Emotions Of Shame Research Articles

Discrete Negative Emotions and Counterproductive Work Behavior

The current study investigates how seven discrete negative emotions are related to seven dimensions of counterproductive work behavior (CWB). We surveyed 240 employed students about the frequencies of their negative emotions and CWBs over a 1-month time frame. Correlational analyses revealed that almost all emotions correlated significantly with all forms of CWB, but there were significant differences in the magnitude of correlations between emotion–CWB pairs. Furthermore, a series of multiple regression analyses suggested that there were different patterns in the emotions that accounted for unique variance across different forms of CWB. This study suggests that the understudied emotions of boredom and shame might be particularly important to our understanding of CWB.

The role of social factors in shaping students’ test emotions: a mediation analysis of cognitive appraisals

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between test emotions and their proximal and distal antecedents in the math domain as proposed by the control-value theory of achievement emotions, using structural equation modeling. More specifically, it investigates the mediating role of cognitive appraisals of control and value in the relationship between students’ social environment (teachers’ support and challenge in classroom interactions and parents’ attitudes towards learning and achievement) and test emotions of joy, hope, pride, relief, anger, anxiety, shame and hopelessness. The sample consisted of 365 high school students in Croatia (235 girls), with a mean age of 16 years. The study was conducted during regularly scheduled classes. The results of this study generally confirm the relationships and mediating mechanisms proposed by the control-value theory. Students’ cognitive control and value appraisals play a central and mediating role in the relationship between parents’ and teachers’ influences and test emotions.

Shame and the virtual gaze: Supporting children's encounters in online worlds

As the virtual gaze of another becomes an increasingly prevalent feature in children's lives, this paper aims to explore some of the emotional complexities of the emerging physical/virtual landscape of children's experience. Based on an analysis of the emotion of shame, the paper explores the new challenges that children face both now and in the future in their virtual encounters and relations with others. It is argued that virtual spaces bring new dimensions to emotional experience, at times making it more difficult to realise the productive potential of shame. This is because the gaze or imagined gaze of another, as invoked through the experience of shame, occurs in conditions of uncertainty, has no boundaries and may arise at any time in the future. These insights are significant if we are to support children in building a capacity to restore the self and be resilient in these new spaces of social encounter.

Shame, Guilt, and Anger: Their Cognitive, Physiological, and Behavioral Correlates

Within the framework of the Component Process Model, the present study focuses on the emotions of shame, guilt, and anger, and aims at exploring their cognitive, physiological, and behavioral correlates. The participants were 124 Italian undergraduate students, who were asked to report an episode, from their autobiographical memory, about a self-conscious emotion that had occurred to them in the recent past. After that, they were asked to rate a large number of possible reactions about thoughts, bodily sensations, and action tendencies that they experienced during that episode. Our results generally support the idea that shame, guilt, and anger elicit different cognitive, physical, and behavioral patterns. These reactive systems may influence emotional and social adjustment in young adults. In particular, shame did not appear to be associated with aggressive tendencies, but it was characterized by the sensation of being a failure, gaze aversion, and by a low awareness of hurting and transgressing. Both guilt and anger were characterized by norm violation, whereas guilt alone was related to a tendency to repair.

The rules of bereavement work: emotion work in online perinatal loss support groups

The success of pregnancy and infant loss support groups in helping parents, especially mothers, deal with the emotional trauma of stillbirth is well established in sociological and psychological research literature. More recent studies have focused on the emergence of virtual perinatal loss support groups and communities which offer a convenient means of accessing an extensive group of supporters who can help participants navigate self-care during bereavement, in addition to providing opportunities to engage in the collective grief work of traditional face-to-face groups [1,2]. Building on previous research into online perinatal support, the initial findings from an exploratory research study of mothers who have experienced the stillbirth of a child were reported, in particular the way in which bereaved mothers, both within and outside of online perinatal loss support groups, manage common emotional reactions to stillbirth. Mothers’ responses to emotions in themselves and in others which are identified as socially and personally problematic – guilt, shame and envy [3] were examined, in addition to the sociological concepts ‘feeling rules’ and ‘emotion work’ [4]. The usefulness of these concepts for a sociological understanding of guilt, shame and envy among bereaved mothers in online perinatal loss support groups was proposed. Just as therapists and scholars have identified the importance of grief work in the aftermath of a personal loss, sociologists have employed the concepts of ‘feeling rules’ and ‘emotion work’ to describe the way in which our culture dictates who may grieve, as well as where, when and how grief can occur. Stillbirth often involves changes to the social status and identity of the expectant mother, leading to ‘disenfranchised grief’. This is a situation in which emotions are inevitably in flux and support is most needed. However, the cultural restrictions or ‘feeling rules’ [4] around the open, public expression of mothers’ grief make the safety, privacy and validation of online support groups all the more necessary. Furthermore, while the unwillingness of our culture to fully acknowledge the emotional trauma of stillbirth is well established in the research literature, it is not as well known how bereaved mothers apply these feeling rules to their own emotion work and to the emotional labor of other mothers, both within the online support community and outside of it. Examples drawn from a closed facebook perinatal support group of mothers who had experienced a stillbirth illustrate that there are clear feeling rules established within the group in relation to the emotions of guilt, shame and envy which are maintained by individuals and the group as a whole. Feeling rules are applied by the mothers to their own expressions of guilt, shame and envy, to other group members’ emotions and to the broader culture. Emotion work is undertaken on mothers’ own emotions as well as on the emotions of others in the group, which acts as a means of establishing trust within the group. As evidenced by excerpts from group members’ online exchanges, bereaved mothers comply with cultural feeling rules which suggest that stillbirth is a taboo subject while also desiring to challenge these rules. As the research study is in the initial stages of data collection, the extent to which online support groups facilitate or challenge feeling rules around perinatal bereavement remains unclear. Preliminary data suggests that many bereaved mothers consider feelings of shame and envy unacceptable to share outside the support community, and these beliefs are reinforced by external cultural disapproval and internal validation within the group. However, it was concluded that further research is needed in this area.

Investigating the impact of guilt and shame proneness on consumer ethics: a cross national study

AbstractStudies show that emotions of guilt and shame significantly influence how people live their daily lives when it comes to making ethical decisions. Nonetheless, individuals’ proneness toward guilt and shame has received limited attention in consumer behaviour literature. The study focuses on the impact of anticipated emotions (i.e. guilt and shame) on various consumers’ ethical and unethical behaviours. Using a combination of a panel data sample and a university sample, the overall results between the two countries (i.e. Australia and Indonesia) reveal more similarities than differences. Consumers with high guilt‐proneness are less likely to agree on those unethical behaviours. This study has important theoretical implications for understanding the similarities and differences between both nations and the impact of guilt and shame proneness on consumer ethics.

Psychiatric Morbidity among Caregivers of Schizophrenia Patients – A Study in Tertiary Care Psychiatric Hospital in Dhaka

Background: Severe mental illness like schizophrenia has far-reaching consequence for both patients and caregivers and their relatives and they also experience feeling of loss and grief. They are confronted with uncertainty and emotion of shame, guilt and anger like the patients they feel stigmatized and socially isolated. Caring for a family member with schizophrenia is an enduring stressor and causes considerable amount of burden. Objective: To assess mental health status of the caregivers of schizophrenia patients. Methodology: This descriptive cross sectional study was done among the caregivers of schizophrenia patients in outpatient and inpatient department of National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Dhaka, Bangladesh from September 2010 to February 2011. A semi-structured Questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) were applied to the caregivers of schizophrenia patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Among the respondents whose GHO-28 score were 4 or above Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Non Patient (SCID-I/NP) version was applied to identify psychiatric disorders among the caregivers of schizophrenia.Results: Out of 272 respondents most of them were female (88.97%), housewife (72.42%) of 21 to 50 yrs age (80.51%). In this study 22.43% of respondents were suffering from different types of mental disorders. Among them major depressive disorder were most prevalent (11.8%). Other psychiatric disorders were found generalized anxiety disorder (4.8%), pain disorder (2.9%). Less common were panic disorder, social phobia, adjustment disorder and undifferentiated somatoform disorder (0.7% in each type).Conclusions: Significant proportions of the caregiver of schizophrenic patients were suffering from psychiatric disorders that did not get any psychiatric treatment.Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2015;2(1):12-17DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v2i1.22581

Feeling Ridiculous and the Emotion of Shame in Physical Experiences During Analysis

In this article, a clinical case is discussed according to Bioenergetic Analysis, focusing on the theme of shame and its presence in the patient’s inner experience of feeling ridiculous when carrying out physical exercise proposed during psychotherapy. Two aspects of the therapeutic process are highlighted: first, how the elaboration of this feeling can begin at the very early stages of therapy and second, how within dyadic analysis, the resulting complex and intense affective valences implied can render the approach to such a task quite problematic. Such difficulties lead to the reconsideration of the role of the emotion of shame. Generally, it must be recognized as an integral part of the process of the individual’s psychological development; the relevance of intersubjectivity within the analytic relationship is rendered even more evident. From this theoretical/clinical perspective, considerations derived from a phenomenological approach are recognized as having particular importance, as even imagined looks can assume a central relevance along the two-way relationship bridge that unites the therapist with the patient.

Compassion and the criminal justice system:stumbling alongtowards a jurisprudence of love and forgiveness

As the title suggests, Jeffrie G. Murphy's latest anthology of thirteen essays comprises an agglomeration of his thoughts on punishment and forgiveness along with the moral emotions of guilt, remorse, resentment, shame, love and jealousy. All were written and published in law and philosophy journals between 1999 and 2011, with the exception of the final chapter in which he returns to an earlier passion for Kant's moral, political and legal theory in relation to duelling, infanticide, shipwrecks and the right of necessity. Murphy's enduring commitment to the quasi-Kantian ideal of human dignity is articulated by reference to the social significance of a religious framework within which, he claims, it is possible to elucidate an appropriately moral vision of punishment for criminal justice decision-making. Although the investigation of moral emotions is not purported to deliver solutions in the form of a set of precise rules or principles capable of producing specific outcomes, he provides normative direction by an appeal to the core values which comprise the traditional Christian ethic of forgiveness. Because, according to Christianity, we are all created in God's image, there is resemblance between all human beings which means we are able to identify with the sentiments of others.

Skam, stolthet och respekt. Nyanser, känslor och queer potential i berättelser om att ha hiv

This article explores the phenomenon HIV through queer readings. It explores the making of meaning, the nuances, dimensions and experiences in narratives on having HIV in contemporary Sweden. It centres around questions about the distinctiveness of HIV narratives and asks which narratives that are (made) possible, and which ones are (made) impossible? What types of relations are there between narratives and norms? What narratives of resistance are made visible? The found meaning making exposes a queer potential beyond health- and heteronormatives. Based on two different types of materials, 1) interviews of people with HIV and 2) autobiographies on living with HIV, the article traces negated experiences of living with HIV and finds both positive and negative ones. This is made visible by utilizing two types of queer methodologies and close readings of the texts: one phenomenological and one intersectional. Using a queer-phenomenological close reading of the material, the article traces negated experiences and disorientation through emotions of shame and melancholia. Using a queer-intersectional close reading of the material reveals experiences and emotions with more positive connotations, such as pride. The article finds queer potential in the gaps between the negative and positive emotions. In these gaps, and by using the concepts of queer time, heteronormativity and healthnormativity, the article traces and finds queer potential, expressed as a critique of the nuclear family. The queer potential of the narratives points to the ways companionships and intimacies other than the heteronormative can be built. The article concludes that living with HIV in Sweden today is a complex position consisting of negotiations with negative imaginaries on HIV, heteronormative and healthnormative ways of viewing a “liveable life”, and being an acceptable person.

Empowering the ‘shamed’ self: Recognition and critical social work

Summary This article provides a review of the contribution of Axel Honneth’s model of recognition for critical social work. While Honneth’s tripartite conceptualisation of optimal identity-formation is positively appraised, his analysis of the link between misrecognition, the experience of shame and eventual sense of moral outrage, is contested. Drawing on a range of sources, including the sociology of shame, Honneth’s ideas about the emotional antecedents of emancipatory action are revised to guide critical social work with misrecognised service users. Findings The intellectual background to Honneth’s recognition model, emanating from leading German philosophers, is described and its application to social work set out. Even so, Honneth’s model is found to be deficient in one primary regard: its assumption about the emotional antecedents to quests for withheld recognition is misapprehended. In particular, the argument in this article is that the ubiquitous emotion of shame, which Honneth argues flows from misrecognition, must be carefully addressed through the medium of relationship, otherwise it might lead to repressed shame and frustrated attempts at social struggle. To this end, a social work process is delineated for dealing with shame, following episodes of misrecognition. Applications Honneth’s model of recognition, along with revised ideas about how to recognise and manage shame, is incorporated into a conceptual framework for critical social work practice. With this renewed understanding of the impact of shame, following misrecognition, social workers should be better equipped conceptually to enable service users to take action for empowerment.

Mountains, Monuments, and Other Matter: Environmental Affects at Manzanar

Abstract This essay investigates the natural landscapes and built structures at the Manzanar National Historic Site, the first of ten incarceration camps to open in 1941 and a temporary home for over 11,000 Japanese Americans. Using former incarceree Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston's writing as a touchstone, my essay foregrounds the environmental features of the (re)location: the extreme desert weather, the mountain vistas, the incarceree-created rock gardens, the reconstructed barracks, guard tower, and barbed wire fence, and the cemetery/monument. I bring together concepts from ecocriticism and from affect theory—particularly Ben Anderson's “affective atmospheres,” Sianne Ngai's “tone,” and Sara Ahmed's characterization of affect as “sticky”—and develop the notion of affective agency to describe the impacts generated by environments and objects at this national memory site. I assess how the visual and written rhetoric at the site addresses what I call an implied tourist, and I show how powerful emotions of shame, anger, grief, and compassion—and sometimes, mixed, even contradictory, affects—are not only represented in visual and written rhetoric but are also, in a sense, communicated by the environment itself. More broadly, I suggest that ecocritical theory brings a useful lens to discussions of public memory, and that affect theory helps account for the less tangible, visceral, experiences visitors have at Manzanar and other fraught historical sites, as well as within our everyday environments.

The development of emotion concepts: A story superiority effect in older children and adolescents

Contrary to traditional assumptions, young children are more likely to correctly label someone’s emotion from a story that describes the causes and consequences of the emotion than from the person’s facial expression. This story superiority effect was examined in a sample of older children and adolescents (N=90, 8–20years) for the emotions of fear, disgust, shame, embarrassment, and pride. Participants freely labeled the emotion they inferred from a story describing a cause and consequence of each emotion and, separately, from the corresponding facial expression. In each of five age groups, the expected emotion label was used for the emotion story significantly more than for the corresponding facial expression (except for pride). The story superiority effect is strong from childhood to early adulthood and opens the door to new accounts of how emotion concepts develop.

Kyrgyzstan's dark ages: framing and the 2010 hydroelectric revolution

Prior to the 2010 overthrow of Kyrgyzstan's government, there were tangible signs of popular dissatisfaction with the ruling Bakiev regime. Beginning in spring 2008, electricity shortages and forced restrictions became a daily reminder of the government's ineptitude, corruption and regional vulnerability. This article reports the results of a survey and interviews conducted in 2009–10. The results reveal how popular perceptions of energy and water supply shaped the average Kyrgyzstani's frustration with the ruling regime in the year before the revolution. The paper explores how the Bakiev administration attempted to frame the electricity crisis in nationalistic and naturalized ways, and how this framing only partly resonated and created mismatch with daily lived experiences and widespread suspicions of corruption in the hydroenergy sector. Ultimately, this mismatched framing generated collective emotions of shame and blame, creating the context for revolution.

The Attribution Approach to Emotion and Motivation: History, Hypotheses, Home Runs, Headaches/Heartaches

In this article the history of the attribution approach to emotion and motivation is reviewed. Early motivation theorists incorporated emotion within the pleasure/pain principle but they did not recognize specific emotions. This changed when Atkinson introduced his theory of achievement motivation, which argued that achievement strivings are determined by the anticipated emotions of pride and shame. Attribution theorists then suggested many other emotional reactions to success and failure that are determined by the perceived causes of achievement outcomes and the shared characteristics or dimensions of causality. The article outlines the hypothesized dimensional antecedents of a number of self- and other-directed achievement-related emotions following success (admiration, apprehension, confidence, disliking, envy, gratitude, liking, pride, and surprise) and failure (anger, guilt, helplessness, hope, hopelessness, pity, regret, Schadenfreude, scorn, shame, surprise, and sympathy). Motivational consequences of emotions also are highlighted.

Guilt, shame, and psychopathology in children and adolescents.

The self-conscious emotions of guilt and shame are typically experienced in situations in which some moral standard is violated and this transgression is visible to other people [1]. While guilt and shame share similar features, evidence has accumulated indicating that both emotions also show some critical differences. That is, whereas guilt is concerned with a negative evaluation of a specific behavior (‘‘I did that wrong’’), shame pertains to a negative evaluation of the global self (‘‘I did that wrong’’). Thus, in guilt the person is feeling regret and remorse over the bad thing done, wishing that he had behaved differently, and thinking of how he could undo the harm. In contrast, shame is typically characterized by a feeling of inferiority and worthlessness, leading to a desire to escape or to disappear [1, 2]. These differences also become manifest in the functionality of both emotions: guilt motivates reparative behavior by making apologies and engaging in attempts to fix the situation, while shame motivates defensive and avoidance behavior, possibly serving as an innate mechanism of communicating submission [3]. Although guilt and shame primarily are functional and adaptive in nature, it has also become clear that some people display an excessive proneness to experience these self-conscious emotions, which means that they strongly dominate the person’s affective, cognitive and behavioral responding. In other individuals, guilt and shame are so weakly present that that their adaptive function is no longer realized, and so morally inacceptable behaviors are no longer corrected or repaired. Not surprisingly, such dysregulations of self-conscious emotions have been associated with various types of psychopathology. Research has shown that shame is positively related to a wide range of psychological problems including aggression, depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and personality pathology. The relation between guilt and psychopathology is more ambivalent, but in general the literature is indicating that this self-conscious emotion is only maladaptive when it is experienced in a ruminative way or fused with feelings of shame [1]. Otherwise, the prevailing notion is that guilt plays an important role in the development of empathy and conscience and thus prevents the occurrence of socially problematic behaviors such as aggression and delinquency [4]. So far most research on guilt and shame and psychopathology has been conducted in adult populations. In the meantime it is clear that rudimentary forms of these selfconscious emotions start to emerge during toddlerhood as a result of socialization processes and gradually develop and differentiate during further childhood as a result of cognitive maturation. Muris and Meesters [5] identified 22 studies that examined the relation between guilt and shame and psychological problems in children and adolescents. Overall, this research revealed a highly similar pattern of results as documented in the adult literature. That is, data generally indicated that shame was positively related to internalizing as well as externalizing symptoms, which confirms the notion that dysregulation of this self-conscious emotion should be viewed as a vulnerability factor for various types of psychopathology. In contrast, guilt was found to be negatively linked to externalizing symptoms, which is in keeping with the idea that this self-conscious emotion protects against the development of such problems. In spite of these encouraging results, Muris and Meesters concluded that ‘‘research on the relationships P. Muris (&) Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands e-mail: peter.muris@maastrichtuniversity.nl

Reading Robert and beyond: Narrative analysis of the story of a sexually abused Catholic man

This article seeks to contribute to the understanding of what is at stake in counselling religious male victims of sexual abuse. We analyse the narrative of �Robert�, a sexually abused Roman Catholic man who later committed suicide. We focus on issues that concern many sexually abused males, such as talking and relationships, agency and responsibility, emotions of guilt, shame and anger, sexual identity, God-talk and God-images. In terms of a triangulating case study, we then confront this narrative analysis with some biographical elements gathered from other sources, from which we complement and critique the analysis.

Body-related self-conscious emotions relate to physical activity motivation and behavior in men.

The aim of this study was to examine the associations between the body-related self-conscious emotions of shame, guilt, and pride and physical activity motivation and behavior among adult males. Specifically, motivation regulations (external, introjected, indentified, intrinsic) were examined as possible mediators between each of the body-related self-conscious emotions and physical activity behavior. A cross-sectional study was conducted with adult men (N = 152; Mage = 23.72, SD = 10.92 years). Participants completed a questionnaire assessing body-related shame, guilt, authentic pride, hubristic pride, motivational regulations, and leisure-time physical activity. In separate multiple mediation models, body-related shame was positively associated with external and introjected regulations and negatively correlated with intrinsic regulation. Guilt was positively linked to external, introjected, and identified regulations. Authentic pride was negatively related to external regulation and positively correlated with both identified and intrinsic regulations and directly associated with physical activity behavior. Hubristic pride was positively associated with intrinsic regulation. Overall, there were both direct and indirect effects via motivation regulations between body-related self-conscious emotions and physical activity (R(2) shame = .15, guilt = .16, authentic pride = .18, hubristic pride = .16). These findings highlight the importance of targeting and understanding self-conscious emotions contextualized to the body and links to motivation and positive health behavior among men.

Transforming emotion schemes in emotion focused therapy: a case study investigation

This research involved a qualitative single-case study, observational design aimed at examining and potentially refining the State-transitional model of emotional processing of distress model, of emotion transformation in psychotherapy in delineating the stages of emotion transformation within and across Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) sessions for depression that produced effective outcomes. The model assumes that the client initially presents with undifferentiated emotions, but gradually becomes increasingly able to differentiate the underlying painful emotions of shame, fear, and associated unmet needs. Eventually through therapy, the client becomes capable of accessing more adaptive states such as self-soothing and protective anger. The study examined video recordings of sixteen sessions of EFT, conducted with a female Caucasian participant that met criteria for major depressive disorder. Using the State-transitional model of emotional processing of distress model as the base for qualitative analysis, moment-to-moment shifts in client affective-meaning states, emotional arousal and emotional productivity were examined. Overall the model of emotional processing was found to be compatible with the sequence of emotions and the process of change, with some suggested refinements to the model, relating to this case. These refinements involve the highlighting of behavioral and emotional avoidance that contributed to the lack of emotional processing. They further highlight loneliness as 25 a distinct feature of the core pain.

Neon Nightz

Abstract: Neon Nightz examines paradoxical notions of worship and intimacy in the sacred yet profane places in which we explore the ideologically linked emotions of desire and shame. It asks the question, is the strip club so different from the holy confession? When oppression, rather than necessity, is viewed as the mother of invention, what do people invent to subvert its tyranny? It brings together female archetypes that are simultaneously revered and reviled and exposes the myths used to typecast women and the modern applications of religious allegory. It reveals what happens when The Virgin meets The Whore without interference of the masculine saviours who both contrive and condemn them. What happens when the whore speaks for herself, refuting what Louis Althusser would deem the imaginary relationships forced on the real conditions of her existence? If we took this concept, and refused to present it through coy symbolism but insisted on an application where “whored” bodies were also front and centre, we would have to see these spaces for all their complexities.