Emotional Aggression Research Articles

The Bullying Concept in Scientific and Psychological Sources

From the moral point of view, a person's actions should correspond to a certain social norm. The boundaries of this norm are set by age-old patterns and perceptions. The laws and rules of ethics in force in a given socio-historical situation also have a significant impact. It is believed that “old” and “new” rules should form a solid foundation of morality. Children should be taught these rules, and then they will live without breaking the law. Everyone wants a harmonious life, and often ordinary people, “philistines”, do not think about the true, underlying causes of violent behavior. And when they encounter aggression in children and adolescents, unfortunately, they see only superficial, external manifestations in it. Thus, the behavior of children who show irritation, intemperance, rudeness, opposition, disrespect for elders is seen as a result of poor upbringing, bad influence of peers, books and films with aggressive content, etc. And these children, as a result, become the target of severe measures by adults, society in general. The article considers the old familiar problem of “aggression” in a “new” way as the bullying concept, taking into account the research of recent years. Currently, the bullying term is a universally recognized international socio-psychological term. Despite the fact that experts ignore the problem of the impact of the bullying experience on the further life and attitudes of victims, some data show the extremely adverse impact of harassing on the subsequent behavior of a person. The authors consider different points of view of the concept of “bullying”, reveal the content of the concept of “aggression”, the purposes of aggression, its types: instrumental and emotional aggression, aggression in adolescence, etc. The purpose of this research is to identify and set the main problems associated with the problem of bullying among teenagers. The object of the research is literature considering the problem of bullying, its types. The following methods were used: theoretical (analysis of psychological, pedagogical and scientific and methodological literature on the studied problem, content analysis of modern literature; study of sources determining the characteristics of adolescent development.

Childhood Maltreatment and Longitudinal Epigenetic Aging

Child physical and emotional abuse and neglect may affect epigenetic signatures of accelerated aging several years after the exposure. To examine the longitudinal outcomes of early-childhood and midchildhood exposures to maltreatment on later childhood and adolescent profiles of epigenetic accelerated aging. This cohort study used data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (enrolled 1998-2000), a US birth cohort study with available DNA methylation (DNAm) data at ages 9 and 15 years (assayed between 2017 and 2020) and phenotypic data at birth (wave 1), and ages 3 (wave 3), 5 (wave 4), 9 (wave 5), and 15 (wave 6) years. Data were analyzed between June 18 and December 10, 2023. Emotional aggression, physical assault, emotional neglect, and physical neglect via the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale at ages 3 and 5 years. Epigenetic accelerated aging (DNAmAA) was measured using 3 machine learning-derived surrogates of aging (GrimAge, PhenoAge, and DunedinPACE) and 2 machine learning-derived surrogates of age (Horvath and PedBE), residualized for age in months. A total of 1971 children (992 [50.3%] male) representative of births in large US cities between 1998 and 2000 were included. Physical assault at age 3 years was positively associated with DNAmAA for PhenoAge (β = 0.073; 95% CI, 0.019-0.127), and emotional aggression at age 3 years was negatively associated with PhenoAge DNAmAA (β = -0.107; 95% CI, -0.162 to -0.052). Emotional neglect at age 5 years was positively associated with PhenoAge DNAmAA (β = 0.051; 95% CI, 0.006-0.097). Cumulative exposure to physical assault between ages 3 and 5 years was positively associated with PhenoAge DNAmAA (β = 0.063; 95% CI, 0.003-0.123); emotional aggression was negatively associated with PhenoAge DNAmAA (β = -0.104; 95% CI, -0.165 to -0.043). The association of these measures with age 15 years PhenoAge DNAmAA was almost fully mediated by age 9 years PhenoAge DNAm age acceleration. Similar patterns were found for GrimAge, DunedinPACE, and PhenoAge, but only those for PhenoAge remained after adjustments for multiple comparisons. In this cohort study, altered patterns of DNAmAA were sensitive to the type and timing of child maltreatment exposure and appeared to be associated with more proximate biological embedding of stress.

Characteristic features of manifestations of aggressiveness in children

Aggressive behavior in children is a serious problem that can have far-reaching consequences for both children themselves and their families, as well as for society as a whole. Understanding the characteristic features of aggressiveness in children is key to developing effective strategies for prevention and correction. Its manifestations can be different: from physical aggression (hitting, pushing) to verbal (insults, threats) and emotional (anger, resentment). In today's world, where children are constantly exposed to the flow of information, violence and stress, the issue of aggressive behavior is becoming more and more relevant. The increase in the number of cases of bullying, cruelty and violence among children indicates the need for a deep study of this problem. The purpose of the article is to study the characterological features of manifestations of aggressiveness in children, to identify factors influencing its development, and to provide recommendations for prevention and correction. Various types of aggression, factors that provoke it, and age-related features of its manifestations are described. The types of children's aggression are considered: physical aggression (is the most common type of aggressive behavior in children, it can manifest itself in the form of hitting, pushing, spoiling things), verbal aggression (verbal insults, threats, mocking) and emotional aggression (anger, resentment, hostility). Factors that can provoke aggressive behavior in children are described, in particular: family problems (brutal treatment by parents, quarrels, divorce), mental disorders (anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), media influence (children who often watch movies and violent TV shows, more prone to aggressive behavior). It is noted that in preschool age, aggression often manifests itself in a physical form, in elementary school age, verbal forms of aggression appear, and adolescence is characterized by aggression, which can manifest itself in various forms, in particular, group aggression is often observed. It is noted that aggressiveness in children is a complex problem that requires a comprehensive approach. It is important not only to punish children for aggressive behavior, but also to help them find healthy ways to express their emotions.

Parental autonomy support and parental psychological control perceptions: a study with Spanish school-aged children

ABSTRACT Objective The present study examined the antecedents and consequences of perceived parental autonomy support and psychological control. More specifically, we had three aims: a) to investigate the associations between parents’ expectations and beliefs about parenting and perceived parental autonomy support and psychological control; b) to analyse the relationships between the perceived parenting strategies (autonomy support and psychological control) and children’s outcomes: prosocial competence, emotional stability, and verbal and physical aggression and c) to test differences based on parents’ and children’s gender. Method The participants comprised 2,396 parents from Spain (1,164 fathers and 1,232 mothers) with diverse levels of qualification, professional and civil status and 1,325 children (637 boys and 685 girls) aged between 7 and 13 years old. Results Perceive parental autonomy support was positively correlated with children’s prosocial behaviour and competence: being more likely to engage in behaviours to achieve other people’s improvement or well – being. In contrast, perceived parental psychological control was positively correlated with emotional instability, and physical and emotional aggression, that is children will be more likely to develop emotional adjustment problems. Besides, we found a positive association between some negative parenting beliefs and perceived parental psychological control, and we found positive association between some positive parenting beliefs and perceived parental autonomy support. Women scoring significantly higher than men in all associations between parenting beliefs and perceived parenting autonomy support and psychological control. No relationship was found between parental separation anxiety and perceived parental autonomy support or control. Conclusions The results confirmed the importance of the role of parenting practices defined by SDT in children’s development.

Perspectives Matter: Insecure Residency Status Accounts for Aggressive Emotions in Adolescent Refugees

Unaccompanied refugees are a high-risk group for trauma-induced psychiatric disorders. Besides traumatic experiences pre- and during migration, post-migration stressors such as insecure residency status affect refugees’ mental health and foster aggressive emotions. High levels of psychological distress and psychopathology distort time perspectives. Consequently, an insecure residency status linked to distress may influence a refugee’s time perspective. This study investigated psychological distress, PTSD symptoms, aggressive emotions, and time perspectives in 33 unaccompanied adolescent refugees with and without secure residency status in Germany. Refugees with precarious residency status showed higher levels of overall distress and aggression than individuals with secure residency status. Both groups revealed a distorted time perspective profile, but individuals with a residence permit showed a stronger orientation toward the present hedonistic perspective than those without a permit. Higher aggressive emotions were related to insecure status, higher levels of psychological distress, more pronounced PTSD symptoms, and lower orientation to future time perspective. Distorted time perspectives among refugees may be caused by traumatic experiences and having been uprooted, independently of their residency status in the host country. A higher future orientation may buffer the association between distorted time perspectives and aggressive emotions in the highly stressed group of unaccompanied adolescent refugees.

Superhero media, aggression, and prosocialness: Relations in adults and gender's moderating role.

The present study aimed to observe the relationships between superhero media exposure, aggression, and prosocialness in adults. We also investigated gender's moderating role. A total of 700 Brazilians participated in the study (age mean = 25.77, SD = 8.63, SE = 0.32, 57% men). Results showed a positive relation between superhero media exposure, prosocialness (r = .18), and all aggression factors (physical: r = .13; verbal: r = .08; aggressive emotions: r = .16). Aggressive emotions mediated indirect effects of exposure (physical aggression: λ = 0.12, p < .01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.05-0.21; verbal aggression: λ = 0.10, p < .01, 95% CI = 0.05-0.18). Finally, gender moderated the relationship between exposure and prosocialness (b = 0.13, t = 2.07, p = .03).

PELATIHAN REGULASI EMOSI UNTUK MENURUNKAN PERILAKU AGRESIVITAS PADA ANAK

The Aggressive behavior towards peers will result in delays in children's social development in the neighborhood as well as at school and schoolmates. The child will also experience other negative effects during adaptation or adjustment. The aim of emotional regulation training is to reduce and even prevent aggressive emotions and behavior in children through training methods targeting PAUD Al-Furqan children in Karangpatri Village. The results of the activity show that children get education about how to control their emotions and how to fill their time with positive and useful activities.

Workplace Violence and its contributing factors in healthcare workers of Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Objective: To find the frequency of various types of violence and its contributing factors among healthcare workers in tertiary healthcare hospitals of Peshawar. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: Emergency Department, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Peshawar, from 1st January 2021 to June 30, 2021. Methodology: A sample size of 400 healthcare professionals from three hospitals was determined using open epi simple size calculator. The selection of participants was conducted using a non-probability convenient sampling approach. Data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire after the participants' informed permission was acquired. Healthcare professionals include individuals such as physicians and registered nurses. Results: Most healthcare employees, 97.5%, said they did not experience physical abuse. A total of 1.5% of participants reported experiencing being assaulted once, whereas 1.0% reported experiencing physical assault two to three times. The mean and standard deviation for the latter group were calculated to be 1.04±0.232. A total of 37.2% of respondents said they did not experience any verbal abuse during the previous year. A total of 14.8% of respondents reported experiencing verbal harassment at least once, while 31.8% indicated facing verbal abuse two to three times. Additionally, 16.2% reported encountering verbal abuse more than four times during the last year. These findings yielded a mean of 2.27 occurrences of verbal abuse, with a standard deviation of 1.127. Conclusion: Verbal abuse is a pervasive concern in healthcare, often coupled with physical and emotional aggression. Keywords: Aggression, Abuse, Physical Violence, Psychological Violence, Health Care Providers, Medical Staff. How to Cite This: Jan k, Gul R, Khalil KR, Hassan F, Hameed N, Hamid R. Workplace Violence and its contributing factors in healthcare workers of Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Isra Med J. 2023; 15(1): 15-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55282/imj.oa1369 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The relationship of leadership abilities with the aggressiveness of adolescents

The subject of this study was to identify the features of the relationship between leadership abilities and the aggressiveness of adolescents. The object of the study was the leadership abilities and aggressiveness of adolescents. The article presents the results of an empirical study to identify the relationship between leadership abilities and adolescent aggressiveness. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study were: - views on aggressiveness as an innate instinctive tendency (Z. Freud, K. Lorenz); personality property (A. Levitov, E. Fromm, etc.). - theoretical provisions on the causes of aggression in adolescence (B.S. Bratus, A.Ya. Varga, V.I. Garbuzov, I.S. Kon, E.A. Lichko, A.A. Rean, K. Horney and etc.). – theoretical principles of studying the leadership qualities of adolescents (I.P. Volkov, E.A. Gantseva, I.S. Kon, B.D. Parygin, A.I. Prigozhy, A.V. Petrovsky, R. Krichevsky). The theoretical significance and novelty of the study lies in the systematization of theoretical ideas about the features of the relationship between leadership abilities and the aggressiveness of adolescents. The practical significance is determined by the possibility of using the results obtained in schools for educational psychologists, for counseling psychologists who work with adolescents. Empirically, the psychological features of the relationship between leadership abilities and the aggressiveness of adolescents were revealed. With high indicators of leadership abilities, adolescents are dominated by high rates of verbal, object aggression and self-aggression; with average indicators of leadership abilities, adolescents show high rates of verbal, emotional aggression and self-aggression; Low leadership abilities of adolescents correspond to indicators of low emotional aggression. The results of this study indicate a statistically significant relationship between leadership abilities and adolescent aggressiveness. The results obtained in the study can be used to develop psycho-prophylactic and psycho-corrective programs aimed at correcting aggressive behavior and developing leadership abilities in adolescents.

An embodied and cognitive model of figther pilot high level air-to-air engagement decision

The development of pilot models has been a long-standing interest in cognitive modeling and AI due to the potential gains they offer in aerial robotics. In this study, a cognitive and embodied fighter pilot model is developed to obtain pilot-like characteristics for making high-level decisions in air-to-air engagements, using spiking neurons in ensembles implemented in the Neural Engineering Objects (NENGO) framework (Bekolay et al., 2014; Eliasmith, 2015). One major problem that is faced when creating such complex decision models is factoring the effect of the human agent’s affective state into the model, where emotional aggression may lead to irrational decisions. To address this need, inputs representing affective states that can influence the other subnetworks were included in the model. The NENGO framework also allowed for the use of Semantic Pointers, which allowed the numerical outputs of the spiking neuron ensembles to be expressed verbally as a semantic output. The inputs, final outputs (decisions), and intermediary decisions of the model were then evaluated by real-life warfighter pilots to assess the accuracy and validity of the model.

Psychosocial functioning of parents of Dutch long-term survivors of childhood cancer.

To describe health-related quality of life (HRQoL), post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth of parents of long-term survivors of childhood cancer (CCS) and study associated factors. Parents of survivors of the Dutch Childhood Cancer Survivor Study LATER cohort below 30years and diagnosed 1986-2001 were invited to complete the TNO-AZL Questionnaire for Adult's HRQoL (e.g., sleep and aggressive emotions), Self-Rating Scale for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, and Illness Cognition Questionnaire. HRQoL domain scores were compared to references using Mann-Whitney U tests. Correlations between post-traumatic stress, growth and HRQoL were evaluated. Medical characteristics of their child and illness cognitions were studied as associated factors of HRQOL, post-traumatic stress and growth. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Parents (n=661 of n=448 survivors, 56% female, mean time since child's diagnosis: 21.3 [SD: 3.3] years) reported better HRQoL in social functioning and aggressive emotions than references (r=.08-0.17). Mothers additionally reported better HRQoL in pain, daily activities, sexuality, vitality, positive and depressive emotions (r=.07-0.14). Post-traumatic stress was symptomatic in 3%, and associated with worse HRQoL (r=-0.27-0.48). Post-traumatic growth was positively associated to post-traumatic stress and better HRQoL (r=0.09-0.12). Cancer recurrence was associated to better HRQoL (β=0.37-0.46). Acceptance illness cognitions were associated to better (β=0.12-0.25), and helplessness to worse outcomes (β=0.14-0.38). HRQoL of parents of young adult survivors of CCS is comparable to references or slightly better. Only a small proportion reports symptomatic post-traumatic stress. Improving acceptance and reducing feelings of helplessness may provide treatment targets for parents with psychosocial problems.

Perceived overall injustice and organizational deviance-Mediating effect of anger and moderating effect of moral disengagement.

This study is dedicated to exploring the influence of perceived overall injustice on employee anger and deviant behavior. Based on fairness heuristic theory and cognitive appraisal theory of emotion, a model was developed to investigate the relationship between perceived overall injustice, anger and organizational deviance. Based on social cognitive theory, the moderating role of moral disengagement was proposed. The data were collected from three Chinese manufacturing corporations with a total effective sample size of 264. SPSS 26 and Mplus 8.3 were adopted to analyze data. Confirmatory factor analysis, descriptive statistics analysis and correlation results were illustrated. Hierarchical regression was used to test the model. Statistical results showed that there is a significant positive relationship among perceived overall injustice, anger and organizational deviance. The moderating effect of moral disengagement on the relationship between perceived overall injustice and organizational deviance is significant, while that on the relationship between anger and organizational deviance is insignificant. This study built a model to discuss the emotional and behavioral influences of perceived overall injustice. The findings suggest that individuals feel more anger as the level of perceived overall injustice increases, which thus lead to higher level of organizational deviance. Morally disengaged employees are more likely to engage in organizational deviance after being treated unfairly. However, the moderating effect of moral disengagement on the relationship of anger and organizational deviance was insignificant. The reason might be because anger is an aggressive emotion and individual experiencing anger may lead to impulsive behavior regardless of moral rules. Implications and limitations have been discussed.

Guilt and migrant experience in Australia: narratives of happiness and hatred

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the role that guilt plays in Australia’s construction of its outsiders by focusing on contemporary migrant experience. I build upon Sarah Ahmed’s work on the politics of emotion to read migrant interviews in relation to media: films, political speeches, and other discursive structures that facilitate social organization in Australia. In the first part of this paper, I argue that a ‘multicultural narrative’ positions the nation as a ‘happy home,’ and examine how this can displace feelings of guilt in the migrant by rendering possible social transgressions positive steps towards attaining a greater social good. In the second section of this paper, I discuss Australia’s ‘hatred narratives.’ I do not define hatred as a necessarily aggressive emotion, but instead, demonstrate the way particular words can be affectively charged because of the histories they invoke, and show how this affect can be mobilized to create outsiders who are not welcome in the national imaginary and Australian society. These narratives however, are not fixed: political parties can appeal to tropes that have accumulated in affective value – such as the ‘home’ – in order to achieve different political goals, and to organize social groups by aligning individuals with or against affectively charged objects.

Профилактика агрессивности и враждебности сотрудников полиции при помощи технологии развития способностей к эмоционально-волевой саморегуляции

Introduction. Aggressiveness is one of the forms of manifestation of the personality deviations and is differentiated by the degree of intensity from its normal indicators to extreme ones. In the activities of police officers, aggressiveness acts as a defense mechanism, which often exceeds the limits of moderately protective reactions and reaches the level of extreme aggression, manifested as an inadequate response to the exposure of the environmental stimuli. Theoretical analysis of the phenomena of aggressiveness and hostility, as well as the peculiarities of their manifestation in the professional activities of police officers shows the propensity of employees to aggressive and hostile forms of behavior, characterized by stability and stereotypes, determined by both the emotions of fear and formed personality deformities, pathological properties of character. The need for self-control of emotional reactions and lack of competence in assessing the emotional states of others increases the risks of aggressiveness and deviant behavior of police officers and forms a type of destructive personality. For the sphere of professional activity this is a significant obstacle in ensuring its effectiveness and reliability. Prevention of aggressiveness and hostility requires the development and implementation of technology that ensures the development of negative affects regulation skills, emotional states and behavior.&#x0D; The purpose of the study was to identify the degree of intensity of various indicators of aggressiveness and hostility of police officers, as well as to analyze their changes due to the application of the technology development abilities of emotional-volitional self-regulation.&#x0D; Methodology, methods and techniques. A complex of empirical and mathematical methods was used in the analysis of changes in the aggression indicators. Empirical data were obtained with the following techniques: the scale of neuropsychic adaptation (J.N. Gurvich), the method «Types of aggressiveness» (L.G. Pochebut), the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale. Data processing was performed using a specialized software package IBM SPSS Statistics 23 and Microsoft Excel. The research used a comparative analysis of empirical data. A group of employees (n=82) with signs of neuropsychic maladaptation of a nonpathological nature was separated from the total sample of subjects (n=253) and divided into an experimental (n=41) and a control group (n=41). In the experimental group, classes were organized for the development of abilities to emotional-volitional self-regulation (forming experiment).&#x0D; Results and interpretation. A comparative analysis of the values of aggressiveness and hostility of police officers before and after the experiment showed reliable differences for 3 indicators out of 9 (33.33%): self-aggression, total aggressiveness index, and hostility. In the values of the control and experimental groups during the realization of the ascertaining experiment no reliable differences were revealed, after the experiment statistically significant differences in the indicators were found: verbal aggression, emotional aggression, self-aggression, total aggressiveness index, cynicism, aggressiveness, hostility.&#x0D; Scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the indicators of aggression and hostility of police officers experiencing states of neuropsychic maladaptation, in clarifying the role of abilities to emotional and volitional self-regulation in the prevention of aggression and hostility, in determining the parameters of changes in the intensity of aggressive and hostile manifestations in the experiment.&#x0D; Practical Significance. The change in the indicators of aggressiveness and hostility, identified as a result of the forming experiment, indicates the effectiveness of the technology development abilities to emotional and volitional self-regulation and on this basis allows to develop author programs to manage negative emotions and implement the prevention of deviant behavior of police officers.

코로나19 시대의 부모의 심리적 증상과 정서 재평가 및 심리·행동 통제가 유아의 공격성에 미치는 영향

Background/Objectives: This study investigated the effects of parents’ psychological symptoms under COVID-19 and emotional reappraisal on young children's aggression. Methods: A total of 210 fathers and 216 mothers of 3-5-year-old children across the country participated in this study. A path model was tested using the AMOS 22.0 program. Bootstrapping methods were used to determine the statistical significance of the indirect effects of the parameters. Results: First, fathers’ psychological symptoms under COVID-19 had direct effects on their emotional reappraisal, parental control, and children’s overt and emotional aggression. Fathers’ emotional reappraisal had direct effects on their psychological and behavioral control. Fathers’ psychological symptoms affected children’s overt and emotional aggression while their behavioral control affected children’s overt aggression. Second, mothers’ psychological symptoms under COVID-19 had direct effects on their emotional reappraisal and psychological control and children’s overt and emotional aggression. Mothers’ emotional reappraisal had direct effects on their psychological and behavioral control. Mothers’ psychological symptoms affected children’s overt and emotional aggression while their behavioral control affected children’s overt aggression. Third, fathers’ and mothers’ psychological symptoms under COVID-19 had indirect effects on children’s overt and emotional aggression through emotional reappraisal and parental control. Conclusion/Implications: The results of the current study highlight the significance of intervention involving emotional reappraisal in reducing parents’ psychological symptoms under COVID-19. In addition, this study suggests that interventions should focus not only on parental psychological control but also on behavioral control through parent education programs and counseling to assuage children's aggression.

Increased Online Aggression During COVID-19 Lockdowns: Two-Stage Study of Deep Text Mining and Difference-in-Differences Analysis.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic caused a critical public health crisis worldwide, and policymakers are using lockdowns to control the virus. However, there has been a noticeable increase in aggressive social behaviors that threaten social stability. Lockdown measures might negatively affect mental health and lead to an increase in aggressive emotions. Discovering the relationship between lockdown and increased aggression is crucial for formulating appropriate policies that address these adverse societal effects. We applied natural language processing (NLP) technology to internet data, so as to investigate the social and emotional impacts of lockdowns.ObjectiveThis research aimed to understand the relationship between lockdown and increased aggression using NLP technology to analyze the following 3 kinds of aggressive emotions: anger, offensive language, and hate speech, in spatiotemporal ranges of tweets in the United States.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal internet study of 11,455 Twitter users by analyzing aggressive emotions in 1,281,362 tweets they posted from 2019 to 2020. We selected 3 common aggressive emotions (anger, offensive language, and hate speech) on the internet as the subject of analysis. To detect the emotions in the tweets, we trained a Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model to analyze the percentage of aggressive tweets in every state and every week. Then, we used the difference-in-differences estimation to measure the impact of lockdown status on increasing aggressive tweets. Since most other independent factors that might affect the results, such as seasonal and regional factors, have been ruled out by time and state fixed effects, a significant result in this difference-in-differences analysis can not only indicate a concrete positive correlation but also point to a causal relationship.ResultsIn the first 6 months of lockdown in 2020, aggression levels in all users increased compared to the same period in 2019. Notably, users under lockdown demonstrated greater levels of aggression than those not under lockdown. Our difference-in-differences estimation discovered a statistically significant positive correlation between lockdown and increased aggression (anger: P=.002, offensive language: P<.001, hate speech: P=.005). It can be inferred from such results that there exist causal relations.ConclusionsUnderstanding the relationship between lockdown and aggression can help policymakers address the personal and societal impacts of lockdown. Applying NLP technology and using big data on social media can provide crucial and timely information for this effort.

Role of Emotional Intelligence and Coping in Dealing with Disinhibition and Aggression among Undergraduates in Private Higher Education

This research examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and coping, disinhibition and aggression. Additionally, coping was examined as a potential mediator of the relationship between emotional intelligence, disinhibition and aggression. Participants consisted of 563 students (186 men, 377 women) from various private colleges and faculties. The participants’ age ranged from 19 to 30, with a mean age of 23 years (M = 23.2, SD = 4.23). As predicted, disinhibition was uniquely negatively associated with self-emotion appraisal, others’ emotion appraisal, use of emotion, regulation of emotion and coping. Also, as predicted, aggression was uniquely negatively associated with the regulation of emotion and coping, suggesting that disinhibition and aggression in a coherent fashion influence emotional intelligence and coping. Additionally, coping mediate the relationships between disinhibition and self-emotion appraisal, use of emotion, and regulation of emotion as well as relationships between aggression and these dimensions of emotional intelligence. The results demonstrate that disinhibition and aggression negatively affect emotional intelligence and coping. The results of mediation analyses corroborated the relationships between disinhibition, aggression and emotional intelligence and the role of coping as its mediator, highlighting the importance of disinhibition and aggression in the prediction of some dimensions of emotional intelligence and the significant role of coping as a mediator in these relationships.

Contribution of Vocal Tract and Glottal Source Spectral Cues in the Generation of Acted Happy and Aggressive Spanish Vowels

The source-filter model is one of the main techniques applied to speech analysis and synthesis. Recent advances in voice production by means of three-dimensional (3D) source-filter models have overcome several limitations of classic one-dimensional techniques. Despite the development of preliminary attempts to improve the expressiveness of 3D-generated voices, they are still far from achieving realistic results. Towards this goal, this work analyses the contribution of both the the vocal tract (VT) and the glottal source spectral (GSS) cues in the generation of happy and aggressive speech through a GlottDNN-based analysis-by-synthesis methodology. Paired neutral expressive utterances are parameterised to generate different combinations of expressive vowels, applying the target expressive GSS and/or VT cues on the neutral vowels after transplanting the expressive prosody on these utterances. The conducted objective tests focused on Spanish [a], [i] and [u] vowels show that both GSS and VT cues significantly reduce the spectral distance to the expressive target. The results from the perceptual test show that VT cues make a statistically significant contribution in the expression of happy and aggressive emotions for [a] vowels, while the GSS contribution is significant in [i] and [u] vowels.

How teenagers view bullying: gender differences and psychological implications

The article describes psychological peculiarities and gender differences in how teenagers view the phenomenon of bullying; it delineates psychological implications and health impacts of bullying. The aim is to identify gender peculiarities of teenagers’ perception of bullying and its psychological implications on their health. The main method of this empirical study was questionnaire. Teenage participants received the approbated questionnaire developed by the authors of this article. The research determines how teenagers understand the causes and consequences of bullying, ascertains how teenagers are involved in bullying including the role behaviour, and identifies psychological peculiarities of bullying in relation to gender identification of participants. Responses to the questionnaire demonstrate that two genders equally participate in bullying. Girls and boys communicate experiencing negative emotions of anger, hate, aggression, pity, anxiety, fear, and offense both during direct involvement in bullying and during observation of bullying from aside. Teenage girls tend to be more involved in psychological bullying while boys are more involved in physical bullying. Conclusions. Teenage involvement in bullying necessarily involves negative emotions regardless of the role in bullying or gender of the participants. Psychological implications of bullying correlate to its strength and duration; can be short term and/or long term and affect individual well-being of all immediate participants of bullying stretching its negative impacts on psychological health even to adulthood. Therefore, systemic approach to prevent and oppose teenage bullying is indisputably pertinent.

Sexual, physical, and emotional aggression, experienced by autistic vs. non-autistic U.S. college students

ObjectiveTo compare rates of aggression victimization for autistic vs. non-autistic U.S. college students. Participants: n = 1,411 autistic and n = 218,430 non-autistic students from 78 colleges. Methods: We used a three-way interaction term to examine moderation of the relationship between autism and sexual, physical and emotional aggression victimization by depression and sense of belonging. Results: Autistic students were nearly twice as likely as non-autistic students to report past-year emotional victimization (44% vs. 26%, p < 0.001), and more likely to report physical victimization (8.4% vs. 5.7%, p < 0.001). Autistic students who experienced sexual assault were 2.23 times more likely than non-autistic students to report it affected academic performance (80.4% vs. 36.0%, p < 0.001). At both low and high levels of depression, sense of belonging was protective against physical and sexual victimization for autistic students more than for non-autistic students. Conclusions: Institutions of higher education should prioritize preventing and responding to interpersonal aggression against autistic students.