Adaptive Emotion Research Articles

COMPARISON OF TRANSLATIONS OF THE CATEGORIES OF JOY, ANGER AND FEAR IN THE NOVEL “MATILDA”

This article is devoted to the analysis of three categories: joy, anger and fear in the work of Roald Dahl “Matilda”. Background: Due to the fact that they express the emotionality of the characters of the work, being part of the style, their interpretation causes some difficulties for the translator. Methods: The comparative and contrastive analysis methods were used in this work with the help of examples from the novel mentioned above in English, Russian and Uzbek languages. The statistic and method of classification are also considered as a significant in this article. Results: The classification of emotions found in the work “Matilda” into “joy”, “anger” and “fear” allowed us to establish that an incorrect translation of the emotional state of the characters can violate the style of the author of the original work, which can lead to a distortion of thought. Conclusion: Emotionality plays an important role in a work of any genre, especially for children. And their translation can cause some difficulties, since what causes joy in one culture can cause anger and even fear in another. The translator must perform cultural and emotional adaptation without violating the style of the author of the original work.

LIFE AFTER STROKE AND THE KEY ROLE OF COORDINATED REHABILITATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE STROKE SURVIVOR FAMILIES

Introduction. Stroke significantly affects the lives of survivors, requiring adaptation to lost capabilities while impacting physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Stroke is a leading cause of acquired disability in adults and a significant contributor to mortality, particularly among older individuals and in low-income countries. A stroke is described as a neurological deficit caused by acute damage to the central nervous system. Aim. The study's main aim was to explore the use of coordinated stroke rehabilitation before, during, and after hospital discharge. It examined components of coordinated rehabilitation, focusing on the needs of the client's family. This study was conducted as part of the GAJU 066/2022/S project and approved by the ethics committee under 6/2022. Materials and methods. This study used a qualitative research approach and semi-structured interviews with family members caring for stroke patients. The data collected was then analyzed using various coding strategies with the assistance of ATLAS.ti software. This rigorous methodology ensured the reliability and validity of the study's findings. Results. The effects of strokes are profound, not only on patients but also on their families and caregivers. Adapting to life after a stroke necessitates significant changes in family dynamics, values, and norms. The importance of effective communication and support from healthcare staff during patient hospitalization cannot be overstated. Respondents highlighted the role of quality care and communication in ensuring a positive hospital stay. However, they also pointed out certain deficiencies, such as delayed stroke diagnosis and inadequate information about post-discharge care and rehabilitation. The study underscored the importance of at-home rehabilitation in familiar environments for functional improvement. Conclusions. Life after a stroke presents a substantial challenge for patients and their families, requiring physical, psychosocial, and emotional adaptation. Coordinated rehabilitation facilitates post-stroke adjustments for patients and families and increases overall quality of life. Improved coordination and communication among healthcare providers, development of multidisciplinary rehabilitation teams, and effective post-discharge monitoring and support systems are essential for comprehensive care tailored to the needs of the patient and their families. Stroke patient family members advocate for enhanced support and services for better rehabilitation and for coping with post-stroke challenges.

The impact of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on math and science anxieties with or without controlling general anxiety

It is well-established that general anxiety associates with the lower use of adaptive emotion regulation and the higher use of maladaptive emotion regulation. However, no study has previously investigated the impact of cognitive emotion regulation on academic anxieties. Using a sample of secondary school students (N = 391), this study examined the impact of cognitive emotion regulation on math and science anxieties. Math anxiety showed stronger correlations with adaptive than maladaptive emotion regulation, whereas general anxiety showed stronger correlations with maladaptive than adaptive emotion regulation. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that math anxiety was associated with the high uses of acceptance, rumination and other-blame and the low uses of positive reappraisal and putting into perspective. However, with controlling science and general anxieties, math anxiety was associated with the high use of rumination and the low use of positive reappraisal. In contrast, science anxiety was associated with the high uses of acceptance and other-blame and the low use of positive reappraisal. Importantly, however, with controlling math and general anxieties, those science anxiety associations did not remain. Accordingly, these results might provide important insights for the specificity, etiology, and intervention of math anxiety.

Case Study on the Impact of Rhythmic Gymnastics on Adolescent Adjustment Skills: Implications for Physical Education Curriculum

With the development of society and the increase of people's attention to physical and well-being, rhythmic gymnastics, as a comprehensive sport, its impact on the well-being of teenagers has attracted wide attention. This study aims to deeply explore the potential impact of rhythmic gymnastics training on adolescent well-being through empirical research, in order to provide a scientific basis for physical education and well-being education. In this study, a quantitative research method will select students from 4 middle schools in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, as research objects, divide students into two categories: participating in rhythmic gymnastics training and not participating in rhythmic gymnastics training, and 100 students will be randomly sampled. A 4-point Likert scale will be used for the questionnaires, which will be administered from four dimensions: respondents' personal information, learning adaptation, emotional adaptation and social adaptation. The results of the study will offer substantial insights on how rhythmic gymnastics assists adolescents’ adjustment skills and could be applied in managing organizations physical education in educational institutions. In this study, statistical analysis will be performed using descriptive analysis and correlation analysis on the questionnaire data.

Decoding acceptance and reappraisal strategies from resting state macro networks

Acceptance and reappraisal are considered adaptive emotion regulation strategies. While previous studies have explored the neural underpinnings of these strategies using task-based fMRI and sMRI, a gap exists in the literature concerning resting-state functional brain networks’ contributions to these abilities, especially regarding acceptance. Another intriguing question is whether these strategies rely on similar or different neural mechanisms. Building on the well-known improved emotion regulation and increased cognitive flexibility of individuals who rely on acceptance, we expected to find decreased activity inside the affective network and increased activity inside the executive and sensorimotor networks to be predictive of acceptance. We also expect that these networks may be associated at least in part with reappraisal, indicating a common mechanism behind different strategies. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a functional connectivity analysis of resting-state data from 134 individuals (95 females; mean age: 30.09 ± 12.87 years, mean education: 12.62 ± 1.41 years). To assess acceptance and reappraisal abilities, we used the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and a group-ICA unsupervised machine learning approach to identify resting-state networks. Subsequently, we conducted backward regression to predict acceptance and reappraisal abilities. As expected, results indicated that acceptance was predicted by decreased affective, and executive, and increased sensorimotor networks, while reappraisal was predicted by an increase in the sensorimotor network only. Notably, these findings suggest both distinct and overlapping brain contributions to acceptance and reappraisal strategies, with the sensorimotor network potentially serving as a core common mechanism. These results not only align with previous findings but also expand upon them, illustrating the complex interplay of cognitive, affective, and sensory abilities in emotion regulation.

Specific emotion regulation difficulties mediate the relationship between personal distress and depressive symptoms in medical students.

Several studies indicate a link between personal distress and vulnerability to depression. The literature also suggests that personal distress is associated with emotion dysregulation and that emotion dysregulation plays a role in depression. However, which of the various emotion regulation difficulties mediates the relationship between personal distress and depression remains unexplored. This study therefore aims to investigate the mediating role of specific emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between personal distress and depression. Of the 702 initially recruited participants, 635 completed a survey comprising the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. A mediation analysis was used to explore which emotion regulation difficulties mediate the relationship between personal distress and depression. Over a quarter (27%) of participants reported moderate-severe depression symptoms. Difficulties in accessing adaptive emotion regulation strategies and in having a clear understanding about one's own emotions partly mediated the relationship between personal distress and depression symptoms. Our results are the first to indicate that personal distress is linked to depression risk through specific emotion regulation difficulties in medical students. They also highlight possible modifiable skills that could be targeted by prevention intervention.

Self-compassion and cognitive reappraisal restore female adolescents’ body satisfaction and appreciation after appearance-related rumination

Rumination regarding appearance is a major cause of body dissatisfaction among adolescents. Body ‎image concerns in this age group may lead to ‎considerable psychological distress. Studies suggest that adaptive emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and self-compassion can counteract the harmful consequences of rumination. The goal of the current study was to assess if and to what extent cognitive reappraisal and self-compassion can improve female adolescents’ body satisfaction and appreciation after engaging in appearance-related rumination. ‎Using an experimental design, 142 healthy female adolescents underwent an appearance-related rumination induction. ‎Following this, participants were randomly allocated to one of three experimental conditions requiring to implement either self-compassion, cognitive reappraisal, or rumination using a writing task. State body dissatisfaction ‎and appreciation were assessed at baseline, post-appearance rumination, and post-‎writing tasks. Appearance-related rumination increased state body dissatisfaction and reduced body appreciation in all groups. Importantly, state body dissatisfaction and appreciation fully restored to their baseline levels after implementing self-compassion and cognitive reappraisal, but not rumination. The findings provide empirical evidence regarding the negative consequences of appearance-related rumination among adolescents and demonstrate how adaptive emotion regulation strategies can assist in coping efficiently with appearance-related rumination.

Transgenerational transmission of psychopathology: when are adaptive emotion regulation strategies protective in children?

BackgroundChildren of parents with a mental illness (COPMI) have multiple psychological and developmental risks, including an increased lifetime risk of developing a mental illness themselves. Emotion regulation (ER) has been identified as a potential underlying mechanism of the transgenerational transmission of mental disorders. This study compares ER strategies in parents with and without a mental illness and their children. Further, it aims to examine the relationship between parents and children’s psychopathology with a focus on the role of parental and child ER.MethodsParticipants were 96 COPMI (77% female) and 99 children of parents without mental illness (COPWMI, 83% female) aged 4–16 years and their parents. Psychopathology and ER strategies of parents and children were assessed with a series of questionnaires.ResultsBoth COPMI and their parents showed significantly more psychopathology and more maladaptive and adaptive ER strategies in comparison with COPWMI and their parents. Parent and child adaptive ER strategies mediated the relationship between the psychopathology of parents and children only when child maladaptive ER strategies were low.Conclusions The findings further our understanding of the processes by which parental psychopathology affects child outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of implementing preventive programs that specifically target the reduction of maladaptive ER in children to interrupt the transgenerational transmission of psychopathological symptoms.

The moderating role of catastrophizing in day-to-day dynamic stress and depressive symptoms.

The way individuals handle daily stressors can significantly influence their mental health. Those who struggle with emotion regulation are especially vulnerable to the negative effects of stress. This study explored the role of catastrophizing, a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy, in shaping the relationships between daily stress responses and depressive symptoms. A total of 75 healthy college students participated in the study. We adopted an Ecological Momentary Assessment protocol over 14 consecutive days to capture the day-to-day dynamics of stress reactivity and recovery. Our findings indicate that individuals with higher levels of catastrophizing exhibited increased daily stress reactivity and delayed daily stress recovery, consequently raising their likelihood of experiencing amplified depressive symptoms. In contrast, those with lower levels of catastrophizing did not experience the same negative effects of increased daily stress reactivity on their mental health. These results enhance understanding of how real-life stressors contribute to the development of mental health issues and underscore the importance of adaptive emotion regulation for improved overall health and well-being.

Emotional integration and reappraisal during goal pursuit: Testing within- and between-person differences.

Goal pursuit is rife with obstacles triggering negative emotions. To persist in goal pursuit, individuals need to regulate these emotions using adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Reappraisal and emotional integration are two such strategies. Reappraisal involves people's attempts to reframe how they are thinking about an emotional situation, whereas emotional integration involves taking an interest in emotions as they arise. In three studies, we examined the distinct effects of these two strategies on goal pursuit at the within-person and the between-person levels. Study 1 (N = 264) was a three-wave, short-term longitudinal study. At the within-person level, emotional integration predicted goal progress and goal effort but also predicted negative affect, while reappraisal predicted goal progress and positive affect. At the between-person level, emotional integration was positively related to optimal goal pursuit outcomes, whereas reappraisal was negatively related. Study 2 (N = 154) and Study 3 (N = 366) used daily methodologies and followed participants across 10 days. At the daily within-person level, reappraisal was a stronger predictor of goal progress, goal effort, and positive affect than emotional integration. Emotional integration predicted daily negative affect. In contrast, at the between-person level, emotional integration better predicted these outcomes than reappraisal. Collectively, these studies provide a nuanced understanding of how adaptive emotion regulation strategies relate to goal pursuit. The results show that within-participants reappraisal is more strongly related to increased goal progress, effort, and positive affect than emotional integration. However, habitual emotional integration aligns with greater overall goal effort and progress than habitual reappraisal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

How School Burnout Affects Depression Symptoms Among Chinese Adolescents: Evidence from Individual and Peer Clique Level.

The impact of peer clique school burnout norms on adolescents' emotional adaptation is becoming increasingly prominent, but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear, especially in China where academic achievement is highly valued. The present study examined how clique burnout norms impact the relationship between school burnout, negative cognitive bias, and depressive symptoms. A total of 904 Chinese adolescents (57% boys; Mage = 12.73, SD = 0.43) participated in a two-wave longitudinal study (initiated in 2015, with approximately a 2-year interval). The results of multilevel models indicated that only in low clique burnout norms, adolescents with high school burnout at T1 would exhibit more negative cognitive bias and suffer from more depressive symptoms at T2, whereas the moderating effect was only observed in all-boys cliques. These findings reflect that a decrease in the overall level of burnout within a peer clique does not necessarily benefit every student, and the adaptation issues of students experiencing burnout still require attention even in a relatively healthy context.

Emotion regulation in emotionally focused therapists working with high-conflict couples.

Guided by the Person-of-the Therapist Training (POTT) Model, the current qualitative study explores emotional experiences and emotion regulation strategies of emotionally focused trained therapists who work with high-conflict couples in Turkey. Twenty-one therapists who completed at least the externship in emotionally focused couple therapy (EFCT) and had prior or current clinical experience working with high-conflict couple(s) were recruited through various social media platforms and professional organizations' listservs. Semistructured individual interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data revealed five main themes: (1) Different Compelling Emotional Experiences of the Therapists, (2) Sun After Storm, (3) Triggers of Therapists' Emotions, (4) Perceived Adaptive Emotion Regulation Strategies, and (5) Positive Impact of the Therapist's Regulation Strategies on the Therapy Process. Overall, the findings supported the three phases of the POTT model: namely, knowledge of self, access to self, and use of self. Our study demonstrates the need for integrating self-of-the-therapist work into the clinical practice, training, and supervision of therapists working with distressed couples.

Cognitive reappraisal and affective response to physical activity: associations with physical activity behavior.

Cognitive reappraisal (CR), as an adaptive emotion regulation strategy, may play a role in transforming affect in a positive direction during or after exercise, thereby supporting physical activity (PA) adherence. The present study aimed to test the associations among PA, CR frequency, and affective response to PA, and further to examine the role of CR on PA behavior through affective response. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 105 adults, 74 of whom were women, with a mean age of 25.91. Self-report scales were used to measure PA, CR, and affective response to PA. Along with scales, demographic questions on age, sex, and education level were included. Data was collected via an online questionnaire. The frequency of CR use was positively associated with affective response, and affective response with PA behavior. Mediation analysis revealed that affective response mediated the relationship between CR and PA. Results were in the expected direction demonstrating the mediating role of affective response between CR and PA which implies that PA adherence might be facilitated by CR engagement. PA intervention programs should consider implementing CR ability and use frequency improving techniques.

Multidimensional and Longitudinal Impact of a Genetic Diagnosis for Critically Ill Infants.

Many genetic conditions present in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), where a diagnostic evaluation is pursued. However, understanding of the impact of a genetic diagnosis on clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life for these infants remains incomplete. We therefore evaluated parent-reported outcomes complemented by clinical outcomes measures over one year for a cohort of infants in the NICU undergoing genetic evaluation. Prospective cohort study evaluating outcomes after genetics consultation in a level IV NICU via parent-report and electronic medical records (EMR) review. Eligible infants were genetically undiagnosed at enrollment. Parent surveys were administered at baseline and three, six-, and 12-months following enrollment and assessed genetic testing utility as well as parent-reported infant health-related quality of life using the Infant Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire. 110 infant-parent pairs were enrolled. Infants had a median age at enrollment of 15 days (interquartile range 8-37.75). At baseline, 74% (81/110) of parents endorsed high importance of finding a genetic diagnosis, but perceived importance significantly decreased over time. Over the study period, 38 infants received a molecular diagnosis per parent report, though this was discordant with EMR review. Identification of a diagnosis did not significantly impact health-related quality of life across most domains, which was lower overall than population norms. A genetic diagnosis is highly desired by parents in the NICU, though waning interest over time for undiagnosed families may reflect parental emotional adaptation and acceptance. Additional supports are needed to improve perceived quality of life.

Comparative Study of Adjustment of Boys and Girls at the Secondary Level

Education is the capacity to navigate and fulfill one's existence. How well a young person adapts to various environments determines their level of success in life. The child's adaptation is influenced by several aspects, such as domestic, social, educational, and financial adjustment. The objective of the investigator is to do a comparative analysis of the adaptation of secondary school pupils. The investigation was done utilizing the survey methodology. The investigator utilized a standardized inventory to assess the adjustment of secondary school students. The study employed percentage analysis and a t-test as statistical approaches.The investigation indicated that the level of adjustment among secondary school pupils is moderate. A notable disparity was seen in the emotional adaptation of boys and girls, whereas no significant distinction was detected between male and female secondary school pupils in terms of their adjustment in the family, social, educational, and financial domains.

Emotion Regulation Mediates the Associations of Loneliness and Empathy with Death Anxiety in the Elderly

Introduction: In old age, diseases and frailty can be minimized through proper care and understanding, paving the way for healthy and normative aging. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between loneliness and empathy with death anxiety in the elderly. Methods: This study utilized structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all elderly residents of Ahvaz, Iran, in 2023. Convenient sampling was employed to select 108 elderly individuals. The research instruments included the Death Anxiety Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were adopted for data analysis. Results: There was a direct relationship between loneliness and adaptive emotion regulation and maladaptive emotion regulation in the elderly. Additionally, there was a direct relationship between empathy and death anxiety, adaptive emotion regulation, and maladaptive emotion regulation. Moreover, a positive relationship was observed between maladaptive emotion regulation and death anxiety, while a negative relationship existed between adaptive emotion regulation and death anxiety in the elderly (p < 0.001). The results revealed an indirect relationship between loneliness and death anxiety mediated by emotion regulation. There was also an indirect relationship between empathy and death anxiety mediated by emotion regulation (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The proposed model exhibited a good fit. Therefore, raising awareness and implementing measures to empower the elderly in emotion regulation concerning the relationship between loneliness and empathy can play a key role in reducing their death anxiety.

Polyvictimization and emotion regulation in daily life: An ecological momentary assessment study of young adults.

Individuals who experience polyvictimization, or victimization across multiple life contexts, show particularly severe outcomes across a range of mental health diagnoses, potentially related to difficulties in regulating emotion. However, prior research has been limited by reliance on cross-sectional designs and retrospective trait measures of emotion regulation. The present study used ecological momentary assessment to test associations between polyvictimization and emotion regulation in daily life. After completing a baseline survey assessing trauma exposure, mental health symptoms, and trait emotion regulation, undergraduates (N = 122) completed smartphone surveys assessing state emotion regulation four times per day for 14 days. Low correspondence was observed between trait and state measures of emotion regulation. After accounting for baseline mental health symptoms, polyvictimization independently predicted lower scores on an aggregative measure of putatively adaptive strategies (i.e., reappraisal, acceptance, problem solving) in daily life. However, polyvictimization did not predict aggregate scores of putatively maladaptive strategies (i.e., cognitive and expressive suppression, rumination, impulsive behavior, avoidance). Baseline depression and posttraumatic stress predicted higher use of putatively maladaptive strategies. Results suggest polyvictimization may be associated with less use of adaptive emotion regulation in daily life, whereas mental health symptoms may be associated with more use of maladaptive strategies. These findings highlight the utility of experience sampling approaches for increasing insight into emotion regulation difficulties among trauma survivors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Mentalizing as a Predictor of Well-Being and Emotion Regulation: Longitudinal Evidence from a Community Sample of Young Adults.

Background: In recent years, mentalizing - the capacity to understand one's own and others' intentional mental states in social contexts - has been considered to be a protective capacity that enables adaptive processing of stress-related emotional arousal, benefits general well-being and underpins adaptive emotion regulation. Objective: Several studies using cross-sectional research designs have demonstrated the potential health-promoting effect of mentalizing in non-clinical samples. However, longitudinal evidence is scarce. The present study aimed to investigate whether mentalizing predicts well-being and emotion regulation strategies in a non-clinical sample of mainly young adults using a prospective longitudinal design. Methods: In a prospective research design, 135 participants completed questionnaires assessing well-being, psychological symptom severity and mentalizing capacity at baseline (T1). Twelve months later (T2), emotion regulation strategies (suppression and cognitive reappraisal), well-being and psychological symptom severity were assessed by self-report. The data were analyzed using multivariate linear regression analysis. Results: Impairments in mentalizing were a significant negative predictor of well-being 12months later. Furthermore, impairments in mentalizing positively predicted suppression of emotional states at T2. No association was found between deficits in mentalizing and cognitive reappraisal of emotional states over the course of 1year. Conclusion: The findings indicate that mentalizing is longitudinally associated with mental health indicators in a non-clinical adult sample. Specifically, ineffective mentalizing was associated with impaired psychological well-being and a tendency to suppress intense emotional states over a period of 1year. Future research should replicate these findings using multiple measurement timepoints to etablish causality.

Adaptasi Mahasiswa Dalam Mengatasi Culture Shock Dalam Perkuliahan

The shift from a high school environment to a college environment brings greater demands. This condition can cause the emergence of the culture shock phenomenon. This phenomenon underscores the importance of students having the ability to adapt to all demands that arise during lectures. Lecture adaptation refers to student interaction with the lecture environment. Considering the fact that lecture adaptation is complex, the forms of lecture adaptation are divided into 4 including academic adaptation, social adaptation, emotional adaptation, and adaptation to the institution. The purpose of this study is to find out more deeply about the adaptation carried out by students who experience culture shock in lectures. This research uses a qualitative method, to find out more about the adaptation carried out by students. The results of the study found that 1 in 4 students had not reached the adjusment stage, due to the complexity of adaptation to lectures. The three students who succeeded in adapting were none other than their efforts by being open to change, learning to develop themselves, and social support from dominant friends to help students adapt.

Social Anxiety in Students with Specific Learning Disorders Based on Emotion Regulation and Emotional Intelligence: The Mediating Role of Perceived Self-Efficacy

Background: One of the basic challenges faced by children with specific learning disorders (SLD) is social-emotional problems. Objectives: Considering the importance of social anxiety in interacting with others and its negative consequences in the family, society, and academic life of students with specific learning disabilities, the present study aims to develop a causal model of social anxiety in these students based on emotion regulation and emotional intelligence, taking into account the mediating role of perceived self-efficacy. Methods: The research employed a descriptive approach and utilized path analysis. The statistical population of this research comprised all the students with SLD who were referred to the student counseling centers and LD centers affiliated with the education organization of Sanandaj city in the academic year 2022 - 2023. The research sample consisted of 360 students aged between 8 and 12 years old with SLD, selected from the statistical population through purposeful sampling. In this research, the self-report version of Leibovitz's Social Anxiety Scale for children and adolescents by Masia-Warner et al., Shields and Cicchetti's emotion regulation inventory, Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire by Mavroveli et al., and Muris' Children's Self-Efficacy Questionnaire were utilized. The fit indices of the model were also confirmed. Results: The variables of emotion regulation, perceived self-efficacy, and emotional intelligence directly affected the social anxiety of students with SLD. Additionally, the social anxiety of students with SLD was significantly related to the mediation of perceived self-efficacy with emotion regulation and emotional intelligence (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Therefore, to reduce the social anxiety of students with SLD, it is recommended that educators and experts develop educational programs to increase adaptive emotion regulation strategies, enhance perceived self-efficacy, and strengthen emotional intelligence.