.e. social support) in explaining burnout (i.e. emotional exhaustion and disengagement) among palliative care professionals. The study was conducted on a sample of 123 professionals working in the palliative care setting (nurses, physicians, psychologists, theologians, social workers, physiotherapists, etc.). The results indicate that personal risk/protection factors, compared to work environment factors, were more closely related to burnout, especially when emotional exhaustion was considered. On the other hand, both personal and environmental factors had a significant role in the prediction of disengagement from work. The most significant predictor of both aspects of burnout was the communication skill of reporting bad news.

‘It’s the organization that is wrong’: Exploring disengagement from organizations through leadership development

This research explores the relationship between participation in leadership development programmes and disengagement from the employing organization. Based on repeated interviews with 10 managers participating in an open leadership development programme, our analysis shows that half of the participants reflected a sense of distancing themselves from how their organizations practiced leadership, and for some, an emotional disengagement with their home organization which we see as analogous to changes in social identity. We problematize the role of management and leadership development programmes with regard to the relationship between organizations and employees. A series of paradoxes are reflected in our critique of this relationship. The most prominent in terms of implications is that a successful management and leadership development programme – recognized by employees and employers – can generate dissatisfaction with the home organization as a consequence of the purpose of the programme: to increase confidence and enhanced agency. This paradox has significant implication to the leadership development industry and we explore these implications.

Critical Care Nurses’ Experiences With Death and Dying: A South African Perspective

The aim of this study was to explore experiences of South African critical care nurses regarding grief, death and dying in a critical care environment. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and was analyzed using Giorgi&amp;rsquo;s thematic data analysis method. Available literature suggests that critical care nurses have varied experiences in relation to their experiences in relation to end-of -life patient care. However, few studies have examined the involvement of South African intensive care nurses&amp;rsquo; in caring for the dying patient, their grief, their reactions to death in the workplace and the extent to which their nursing practice is based on shared beliefs, experiences and attitudes. Findings from this study revealed many predisposing factors and circumstantial occurrences shaping both, the nature of care of the dying and subsequent grief that, affected the nurse. Repeated exposure to grief, leads to occupational stress and burn out, causing emotional disengagement from caring for the dying, which ultimately affect the quality of care rendered for both the dying patient and their family. Issues, such as communication, multicultural diversity, education and coping mechanisms are essential in nursing education and practice and nurses caring for the critically ill or dying patient, need to have support networks and strategies put in place, not only to assist in providing care, but also for their own emotional support and well-being.

Attentional control, rumination and recurrence of depression

BackgroundDepressive recurrence is highly prevalent and adds significantly to the burden of depressive disorder. Whilst some clinical predictors of recurrence have been clearly demonstrated (e.g. residual symptoms, previous episodes), the cognitive and psychological processes that may contribute to recurrence risk are less well established. In this study we examine whether cognitive flexibility deficits and rumination are related to recurrence in a remitted clinical sample. MethodWe compared remitted patients with 2 or more previous depressive episodes (N = 69) to a matched group of healthy controls (N = 43). Cognitive flexibility was measured using the Internal Shift Task (IST) and a version of the Exogenous Cueing Task (ECT); rumination was assessed with the Ruminative Responses Scale. ResultsIST and ECT performance did not differ between remitted patients and controls. Remitted patients had higher levels of rumination than controls. Within the remitted patient group, faster disengagement from angry and happy faces on the ECT was predictive of shorter time to recurrence (hazard ratio for 1 standard deviation, (HRSD) = 0.563 [CI, 0.381–0.832], p = 0.004, (HRSD) = 0.561 [CI, 0.389–0.808], p = 0.002, respectively). Rumination predicted recurrence (HRSD = 1.526 [CI, 1.152–2.202]; p = 0.003) but was not related to emotional disengagement. LimitationsWe had low power to detect small effects for the analysis within remitted patients. ConclusionsWhilst cognitive flexibility in remitted patients was not impaired relative to controls, rapid disengagement from emotional stimuli and rumination were independently associated with time to recurrence. Cognitive flexibility may be an important indicator of recurrence risk, and a target for interventions to reduce recurrence.

Resilience, stress and burnout in student midwives

BackgroundThere is a lack of research on resilience in midwifery, yet this may be a factor that can help prevent burnout and intention to leave the profession. ObjectivesTo explore the relationship between perceived stress, resilience and burnout and the intention to leave midwifery within Midwifery students. DesignA Quantitative study with a cross-sectional survey design. SettingA London University in the UK. Participants150 BSc student midwives, aged between 18 and 44, studying at University participated in this study. This included 72 students in year one, 26 in year two and 52 in year three. MethodsParticipants completed the Perceived Stress Scale, the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory and the Resilience Scale-14 to examine their self-reported stress levels, burnout (emotional exhaustion and disengagement) and level of resilience. Intentions to quit the profession were also measured. ResultsAll variables were significantly correlated but in multiple regression analyses only stress predicted disengagement, and stress and year of study predicted emotional exhaustion. High stress and reduced resilience predicted intentions to quit midwifery. Resilience did not act as a moderator. Thus the findings suggest that resilience did not protect students from high levels of stress leading to burnout or wanting to quit, although resilience did help to reduce intentions to quit. ConclusionStudent stress levels are not moderated by resilience and resilience played no role in reducing burnout. However, resilience may help students to persevere in the profession rather than leaving their studies. In order to minimise burnout and stress we need to consider alternative ways of enhancing the current workforce to reduce the decline in midwives entering the profession.