Successful Emotion Regulation Research Articles

Neurocognitive Predictors of Emotion Regulation Success in Mid-to Late-Life Depression

Neurocognitive Predictors of Emotion Regulation Success in Mid-to Late-Life Depression

Individual differences in interpersonal emotion regulation: What makes some people more (or less) successful than others?

AbstractPeople vary in the effectiveness with which they can change the way that others feel, yet we know surprisingly little about what drives these individual differences in interpersonal emotion regulation success. This paper provides a framework for describing ‘success’ in interpersonal emotion regulation and synthesizes extant theory and research regarding how personality and cognitive ability relate to interpersonal emotion regulation success. In doing so, our review brings together work from several related fields to offer an integrative framework to generate and guide future research that aims to understand why some people are proficient at influencing the emotions of others and why some are not, often suffering additional unintended consequences, such as diminished work or relationship success.

The influence of acute stress exposure on cognitive reappraisal: a psychophysiological study

Successful and efficient emotion regulation (ER) is a key mechanism for mental health. However, acute stress may impact the ability to cognitively regulate negative emotions due to its immediate effects on executive functioning. Based on previous studies, we expected that the time at which ER is tested after a stressor might have a decisive influence, with impairments in ER being more pronounced immediately after stress as compared to a later post-stress phase. To investigate such a time-dependent effect of stress on ER, we investigated 50 healthy adults (26 female) who were exposed to either the Trier Social Stress Test (n = 25) or a control condition (n = 25). Afterwards subjects conducted a cognitive ER task during which they were instructed to either regulate (cognitive reappraisal) or passively view neutral and negative visual stimuli. The ER task was divided into an early (0–20 minutes) and a late post-stress phase (20–40 minutes). Salivary cortisol and α-amylase were assessed as markers of the neuroendocrine stress response. Self-reported emotional state, the mean activity of the late positive potential measured via electroencephalogram (EEG), and corrugator electromyographic activity (EMG) were used as indices of ER. While the groups did not differ in the early post-stress phase, our results suggest a stress-related impairment in ER in the late post-stress phase. This effect was evident in all ER outcome variables (subjective rating, EEG, and EMG data). These results suggest a time-specific stress effect on cognitive reappraisal, which would have implications for reappraisal as a possible stress management technique.

Three facets of emotion regulation in old and very old age: Strategy use, effectiveness, and variability.

The ability to regulate emotions in stressful situations is an important building block for high well-being across the lifespan. Yet, very little is known about how old and very old adults regulate their emotions. In this study, 123 young old adults (Mage = 67.18, SD = 0.94) and 47 very old adults (Mage = 86.70, SD = 1.46) were prompted 6 times a day for 7 consecutive days to report both their stressors and 10 emotion regulation strategies. Overall, there was little indication of age differences in the use of emotion regulation strategies during exposure to stressors, but very old, as compared with young old, individuals used three of the 10 strategies considered here more intensively. The 10 emotion regulation strategies were similarly effective across age groups based on their association with perceived overall emotion regulation success. We also did not find age group differences in within-strategy variability, defined as the variation in using a given strategy across stressor situations. By contrast, between-strategy variability, defined as the selective use of fewer rather than many strategies across stressor situations, was lower for very old participants. Only between-strategy, and not within-strategy, variability contributed to overall emotion regulation success. There was no age group difference in this regard. Taken together, the evidence suggests small age differences in emotion regulation if at all. This is noteworthy given the advanced age of the very old subsample in this study and the deficits in multiple domains of functioning reported in the literature for this advanced age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Emotion Regulation Frequency and Self-Efficacy: Differential Associations with Affective Symptoms

Successful emotion regulation is a critical component of mental health, and difficulties with emotion regulation have been associated with a wide range of disorders, including anxiety and depressive disorders. However, although much is known about commonly used forms of emotion regulation such as cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, the relative contribution of two important facets of emotion regulation—frequency and self-efficacy—is not yet clearly established. To address this issue, we conducted two studies. Study 1 employed a community sample (cross-sectional N = 431; 4- to 5-month longitudinal N = 182). Study 2 employed a clinical sample (cross-sectional N = 132). Both assessed emotion regulation frequency and self-efficacy, as well as affective outcomes (anxiety and depressive symptoms). Findings indicated cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy appears to be a relevant variable understanding negative affect outcomes, cross-sectionally, longitudinally and in the clinical sample. Our findings support the process model of emotion regulation in affective symptomatology. Implications for theory and treatment are discussed.

Does interpersonal emotion regulation effort pay off?

Interpersonal emotion regulation shapes people's emotional and relational experiences. Yet, researchers know little about the regulation processes that influence these outcomes. Recent works in the intrapersonal emotion regulation space suggest that motivational strength, or effort, people invest in regulation might be the answer. We applied this motivated approach for the first time in the interpersonal space-looking at both intrinsic and extrinsic forms of interpersonal emotion regulation-in order to identify the potential emotional and relational outcomes of putting effort into regulating one's own emotions through others, and regulating others' emotions. In daily diary (N = 171) and experience sampling (N = 239) studies, we examined participants' interpersonal emotion regulation behaviors and socioemotional experiences in everyday social interactions over the course of 1 week. These methods allowed us to examine effort at both momentary and person levels. We found that people who habitually put in more intrinsic effort to feel better through others felt worse overall. People also felt worse on occasions when they put in more effort to extrinsically help others feel better, although at the person level extrinsic effort was associated with higher interaction quality. Together, our findings suggest that interpersonal emotion regulation success is not simply a matter of trying hard. This observation opens new research avenues to investigate the interplay of different factors that determine when, and for whom, investing effort in interpersonal emotion regulation pays off. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Infant regulatory problems and the quality of dyadic emotional connection—a proof-of-concept study in a multilingual sample

Background and aimsClose autonomic emotional connections with others help infants reach and maintain homoeostasis. In recent years, infant regulatory problems (RPs, i.e., crying, sleeping, and feeding or eating problems) have surged. This study has two aims: (1) Provide proof-of-concept that dyadic autonomic emotional connection between infants and parents can be reliably assessed with a brief screening, irrespective of language and culture. (2) Assess in a heterogeneous pilot sample whether the persistence of RPs during infancy is negatively associated with the quality of dyadic autonomic emotional connection.Methods30 children aged 3–68 months (47% female) and their parents (83% mothers) were assessed during regular neonatal follow-up visits in Germany. Seven (23%) dyads were immigrants whose primary language was not German. At each assessment, paediatricians asked parents about infant's crying, sleeping, and feeding or eating problems. Dyadic interactions were rated by a multilingual team with the standardised universal Welch Emotional Connection Screen (uWECS) on four dimensions (attraction, vocalisation, facial communication, sensitivity/reciprocity).ResultsAim 1: An international team of raters was trained remotely to rate the uWECS. Reliability of α > .90 with standard raters was achieved irrespective of language mismatches (i.e., all raters scored several videos with languages they did not understand). Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) among five main raters for the four uWECS dimensions ranged from .98–.99. Aim 2: Infants (n = 15 assessed longitudinally) had mean RP scores of 1.20 (SD = 1.26). Dyads had mean uWECS scores of 7.06 (SD = 2.09). Linear regression analysis showed that more persistent RPs in infancy were associated with lower uWECS scores [β = -.53, 95% CI = (-1.47, -.18), p = .017], after controlling for child sex and gestational age.ConclusionThis study provides proof-of-concept that the quality of mutual autonomic emotional connection among socio-culturally and linguistically heterogeneous samples can be reliably assessed with the uWECS, a brief screening that can be easily implemented in clinical practice. Pilot data suggests that persistent RPs during infancy are negatively associated with the quality of dyadic autonomic emotional connection. Replication of these findings in larger samples is warranted. Future studies need to address how to facilitate successful emotion regulation for today's children and future generations.

The role of emotion beliefs in depression, anxiety, and stress

ABSTRACT Objective Beliefs about the controllability and usefulness of emotions may influence successful emotion regulation across multiple emotional disorders and could thus be influential mechanisms in long-term mental health outcomes. However, to date there has been little empirical work in this area. Our aim was to fill this gap, by examining the links between emotion beliefs and common emotional disorder symptoms. Specifically, we examined whether emotion beliefs can account for significant variance in depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and explored which profiles of emotion beliefs might characterise each of these symptom categories. Methods A sample of 948 Australian university students completed self-report measures of emotion beliefs and emotional disorder symptoms. Results A path analysis indicated that emotion beliefs accounted for a modest but significant 11%, 12%, and 9% of the variance in depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, respectively (ps < .001). A latent profile analysis revealed six different profiles of combinations of emotion beliefs and emotional disorder symptom levels, collectively reinforcing the transdiagnostic relevance of emotion beliefs across each symptom category. Conclusions Overall, our results indicate the importance of considering emotion beliefs in conceptualisations of depression, anxiety, and stress, and suggest that emotion beliefs may be a useful assessment and treatment target.

EMOTION REGULATION SUCCESS IN A LABORATORY TASK IN YOUNG ADULTS AND COGNITIVELY DIVERSE OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Age is associated with declines in cognitive resources viewed as important for emotion regulation, and older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are expected to experience difficulty with emotion regulation. The present study examines how providing support through emotion regulation instructions might contribute to improved emotional well-being using different indices of emotion regulation success. Young adults (age 21–34, n = 66) and older adults with MCI (age 70–84, n = 60) and cognitively normal older adults (age 70–84, n = 90) completed a laboratory task in which they viewed high-arousal negative emotional film clips under instructions to regulate prohdonically (a) using any emotion regulation strategy, and (b) using an instructed strategy based on condition: distraction or reappraisal. We examined three indices of emotion regulation success: self-perceived emotion regulation success, self-reported experience of the target emotion, and behaviorally-coded expression of the target emotion. Overall, there were no group differences in experience or expression, but older adults with MCI perceived that they regulated with less success compared with younger adults and cognitively normal older adults. Younger adults reported experiencing less of the target negative emotion on instructed versus self-selected strategy trials, whereas older adults with MCI expressed less of the target negative emotion on instructed versus self-selected strategy trials. Findings suggest that younger adults and older adults with MCI might benefit more from support with regulating emotions compared with cognitively normal adults, who are theorized to have expertise in this domain.

RECENT ADVANCES IN ASSESSING AGE DIFFERENCES IN AFFECT DYNAMICS

Abstract Affective experiences are inherently dynamic and short-term changes in affect offer important insights into well-being. Changes in the processes underlying affect dynamics, namely, affect reactivity and regulation, are often invoked as explanations for age-related stability or enhancement of well-being. However, previous evidence for age differences in affect dynamics is inconsistent. In this symposium, we leverage theory-based approaches and cutting-edge statistical tools to gain a deeper understanding of how individuals manage daily affect. Wirth and colleagues investigated age differences in affect reactivity and regulation, using a formalized theoretical approach to affect dynamics. Their results indicated complex, multi-directional age differences in reactivity and regulation. Neupert and Graham focused on the idea that perception of time remaining in life plays a key role in age differences in affect dynamics. Feeling closer to death was related to lower positive and higher negative affect. These relations were particularly pronounced in older adults. Wolfe and colleagues investigated age-differential associations between cognitive capacities and affect regulation preferences. Their results indicated that cognitive capacities affected regulation preferences mostly in middle-aged rather than older adults. Mikkelsen and colleagues related affect regulation patterns to well-being in an age-diverse sample. Their findings indicated that older adults exhibit less variation in regulation strategy use and that regulation effectiveness was less important for well-being in older adults. The discussion will center on the value of considering age-related similarities and differences in affect dynamics, age-relevant factors for successful emotion regulation, and the contexts that might influence affect dynamic processes.

AGE DIFFERENCES AMONG WITHIN-PERSON INDICATORS OF STRESS AND DEPRESSION

Abstract Although older adults tend to regulate their emotions and resist stress better than midlife or younger adults (Charles &amp; Carstensen, 2007), research suggests that when older adults do negatively react to stress they may have more difficulty recovering (Charles, 2010). Research reveals that various indicators of stress relate to greater depression – even suggesting that stress causes the depression (van Praag, 2004). Individual perceived stress (PS) as well as perceived stress reactivity (PSR) influence how stress impacts well-being (Folkman et al., 1986). Thus, we examined age differences in the within-person relationships among PS, PSR, and depression, and potential causal determinants of depression with a longitudinal mediation model. We used data from 572 participants in the Notre Dame Study of Health &amp; Well-being (M(age) = 59.77; sd(age) = 14.22) who completed two to four waves of yearly assessments. Sequentially built multilevel models, in which year was nested within person, illustrated that only midlife adults experience an exacerbated effect of within-person fluctuations in PSR on the relationship between within-person PS and depressive levels (gamma41 = -0.004, p &amp;lt; .01). The longitudinal mediation model revealed that PSR at Time 2 mediated the relationship between PS at Time 1 and Depression at Time 3. Findings suggest that older adults illustrate successful emotion regulation strategies at the yearly level --resisting the negative ramifications of years of greater PS and PSR, whereas midlife adults who experience years of greater PSR would particularly benefit from stress management interventions and monitoring of depressive levels.

COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF MANAGING STRESS AND UNWANTED EMOTION SUCCESSFULLY IN OLD AGE

Abstract The ability to cope with stressors and manage unwanted emotion is central to health-related outcomes across adulthood. Prominent models of adult development suggest there may be age-related shifts in motivational strivings and accumulated knowledge that help support emotional well-being in old age. At the same time, older adults have cognitive and physical vulnerabilities that may offset some of these strengths. This session will showcase new work leveraging experimental and experiencing sampling methods to examine how people of varying ages and resource levels manage their emotions. These studies provide new insights into how older adults respond to stressors and adverse stimuli in controlled settings and daily life contexts. The first talk centers on how individuals are negatively impacted by cognitive stressors regardless of age, but older adults show more resilience than younger adults after stressor exposure. The second talk focuses on how a cognitive process known as affective labeling (or naming one’s emotions) can create emotion regulation difficulties, especially in old age. The third talk examines emotion regulation success and the benefits of instructional support for cognitively normal older adults compared to those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The fourth talk extends this work by tracking emotion regulation motives in daily life, showing that cognitively diverse older adults report fewer attempts to manage their emotions, but similar reasons for doing so, compared to relatively younger adults. Together these presentations delineate age-related similarity and differences in emotion regulation, highlighting avenues through which coping capacity may be maintained and improve in late life.

Specific emotion regulation difficulties and executive function explain the link between worry and subsequent stress: A prospective moderated mediation study

BackgroundWorry is a transdiagnostic risk factor for stress-related mental health complaints such as anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Although worry may function as a form of avoidance of unwanted emotions and accordingly interfere with adaptive emotion regulation, the specific domains of emotion regulation that are perturbed by excessive worry to confer risk for stress-related symptoms are unclear. Further, it is unknown if cognitive control mechanisms that underlie successful emotion regulation influence the effect of worry on stress. The present study addressed these gaps in the literature by examining specific emotion regulation difficulties as mediators of the relationship between worry and subsequent stress, as well as executive function as a moderator of the mediated effects. Method656 community adults were assessed for trait worry, emotion dysregulation, stress, and executive dysfunction once per month for three months (time 1 – time 3). ResultsThe effect of worry (time 1) on subsequent stress (time 3) was partially mediated by difficulties with emotional clarity and difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior when upset (time 2) after controlling for age, gender, and baseline stress. Moderated mediation models revealed that the indirect effect of worry on stress via difficulty with goal-directed behavior was significantly moderated by executive dysfunction, such that fewer executive function difficulties acted as a buffer against the harmful effects of worry. LimitationsLimitations include reliance on self-report measures, lack of experimental manipulation, and a nonclinical sample. ConclusionsFindings point to specific domains of emotion regulation as treatment targets for individuals with high worry proneness.

Perceived stress moderates emotion regulation success in real-world contexts: an ecologically-valid multilevel investigation

ABSTRACT Background Emotion regulation plays a crucial role in well-being in everyday life. Effective emotion regulation depends upon adaptively matching a given strategy to a given situation. Recent research has begun to explore these interactions in the context of daily reports of perceived stress, affect, and emotion regulation strategy usage. To further understand these differences in strategy efficacy in an ecologically valid context, we examined responses to real world stressors in a young adult sample. Methods We surveyed a range of emotion regulation strategies, including two forms of cognitive reappraisal (i.e., reinterpretation, which involves cognitively reframing one’s emotional responses, and psychological distancing, which involves adopting an objective, impartial perspective). Participants reported strategy usage, momentary perceived stress, and affect in response to multiple ecological momentary assessments over a period of 7 days. Results Analyses of links between strategy usage and affect revealed that rumination was significantly negatively associated with more positive affect ratings. Further, a significant interaction between momentary perceived stress and reinterpretation usage was observed on affect, such that reinterpretation was more adaptive during situations perceived as less stressful. Conclusion These results provide further insight into the importance of situational context in determining the effectiveness of particular emotion regulation strategies.

Neural Markers of Emotion Reactivity and Regulation Before and After a Targeted Social Rejection: Differences Among Girls With and Without Suicidal Ideation and Behavior Histories

BackgroundSuicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) are common among adolescent girls and increase risk for suicide death. Emotion regulation difficulties are linked with STBs, particularly in response to targeted social rejection. However, neural correlates of this link have not been investigated and may identify novel targets for interventions. Here, we examined neural correlates of emotion regulation before and after an experimentally delivered targeted social rejection in adolescent girls with STBs and girls without STBs (i.e., control participants). MethodsGirls (N = 138; age range, 9–15 years; mean [SD] age = 11.6 [1.79] years) completed a functional neuroimaging emotion regulation task. In the middle of the task, participants were socially rejected by an unfamiliar confederate whom the participants had elected to meet. Participants also completed a multimethod STB assessment. ResultsBefore rejection, girls with a history of STBs, compared with control participants, showed greater activation in the right superior frontal gyrus when passively viewing negative stimuli, and girls with suicidal behavior (SB) versus those without SB showed less activation in the right frontal pole during emotion regulation attempts. Following the rejection, girls with STBs, compared with control participants, showed greater activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus during emotion regulation. ConclusionsBefore social rejection, girls with SB versus without SB may not activate brain regions implicated in emotion regulation, suggesting a vulnerability to poor regulation at their baseline emotional state. After social rejection, girls with any history of STBs showed altered activation in a brain region strongly associated with inhibition and emotion regulation success, possibly reflecting increased effort at inhibiting emotional responses during regulation following stress exposure.

Distinguishing Emotion Regulation Success in Daily Life From Maladaptive Regulation and Dysregulation.

This paper aims to motivate research on emotion regulation success in naturalistic settings. We define emotion regulation success as achieving one's emotion regulation goal and differentiate it from related concepts (i.e., maladaptive regulation and dysregulation). As goals vary across individuals and situations, it is insufficient to conceptualize emotion regulation success as maximizing positive affect and minimizing negative affect. Instead, emotion regulation success can be measured through novel approaches targeting the achievement of emotion regulation goals. In addition to utilizing novel data analytic tools (e.g., response surface analyses), future research can make use of informant reports and observing ambulatory behavior or physiology. Considering emotion regulation goals when measuring daily emotion regulation success has the potential to answer key questions about personality, development, and mental health. People differ in how they want to feel in daily situations (e.g., excited) and why they want to feel that way (e.g., to make others feel better), depending on factors such as culture or age. Although people manage their emotions to reach these goals, most research assessing emotion regulation success has not taken individual goals into account. When assessing if people successfully regulate their emotions, most research in daily life has been focused on whether people feel more positive or less negative. To help study emotion regulation success in a more thoughtful and inclusive way, we propose a new approach to conceptualizing emotion regulation success that incorporates individual differences in what motivates people to regulate and discuss future research directions and applications.

Contextual variations in emotion polyregulation: How do regulatory goals shape the use and success of emotion regulation strategies in everyday life?

Emotion regulation strategies are frequently combined within one emotional episode, a phenomenon labeled emotion polyregulation. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of studies examining which regulatory strategies are commonly combined across different contexts and how effective these combinations are in everyday life. Targeting this research gap, the present ecological momentary assessment study modeled emotion polyregulation and its success for contexts of (a) downregulation, (b) upregulation, and (c) maintenance goals in N = 321 adults. The endorsement and success of 15 different emotion regulation strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation were measured 5 times a day for 7 days. Multilevel factor analyses revealed that individuals tend to combine different regulatory strategies depending on the activated regulatory goal: When examining downregulation, four factors best described the combined use of regulatory strategies: Situation Modification, Repetitive Processing, Emotional Avoidance, and Interpersonal Regulation. In contrast, three-factor models characterized emotion polyregulation for upregulation (Emotional Acceptance, Repetitive Processing, and Interpersonal Regulation) and maintenance goals (Unspecific Regulation, Emotional Acceptance, and Interpersonal Regulation). Moreover, multilevel structural equation modeling revealed that the success of emotion polyregulation is goal-dependent. While combining interpersonal and situation modification strategies was related to beneficial outcomes for downregulation goals, acceptance-based strategies were most strongly associated with emotion regulation success in situations of upregulation and maintenance. These results add to a more complex understanding of emotion regulation in daily life and highlight the necessity of broadening the focus of emotion regulation research to examine emotion polyregulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Childhood maltreatment and emotion regulation in everyday life: an experience sampling study

Childhood maltreatment is a major risk factor for psychopathology, and increasing evidence suggests that emotion regulation is one of the underlying mechanisms. However, most of this evidence comes from single assessments of habitual emotion regulation, which may not overlap with spontaneous emotion regulation in daily life and which fail to account for within-individual variability in emotion regulation across multiple contexts. In the present study, we investigated the relation between history of childhood maltreatment, positive and negative affect, and multiple dimensions of spontaneous emotion regulation (strategy use, emotion regulation goals, emotion regulation success and effort) in everyday life, using experience sampling method (3 assessments/day, for 10 consecutive days), in a sample of healthy volunteers (N = 118). Multilevel modeling results indicated that childhood maltreatment was associated with lower positive affect and higher negative affect. Childhood maltreatment was also related to lower use of reappraisal and savoring (but not suppression, rumination and distraction), reduced emotion regulation success (but not effort), as well as lower levels of and higher within-individual variability of hedonic (but not instrumental) emotion regulation goals. These results provide ecological evidence for multiple differences in emotion regulation in individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment.

How to Improve Others’ Emotions: Reappraise and be Responsive

People often try to improve others’ emotions. However, it is unclear which interpersonal emotion regulation strategies are most effective and why. In 121 candid dyadic conversations between undergraduate students via video conferencing, target participants recounted a stressful event to regulator participants. Three strategies used by regulators during these conversations to change targets’ emotions were obtained from the regulator after the conversation: extrinsic reappraisal, extrinsic suppression, and extrinsic acceptance. Perceived regulator responsiveness was obtained from targets to examine the social consequences of extrinsic emotion regulation and its mediating role in successful extrinsic emotion regulation. We found that regulators’ extrinsic reappraisal use was associated with improved target emotions measured across two distinct classes of outcomes: targets’ emotions during the conversation and targets’ perception that the regulator improved their emotions. Regulators’ extrinsic suppression and acceptance, in contrast, were not related with improved target emotions or perceptions of improvement. Instead, all extrinsic regulatory strategies were associated with improved targets’ emotions when mediated by targets’ perceptions of regulator responsiveness. Finally, observer-ratings of regulators’ extrinsic reappraisal and suppression use were found to be consistent with regulators’ self-ratings and follow the same pattern of results on the outcome measures. These findings provide insight into why the social regulation of emotions can succeed or fail and hold implications for interventions aimed at guiding people toward more successfully improving others’ emotions.

Reappraising reappraisal: an expanded view

ABSTRACT Reappraisal is a frequently used and often successful emotion regulation strategy. However, its underlying cognitive mechanisms are not well understood. In this paper, we seek to clarify these mechanisms by expanding upon our recently proposed reAppraisal framework. According to this framework, reappraisal consists of appraisal shifts that arise from changes to the mental construal of a situation (reconstrual) or from changes to the goals that are used to evaluate the construal (repurposing). Here we propose that reappraisal can target both object-level construals and goals representing states in the environment as well as meta-level construals and goals about different states in the mind. We also propose that reappraisal can operate by facilitating decommitment from a dominant construal or goal as well as by facilitating commitment to alternative construals or goals. We demonstrate that the 2 × 2 × 2 matrix formed by crossing the three distinctions between reconstrual and repurposing, between object-level and meta-level representations, and between decommitment and commitment operations forms a useful map of different reappraisal tactics. We draw examples of each of the 8 reappraisal tactics from basic and clinical research. We conclude by considering future research inspired by the expanded reAppraisal framework.