Emotional Clarity Research Articles

Meta-Analysis of the Associations Among Constructs of Intrapersonal Emotion Knowledge

To better define the boundaries of conceptually overlapping constructs of intrapersonal emotion knowledge (EK), we examined meta-analytic correlations among five intrapersonal EK-related constructs (affect labelling, alexithymia, emotional awareness, emotional clarity, emotion differentiation) and attention to emotion. Affect labelling, alexithymia, and emotional clarity were strongly associated, and they were moderately associated with attention to emotion. Alexithymia and emotional awareness were weakly associated, and emotion differentiation was unrelated with emotional clarity. Sample characteristics and measures moderated some of the associations. Publication bias was not found, except for the alexithymia-emotional awareness association. This study helped to clarify the extent to which similarly defined constructs overlap or are distinct, which can inform our decision to adequately label important constructs and employ corresponding measures.

Inteligencia emocional y perfil sociodemográfico en estudiantes de primer año de una facultad de Medicina

Emotional Intelligence (EI) in students is related with physical and psychological well-being, personal satisfaction, and better academic performance. To assess EI in students from eight health careers at the beginning and end of a year of university experience. Sociodemographic and EI questionnaires were answered by 364 first-year students (74% women) at the beginning and end of the academic year. The EI questionnaire comprised attention, understanding and regulation of emotions subscales. The mean EI score increased at the end of the academic year from 79.5 to 81.2 (p < 0.01). A similar trend was observed in the subscales of emotional attention and emotional clarity. No significant differences between sexes were observed. First-year medical students had higher scores on all subscales, both at the beginning and end of the academic year. In all students, the subscale with the highest score was emotional repair. Tools to diagnose students' strengths and weaknesses are relevant for higher education institutions. These tools facilitate the implementation of educational and personal improvement strategies.

The Effects of the Combined Biofeedback and Brief Emotion Regulation Nursing Intervention Based on the Gross Model for Sexually Abused Adolescents

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combined biofeedback and brief emotion regulation (C-BABER) program for sexually abused adolescents. This study employed a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants included 26 sexually abused adolescents from eight Sunflower Centers of South Korea-with 13 in the experimental group and 13 in the control group. The experimental group received four sessions of the individual C-BABER program, each lasting 60 minutes. Compared with the control group, sexually abused adolescents in the experimental group exhibited significant score differences in traumatic symptoms, including depression (Z = -2.24, p = .025), dissociation (Z = -2.21, p = .027), anxiety (Z = -2.02, p = .044), and posttraumatic stress (Z = -2.01 p = .045); and impulsivity, including positive urgency (Z = -3.35, p = .001) and negative urgency (Z = -2.28, p = .023). Additionally, the experimental group exhibited significant score differences in meta-mood, including emotional attention (Z = -2.45, p = .014), emotional clarity (Z = -2.30, p = .021), and emotional repair (Z = -2.28, p = .022); and emotional regulation modes, including emotional suppression (Z = -2.65, p = .008) and cognitive reappraisal (Z = -1.98, p = .047). Regarding bio-attention, significant changes were identified in the experimental group for the bio-attention rate and attention maintenance time in the posttest compared to the pretest (p = .001). The C-BABER program for sexually abused adolescents is effective in decreasing traumatic symptoms and impulsivity, and in improving meta-mood, emotional regulation mode, and bio-attention. Therefore, we recommend providing sexually abused adolescents the C-BABER program to help them regulate their emotions and effectively adapt to their lives.

Inteligencia emocional y su relación en el consumo de alcohol en universitarios mexicanos

Objective: to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and the prevalence of alcohol consumption in university students of both genders. Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational design, non-probabilistic convenience sampling with a sample of 365 students from a public institution of higher education in H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico, descriptive and correlational statistics were used. Results: the female gender was higher (76.7%) than the male gender (23.3%), with an age range of 18 to 24 years, where the prevalence of alcohol consumption in life was 77% and the age of first consumption It was between 15 and 18 years old (56.4%), older than 18 years old (12.6%) and younger than 15 years old (8.5%), lapsico consumption was in the last year 38.8%, month 24.7% and 7 days 19.7%. The IE dimensions of attention to feelings and repair of emotions presented similar values ​​in both genders, mostly an adequate and excellent level. The correlation in women between the age of alcohol consumption and the EI dimensions was significant and inverse. Conclusions: young people present high prevalence of consumption and EI, it was found that for the male gender, emotional clarity requires strategies that allow it to be improved.

Look Who's Lurking

Cyber psychological abuse and social media surveillance of ex-partners are relatively common virtual forms of behavior linked with intimate partner violence (Pineda, Galán, Martínez-Martínez, Campagne, &amp; Piqueras, 2021) as well as on-going and dangerous intimate partner stalking (Logan &amp; Langhinrichsen-Rohling, 2021). While both forms of behavior are concerning, especially after the dissolution of a romantic relationship, transdiagnostic shared and unique predictors of each are relatively unknown. In the current study, we examined the associations between intolerance of uncertainty and emotion dysregulation and the perpetration of post-breakup cyber psychological abuse and social media surveillance. We asked college students (n= 284) to report on their intolerance of uncertainty, emotion dysregulation difficulties (particularly difficulties engaging in goal directed behavior, impulse control difficulties, and lack of emotional clarity), and behaviors towards their ex-partner associated with the perpetration of cyber psychological abuse and social media surveillance. Participants reported engaging in an average of 2.4 (SD= 2.17) post-breakup behaviors associated with cyber psychological abuse and 4.47 (SD= 3.60) different acts of social media surveillance. Mediation models supported the premise that intolerance of uncertainty is predictive of emotion dysregulation, which, in turn, mediated the association between intolerance of uncertainty and both cyber psychological abuse and social media surveillance. Subscale analyses specifically highlighted difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior as an important mediator of both behaviors. Taken together, this suggests that intolerance of uncertainty and poor emotion regulation after a relationship breakup are potential drivers of unhealthy ex-partner focused behaviors on social media and other electronic mediums of communication.

The Effects of Parent Attachment on Game Regulation: The Sequential Mediating Effects of Emotional clarity and Emotion regulation

목적 본 연구는 청소년의 부모애착과 게임조절력의 관계에서 정서인식명확성과 정서조절력의 순차적 매개효과를 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 방법 이를 위하여 전국 중&#8901;고등학교 학생 635명을 대상으로 부모애착척도, 게임리터러시척도, 정서인식명확성척도, 정서조절력 척도를 활용하여 자료를 수집하였다. 수집한 자료의 통계분석은 구조방정식 모형 검증 방법을 사용하였으며, 순차적 매개효과의 유의성을 확인하기 위해 Bootstrapping을 실시하였다. 결과 첫째, 부모애착은 게임조절력에 유의한 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 부모애착은 정서인식명확성과 정서조절력을 순차적으로 이중매개하여 게임조절력에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 부모애착이 게임조절력에 미치는 영향에서 정서인식명확성과 정서조절력이 부분이중매개하는 모형이 타당한 것으로 나타났다. 결론 본 연구는 청소년의 부모애착이 게임조절력과 관계가 있으며, 정서인식명확성과 정서조절력을 순차적으로 매개하는 경로가 있음을 밝힌데 의의가 있다. 끝으로 연구의 제한점과 후속 연구에 대한 제언을 기술하였다.

Alcohol-involved sexual aggression: Emotion regulation as a mechanism of behavior change.

Sexual aggression remains a significant public health problem, with the majority of sexual assaults involving alcohol. Founded upon an experimental medicine approach to behavior change, the current study used a proximal change experiment to target and test emotion regulation (ER) as a mechanism underlying alcohol-involved sexual aggression. Heavy episodic drinking men aged 21-30 with a sexual assault perpetration history (N = 209) were randomly assigned to a brief, online, ER-focused cognitive restructuring or mindfulness intervention or to control. Intervention effects were evaluated during sober and intoxicated states through laboratory-based alcohol administration (target BrAC = .08%). Intoxicated and sober participants completed a proximal change protocol that included implementing ER skills during a sexual aggression analogue that assessed relevant emotions and intentions. Path analysis demonstrated that relative to control, the cognitive restructuring intervention improved emotional modulation and emotional clarity, resulting in lower sexual arousal and anger, respectively, followed by decreased sexual coercion intentions. The mindfulness intervention yielded mixed results, predicting decreased sexual aggression intentions compared to control but also predicting stronger coercive tactic intentions in intoxicated men with more severe sexual aggression histories. Both interventions improved emotional acceptance relative to control, but only for sober men. Overall, the current study demonstrated that ER-focused interventions improved proximal ER skills associated with reduced sexual aggression intentions, signifying ER as an important mechanism for changing sexually aggressive behavior. Because intervention efficacy varied by intoxication state, further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of ER interventions targeting real-world alcohol-involved sexual aggression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Supplemental Material for Emotion Regulation Repertoires in Trauma-Exposed College Students: Associations With PTSD Symptoms, Emotional Awareness, and Emotional Clarity

Supplemental Material for Emotion Regulation Repertoires in Trauma-Exposed College Students: Associations With PTSD Symptoms, Emotional Awareness, and Emotional Clarity

Why do I feel what I feel? Examining individual differences in meta-mood knowledge as a moderator of the relationship between anxiety and depression in adolescents

The aim of this study is to analyze whether dimensions of meta-mood knowledge (i.e., attention to emotion and emotional clarity) moderate the relationship between anxiety and depression. A sample of 258 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (M = 14.6, SD = 1.7, 54.5% girls) was examined to investigate the moderating role of attention to emotion and emotional clarity on the relationship between anxiety and depression. A regression-based moderation analysis controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic status was conducted. The results showed that attention to emotion and emotional clarity moderated the relationship between anxiety and depression. Moreover, the positive relationship between anxiety and depression was statistically significant in all cases (i.e., high attention and low clarity: b = 0.362, p < .001, low attention and low clarity: b = 0.184, p < .001; high attention and high clarity: b = 0.183, p = .001), with one exception (i.e., low attention and high clarity: b = 0.004, p = .929). This study highlights the importance of understanding individual differences in attention to emotion and emotional clarity in order to benefit more from treatments and prevention programs that incorporate emotional self-awareness as an active component.

Evaluation of a psychoeducational intervention including emotional intelligence to increase treatment adherence in rheumatoid arthritis (A pilot study).

Our objective was to perform two studies: a cross-sectional study in order to identify the main psychological variables associated to treatment adherence in rheumatoid arthritis and an intervention based on psychoeducation to assess its impact on the variables identified in the first study. We measured treatment adherence, self-efficacy, beliefs about medication, emotional intelligence and disability along with personal and disease variables in the cross-sectional study and the same variables were measured in the intervention before and after the program and 3 months later in 2 groups (an experimental group and an active control group). In the cross-sectional study (N=33) we found that the variables most associated with treatment adherence were emotional clarity (r=0.352, p<0.05) and emotional repair (r=0.363, p<0.05). In the intervention, we divided the patients into 2 groups: the control group (N=7) and the intervention group (N=10). At the end of the study and at follow-up, we found a significant increase in adherence and self-efficacy in the intervention group, when compared with the control group. Emotional clarity was increased only in the post-test, and at follow up a decrease in beliefs of concern about medication was found. Psychoeducational programs based on information about the disease and its treatment together with emotional management are effective in increasing treatment adherence in the long term.

How therapists' emotion recognition relates to therapy process and outcome.

Empathy is an essential characteristic for therapists that explained 9% of the variance in treatment outcomes. Many measures of empathy are based on self-report questionnaires. Therefore, they reflect how a person perceives his empathic abilities, which can be biased from his true abilities. The ability to recognize emotions has been found to be related to empathy and serves as a measure for the use of empathic abilities. In this study, we examined therapists' empathic abilities, using a novel task for recognizing emotions, and looked at how they related to the therapy process and outcomes. The study included 33 patient-therapist dyads. Therapist empathy was assessed with an emotion detection task, the JeFEE. Clients filled questionnaires after each session regarding therapy progress and their symptoms. We found that emotion recognition moderated the change in (a) client secure attachment to therapist, (b) client avoidant attachment to therapist, (c) client working alliance, (d) client rate of tense or upset they felt during the session, (e) client lack of emotional clarity of emotions, (f) client non-acceptance of emotional responses, (g) client overall emotion regulation and (h) client main target complaint. Implication for therapy and therapists' selection and training are discussed.

Rumination, emotional intensity and emotional clarity

It has been suggested that a high tendency to ruminate presents a deficient emotion regulation. Past research found that people with high tendency to ruminate show sustained attention for negative stimuli and increased negative thinking, which may result in intensified experiences of negative emotions. Moreover, high level of rumination was associated with low emotional understanding. Accordingly, we hypothesized (1) high ruminators (HR) experience more intense emotional reactions than low ruminators (LR) for negative but not positive emotions, (2) LR have higher emotional clarity than HR, and (3) there would be the same pattern of results for brooding but not for reflective pondering. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, a rumination response style questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. They also rated emotional intensity and identified emotion type for scene pictures from the CAP-D (Categorized Affective Pictures Database). The highest (HR) and lowest (LR) quarters of ruminators were compared on levels of emotional intensity and emotional clarity. We found HR experienced negative emotions more intensely than LR, with no difference for positive emotions. In contrast to our hypothesis, the two groups did not differ in their emotion understanding. This pattern of results was found for brooding but not for reflective pondering. Our research sheds light on the mechanism underlying rumination and emotion regulation.

Expertise in emotion: A scoping review and unifying framework for individual differences in the mental representation of emotional experience.

Expertise refers to outstanding skill or ability in a particular domain. In the domain of emotion, expertise refers to the observation that some people are better at a range of competencies related to understanding and experiencing emotions, and these competencies may help them lead healthier lives. These individual differences are represented by multiple constructs including emotional awareness, emotional clarity, emotional complexity, emotional granularity, and emotional intelligence. These constructs derive from different theoretical perspectives, highlight different competencies, and are operationalized and measured in different ways. The full set of relationships between these constructs has not yet been considered, hindering scientific progress and the translation of findings to aid mental and physical well-being. In this article, we use a scoping review procedure to integrate these constructs within a shared conceptual space. Scoping reviews provide a principled means of synthesizing large and diverse literature in a transparent fashion, enabling the identification of similarities as well as gaps and inconsistencies across constructs. Using domain-general accounts of expertise as a guide, we build a unifying framework for expertise in emotion and apply this to constructs that describe how people understand and experience their own emotions. Our approach offers opportunities to identify potential mechanisms of expertise in emotion, encouraging future research on those mechanisms and on educational or clinical interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Self- but Not Other-Dimensions of Mentalizing Moderate the Impairment Associated With Social Anxiety in Adolescents From the General Population.

Mentalizing, or social cognition, refers to the brain’s higher order capacity that allows humans to be aware of one’s own and others’ mental states (e.g., emotions, feelings, intentions). While cognition in social anxiety has been broadly analyzed, there is a paucity of research regarding the role of social cognition. Moreover, mentalizing or social cognition research is traditionally focused on the understanding of others’ mental states, rather than self-mentalizing. Finally, most studies analyze the role of social cognition in the development or maintenance of social anxiety, yet no study to date has analyzed whether social cognition moderates functional impairment associated with it. This study analyzes whether self- and other-mentalizing moderate the relationship between social anxiety and impairment in social and self-functioning. A sample of 262 adolescents from the non-clinical population was assessed on measures of social anxiety, self- and other- mentalization, indicators of social functioning (social competence and sociometric status), and indicators of self-functioning (depression and self-esteem). Multiple linear regressions were conducted to test possible moderation effects of self-mentalizing and other-mentalizing on the relationships between social anxiety and social and self-functioning. Results revealed that other-mentalizing does not moderate social- nor self-functioning, while self-mentalizing moderates the impairment of all of them. While impairment in social functioning is buffered by one dimension of self-mentalizing (emotional clarity; b = 0.003, p = 0.043 and b = 0.016, p = 0.008 for social competence and sociometric status, respectively), impairment in self-functioning is strengthened by the other dimension (attention to emotions; b = −0.007, p = 0.008 and b = 0.009, p = 0.047 for self-esteem and depression, respectively). Probing the moderation at the 16th, 50th, and 84th percentiles revealed that the negative imbalance between dimensions (i.e., high attention and low clarity) tended to exacerbate impairment most on all indicators, while the positive imbalance (i.e., low attention and high clarity) was usually the most buffering condition. This supports that “low-flying” or implicit mentalizing provides more resilience than explicit mentalizing (i.e., high attention and high clarity). Findings suggest that the work on emotional self-awareness should be stressed in the intervention of the social anxiety spectrum conditions in order to improve prevention, functioning, and ultimately, treatments, of people impaired by symptoms of social anxiety.

Mindfulness, mood symptom tendencies and quality of life in bipolar disorder: An examination of the mediating influence of emotion regulation difficulties

BackgroundThe aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate dispositional mindfulness and its association with depression and manic tendencies, and subjective life quality in bipolar disorder (BD). Furthermore, this study sought to examine the potential mediating effects of emotion regulation difficulties on these relationships. MethodTwenty-eight healthy controls (HC) and 66 clinically stable outpatients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of BD completed the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Seven Up (7 Up) Seven Down (7 Down) and the Quality of Life in Bipolar Disorder Questionnaire (QoL.BD). These variables were compared between groups and entered into a series of mediation analyzes using PROCESS in the BD group only. ResultsLower MAAS scores were detected amongst the BD patients compared to HCs. Lower MAAS scores in BD patients predicted higher 7 Up, 7 Down and lower QoL.BD scores. For the 7 Down and QoL.BD, the associations were completely mediated by DERS scores, with difficulties in strategy use and emotional clarity mediating the association between mindfulness and depressive tendencies and quality of life, respectively. No significant direct or indirect effects were detected for the 7 Up model. LimitationsThe cross-sectional design precludes causal inference. The MAAS conceptualises mindfulness as unidimensional. Self-report scales of depressive and manic tendencies utilised. ConclusionsThis study detected a significant association between dispositional mindfulness and depressive tendencies and life quality in BD, and found that these associations were influenced by emotion regulation difficulties. These findings encourage further investigation of mindfulness-based interventions in BD.

Aggressive script rehearsal in adult offenders: Relationships with emotion regulation difficulties and aggressive behavior.

This study explored relationships between self-reported emotion regulation difficulties, frequency of aggressive script rehearsal and aggressive behavior in 129 adult male inmates. Significant moderate positive correlations were found between the frequency of aggressive script rehearsal and (1) emotion regulation difficulties overall, as well as the following dimensions, (2) difficulties controlling impulses when experiencing negative emotions, and (3) confidence in the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies. Significant weak positive correlations were found between the frequency of aggressive script rehearsal and two emotion regulation difficulty dimensions, (1) a lack of understanding of emotional responses, and (2) difficulties in dealing with goal directed behavior when experiencing uncomfortable emotions. No significant correlations were found between aggressive behavior and emotion regulation difficulties, except for a weak positive correlation between aggressive behavior and difficulties controlling impulses when experiencing negative emotions. Multivariate analyses were used to assess whether the frequency of aggressive script rehearsal moderated the effect of emotion regulation difficulties on aggressive behaviour. Significant improvement in the prediction of aggression resulted from consideration of the interaction between (1) aggressive script rehearsal and difficulties in emotional clarity, and (2) aggressive script rehearsal and awareness of emotional experience, even after accounting for the influence of age and attitudes toward violence. In conclusion, the results suggest that the rehearsal of aggressive scripts may function to regulate emotion, particularly amongst people who are inattentive to their emotions or who have difficulty understanding their emotional experiences.

Examining emotion regulation in binge-eating disorder

BackgroundInefficient mechanisms of emotional regulation appear essential in understanding the development and maintenance of binge-eating disorder (BED). Previous research focused mainly on a very limited emotion regulation strategies in BED, such as rumination, suppression, and positive reappraisal. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess a wider range of emotional regulation strategies (i.e. acceptance, refocusing on planning, positive refocusing, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, self-blame, other-blame, rumination, and catastrophizing), as well as associations between those strategies and binge-eating-related beliefs (negative, positive, and permissive), and clinical variables (eating disorders symptoms, both anxiety, depressive symptoms, and alexithymia).MethodsWomen diagnosed with BED (n = 35) according to the DSM-5 criteria and healthy women (n = 41) aged 22–60 years were assessed using: the Eating Attitudes Test-26, the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire-18, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Statistical analyses included: Student t - tests or Mann–Whitney U tests for testing group differences between BED and HC group, and Pearson’s r coefficient or Spearman’s rho for exploring associations between the emotion regulation difficulties and strategies, and clinical variables and binge-eating-related beliefs in both groups.ResultsThe BED group presented with a significantly higher level of emotion regulation difficulties such as: nonacceptance of emotional responses, lack of emotional clarity, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior, impulse control difficulties, and limited access to emotion regulation strategies compared to the healthy controls. Moreover, patients with BED were significantly more likely to use maladaptive strategies (rumination and self-blame) and less likely to use adaptive strategies (positive refocusing and putting into perspective). In the clinical group, various difficulties in emotion regulation difficulties occurred to be positively correlated with the level of alexithymia, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Regarding emotion regulation strategies, self-blame and catastrophizing were positively related to anxiety symptoms, but solely catastrophizing was related to the severity of eating disorder psychopathology.ConclusionsOur results indicate an essential and still insufficiently understood role of emotional dysregulation in BED. An especially important construct in this context seems to be alexithymia, which was strongly related to the majority of emotion regulation difficulties. Therefore, it might be beneficial to pay special attention to this construct when planning therapeutic interventions, as well as to the maladaptive emotion regulation strategies self-blame and catastrophizing, which were significantly related to BED psychopathology.

Improvising on Emotion Terms: Students’ Strategies, Emotional Communication, and Aesthetic Value

Studies in musical improvisation show that musicians and even children are able to communicate intended emotions to listeners at will. To understand emotional expressivity in music as an art form, communicative success needs to be related to improvisers’ thought processes and listeners’ aesthetic judgments. In the present study, we used retrospective verbal protocols to address college music students’ strategies in improvisations based on emotion terms. We also subjected their improvisations to expert ratings in terms of heard emotional content and aesthetic value. A qualitative analysis showed that improvisers used both generative strategies (expressible in intramusical terms) and imaginative, extramusical strategies when approaching the improvisation tasks. The clarity of emotional communication was found to be high overall, and linear mixed-effects models showed that it was supported by generative approaches. However, perceived aesthetic value was unrelated to such emotional clarity. Instead, aesthetic value was associated with emotional complexity, here defined as the heard presence of “nonintended” emotions. The results point toward a view according to which the expressive content of improvisation gets specified and personalized during the very act of improvisation itself. Arguably, musical expressivity in improvisation should not be equated with the error-free communication of previously intended emotional categories.

부모의 온정적 양육태도가 대학생 자녀의 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향: 정서인식명확성과 의도적 반추의 매개 효과

본 연구는 부모의 온정적 양육태도가 대학생 자녀의 정서인식명확성, 의도적 반추 및 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 만 24세 이하 대학생 316명을 대상으로 그들이 경험한 외상 사건과 외상 후 성장, 정서인식명확성, 의도적 반추 그리고 그들이 인식한 부모의 온정적 양육태도를 측정하였다. 구조방정식 분석 결과, 부모의 양육태도가 온정적일수록 자녀의 외상 후 성장 수준은 높게 나타났다. 또한, 부모의 온정적 양육태도는 자녀의 정서인식명확성와 의도적 반추를 통해서도 자녀의 외상 후 성장에 간접적으로 정적 영향을 미쳤다. 부모의 양육태도가 온정적일수록 자녀는 자신의 정서를 명확하게 인식하였고, 더 많은 의도적 반추를 하여 외상 후 성장이 이르는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 자녀의 정서인식명확성, 의도적 반추 및 외상 후 성장에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 부모의 온정적 양육태도의 중요성을 밝힘으로써 교육 · 상담 · 돌봄 현장에서 외상을 경험한 개인의 특성을 이해하고, 적절한 지원 제공을 하기 위한 기초 자료를 제공하였다는 의의를 지닌다.

청소년의 공동반추와 우울증상의 관계에서 정서인식 명확성의 조절효과

본 연구는 청소년의 공동반추의 하위요인과 우울증상의 관계를 검증하고, 청소년의 공동반추의 하위요인과 우울증상의 관계에서 정서인식 명확성의 조절효과를 검증하였다. 이를 위해 고등학교 1-2학년에 재학 중인 남녀 학생 170명을 대상으로 ‘공동반추 척도(CRQ)’, ‘특질 초기분 척도(TMMS)의 정서인식 명확성 문항’, ‘우울척도(CES-D)’를 사용하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년의 우울증상은 공동반추의 하위요인인 ‘문제에 대한 반추적 토의’와 정적 상관관계를 나타냈으며, 정서인식 명확성과는 부적 상관관계를 나타냈다. 둘째, 청소년의 공동반추 하위요인이 우울증상에 미치는 영향을 검증한 결과, ‘문제에 대한 반추적 토의’만이 우울증상에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 청소년의 ‘문제에 대한 반추적 토의’와 우울증상의 관계에서 정서인식 명확성의 조절효과를 분석한 결과, 유의한 조절효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 청소년의 공동반추의 하위요인이 우울증상에 미치는 영향과 ‘문제에 대한 반추적 토의’와 우울증상의 관계에서 정서인식 명확성의 조절효과를 규명하였다는데 의의가 있다. 따라서 청소년의 우울증상을 감소시키기 위하여 정서인식 명확성 수준을 향상시킬 수 있는 개입이 효과적일 수 있으며, 공동반추의 속성 중 ‘문제에 대한 반추적 토의’와 정서인식 명확성을 함께 고려할 필요성이 시사된다.