Emotion Regulation Profile Research Articles

Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic factor in eating disorders and gambling disorder: Treatment outcome implications.

BackgroundA first approach addressed to ascertain whether emotion regulation (ER) could be a transdiagnostic construct between eating disorders (EDs) and gambling disorder (GD) (through a joint clinical clustering analysis of both disorders) was performed by Munguía et al. (2021). Both conditions were represented by a severe, moderate, and low ER profile subgroups, according to the degree of ER difficulties. Results showed a linear relationship between the severity of ER difficulties and the severity of the disorder and the psychopathological state.AimsBased on the aforementioned cross-sectional study, the objective of this longitudinal research was to explore the treatment response of the different ER subgroups.Methods459 adult patients (n = 277 ED; n = 182 GD) were included. Several clinical variables, as well as outcome indicators (after completing 16 weeks of cognitive-behavioral therapy), were evaluated.ResultsThe three subgroups found in the previous cross-sectional study were taken for the performance of the present research. ED and GD distribution in each subgroup replicates the one exposed by Munguía et al. (2021), as well as their characterization, considering psychopathology, disorder severity and personality traits. The low ER subgroup reported a better response to treatment, whereas the severe group had the highest rates of non-remission and dropouts.ConclusionsOur results suggest that greater difficulties in ER lead to poorer treatment outcomes. Therefore, tailored treatments for patients with poor ER abilities would be recommended to improve adherence and treatment outcomes.

Emotion regulation profiles of development of depressive symptomatology: a longitudinal study.

Introduction:COVID-19 pandemic has had a psychological impact on the eldest population. The aim is to analyse whether there are differences depending on the emotional regulation profile shown by a group of older people 6 months before the pandemic and the depressive symptomatology of these people at the same time, during home confinement and 8 months later. Method:Longitudinal study, sample of people over 65, three evaluation measures: WAVE1 (6 months before COVID-19,N=305;M=73.63;58.9% women), WAVE2 (house confinement;N=151;M=73.14;59.6% women) and WAVE3 (8 months later;N=91;M=72.62;64.70% women). We measured depressive symptomatology (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) and nine emotional regulation strategies (CERQ-S; Garnefski et al., 2001; Carvajal et al., 2020), with which 3 clusters were preset (after dendogram inspection and K means analysis). Three mean difference analyses (one-factor ANOVA) were performed taking as factor profiles and as outcomes variables depression in each wave. Results:profile 1, people use adaptive cognitive-emotional regulation strategies; profile 2, those with low levels of strategies (adaptive and maladaptive); profile 3, high scores in maladaptive strategies. Statistically significant differences between profiles 1 and 3, in the pre-confinement depression variable (F'2,91=6.18;p=.00) and during confinement (F'2,91=4.02;p=.02). Profile 3 higher depressive symptomatology (x̄1=17.16;x̄2=16.80) than 1 (x̄1=8.41;x̄2=9.65). Differences between profile 1 and 2 and 3 in depression 8 months after confinement (F’2,91=4.02;p=.02). Profile 1 lower levels of depression (x̄3=98.00) than 2 (x̄3=15.78) and 3 (x̄3=14.20). Profiles explain 12.3%, 8.4% and 12.5% of the depression variance in each wave. Conclusions:a "protected profile" (1), a "medium-term vulnerable profile" (2) and a "vulnerable profile" (3) to the development of depressive symptomatology.

Identifying and validating emotion regulation latent profiles and their relationship with affective variables.

We investigated and validated the presence of emotion regulation profiles in an adult sample. In a cross-sectional study, 1165 individuals completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), and Following Affective States Test (FAST). Sample was divided into three to establish and validate emotion regulation profiles using a latent profile analysis. Sample 1 (n = 375) showed three different profiles: dysregulated, adapted, and unaware regulator. Sample 2 (n = 390) shows a consistent pattern with the same number of profiles that remained stable over time. In Sample 3 (n = 400), we validate and find that cognitive reappraisal and lack of awareness were essential to differentiating profiles. Three emotional regulation profiles differ due to the levels of positive/negative affect and the propensity to avoid/follow emotions, increasing the understanding of how different regulatory strategies interact and explain different outcomes with mental health.

Profiles of Emotion Regulation and Post-Traumatic Stress Severity among Female Victims of Intimate Partner Violence.

Emotional dysregulation is a construct that has drawn substantial attention as a transdiagnostic contributing factor to the loss of health. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a term used to describe physical, psychological, or sexual assault of a spouse or sexual partner. The aim of the study was to determine the variability of emotional dysregulation among women with different types of IPV revictimization and post-traumatic stress. The cross-sectional survey included 120 women attended by the Integrated Monitoring System of Gender Violence of Madrid, Spain, due to a gender violence complaint. The presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (DSM 5 criteria), emotional dysregulation (Emotional Processing Scale (EPS)), childhood trauma, and type of revictimization were evaluated. Cluster analysis found three profiles of emotional regulation: Emotionally Regulated, Avoidance/Non-Impoverished, and Emotional Overwhelm. The results showed that the Emotional Overwhelm group was characterized by a general dysregulation of emotional experiences and a greater intensity of post-traumatic stress symptoms. In addition, women who have suffered several episodes of IPV by different partners showed a differential pattern of emotional regulation than the rest of the victims that entailed greater psychopathology. Findings confirm that emotional dysregulation is a critical pathway to the decrease of health among IPV victims.

Emotion regulation in euthymic bipolar patients in Tunisia

IntroductionBipolar disorder is presumed to involve difficulties in emotion regulation. However, little is known about the specific emotion regulation profile associated with this disorder.ObjectivesTo study emotion regulation in bipolar patients in remission phase and to determine the factors correlated with it.MethodsA cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study of 30 patients followed for bipolar disorder in remission, at the psychiatric outpatient clinic at the Hédi Chaker University Hospital in Sfax. We used a socio-demographic and clinical data sheet and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) which assesses cognitive strategies (maladaptive and adaptive) for regulating emotion.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 43.77 years, the sex ratio was 0.5. Bipolar I disorder was diagnosed in 93% of patients. A good adherence to treatment was found in 86.7% of cases and a good social integration in 40%. The mean total score of the adaptive CERQ was 66.73 and the most used adaptive strategy was acceptation (mean score =13.87), while the mean total score of the maladaptive CERQ was 36.7 and the most used maladaptive strategy was self blame (mean score =9.47). Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation was predominant in 93.3% of patients. It was significantly correlated with good adherence to treatment (p = 0.047) and good social integration (p = 0.026).ConclusionsOur patients with euthymic bipolar disorder showed a satisfying level of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. A cognitive remediation seems important to embetter this capacity and improve the income of the disease.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Emotional regulation in eating disorders and gambling disorder: A transdiagnostic approach.

Background and aimsDifficulties in Emotion Regulation (ER) are related to the etiology and maintenance of several psychological disorders, including Eating Disorders (ED) and Gambling Disorder (GD). This study explored the existence of latent empirical groups between both disorders, based on ER difficulties and considering a set of indicators of personality traits, the severity of the disorder, and psychopathological distress.MethodsThe sample included 1,288 female and male participants, diagnosed with ED (n = 906) and GD (n = 382). Two-step clustering was used for the empirical classification, while analysis of variance and chi-square tests were used for the comparison between the latent groups.ResultsThree empirical groups were identified, from the most disturbed ER profile (Subgroup 1) to the most functional (Subgroup 3). The ER state showed a linear relationship with the severity of each disorder and the psychopathological state. Different personality traits were found to be related to the level of emotion dysregulation.Discussion and conclusionIn this study, three distinct empirical groups based on ER were identified across ED and GD, suggesting that ER is a transdiagnostic construct. These findings may lead to the development of common treatment strategies and more tailored approaches.

Profiles of Emotion Dysregulation Among University Students Who Self-Injure: Associations with Parent-Child Relationships and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Characteristics.

More research is needed to understand the different vulnerability profiles of university students who engage in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). This study sought to classify university students (n = 479; 83.8% female) aged 17-25 years (M = 18.77; SD = 1.42) who had engaged in NSSI within the past year into latent profiles based on their self-perceived difficulties in regulating both positive and negative emotions. Independent samples of students who had a past history of NSSI but had not self-injured within the previous year (n = 439; 82.9% females; Mage = 19.03, SD = 1.62) and who had no history of NSSI (n = 1551; 69.9% females; Mage = 19.02, SD = 1.55) were recruited for comparison purposes. Latent cluster analyses revealed three emotion regulation profiles within the NSSI sample-the Average Difficulties (47.4%), Dysregulated (33.0%), and Low Difficulties (19.6%) profiles-each of which differed meaningfully from both comparison samples on mean emotion regulation difficulties. Students across profiles also differed in their self-reported experiences with parents, particularly with fathers (pressure, antipathy, unresolved attachment, psychological control), and in the extent to which they felt alienated from parents. Lastly, students across profiles differed in the frequency, methods, functions, and addictive properties of their NSSI. Findings highlight that university students who self-injure experience distinct patterns of difficulties with emotion regulation, which are associated with variation in parent-child relational risk factors and NSSI outcomes.

Modeling individual differences in emotion regulation repertoire in daily life with multilevel latent profile analysis.

Emotion regulation (ER) repertoire-the range of different ER strategies an individual utilizes across situations-is assumed to enable more adaptive ER and greater well-being. ER repertoire has been operationalized by a quantitative index (sum of ER strategies across situations) or by applying a person-centered approach to global self-reports of dispositional ER. We aimed to assess ER repertoire in daily life by using an experience sampling methodology (ESM) and a person-centered approach that could account for nested data. We used multilevel latent profile analyses of ESM data (N = 179, 9-10 prompts per day over 21 days) to (a) group the occasions into latent profiles of momentary ER strategies, (b) group individuals whose distributions of ER profiles differed across occasions into latent classes, and (c) examine well-being correlates of class membership at the person level. At the occasion level, we identified nine ER profiles that differed in degree of use (e.g., no use of any vs. strong use of all strategies) and in specific combinations of strategies (e.g., situation selection and acceptance vs. suppression and ignoring). At the person level, we identified 5 classes of individuals differing in the degree to which they used various momentary ER profiles versus one predominant profile across situations. Well-being was highest for individuals who used multiple ER profiles of active strategies and lowest for individuals who used ER profiles focused on suppression. Hence, both ER repertoire width and the specific make-up of the ER repertoire were relevant for the relation between ER repertoire and well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Understanding bipolar disorder within a biopsychosocial emotion dysregulation framework

• On all levels of the emotion regulation model there are seemingly contradictory findings in BD, with evidence for a profile that is characterized by the tendency to upregulate positive affect, as well as a profile that tends to over-use downregulation strategies for both positive and negative affect. • These profiles could be characterized by different emotion regulation mechanisms, personality profiles and biological and psychological vulnerability factors. • Based on these findings we tentatively identify two emotion regulation profiles in BD (reflecting ‘approach’ and ‘avoidant’ behaviours respectively). Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood fluctuations and ongoing affective instability. Mechanisms involved in emotion regulation (ER) seem to be a contributing factor, however the nature and extent of these are not clear yet. The aim of the current review is to contribute to a comprehensive model that covers the full scope of the emotion regulation processes in BD, in order to understand the psychological mechanisms that could contribute to the onset of both manic and depressive states. To this end we review each stage (attentional, behavioural and cognitive processes) of the Process Model of Emotion Regulation in relation to the extant literature on mood or emotion-linked responses in BD. Additionally, potential vulnerability factors (e.g. biological, genetic, personality) for dysfunctional emotion regulation patterns are described. We conclude that on all levels of the emotion regulation model there are seemingly contradictory findings in BD, with evidence for a profile that is characterized by the tendency to upregulate positive affect, as well as a profile that tends to over-use downregulation strategies for both positive and negative affect. These profiles could be characterized by different emotion regulation mechanisms, personality profiles and biological and psychological vulnerability factors. Based on these findings we tentatively identify two emotion regulation profiles in BD (reflecting ‘approach’ and ‘avoidant’ behaviours respectively) and discuss clinical implications and different treatment approaches. To illustrate the latter, we present two clinical cases of both ER profiles and their different treatment approaches.

Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms among nurses exposed to workplace violence: a person-centered approach

Background Cognitive strategies are preferred among nurses who have limited opportunities in the workplace to use behavioral strategies to cope with negative life events. Aims To explore whether different cognitive emotion regulation profiles could be distinguished in nurses exposed to workplace violence, and to investigate whether such profiles had differential associations with depressive symptoms. Method An online survey was conducted among nurses exposed to workplace violence (N = 399). Latent profile analysis was performed to identify discrete profiles based on the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars method was applied to compare the latent profiles on the depressive symptoms. Results Seven latent profiles were identified: Low Regulators, Medium Regulators, High Regulators, Intensely Adaptive Regulators, Moderately Adaptive Regulators, Intensely Maladaptive Regulators, and Moderately Maladaptive Regulators. High Regulators had the highest level of depressive symptoms. Although using less adaptive strategies, Low Regulators did not report significantly more depressive symptoms than Medium Regulators, Intensely Maladaptive and Moderately Maladaptive Regulators. Conclusions The adaptability of cognitive emotion regulation strategies depends on the conjunction of different strategies one person has at his disposal. Cognitive emotion regulation skill training should focus on flexible implementation of strategies and decreasing use of maladaptive strategies.

Are coworkers getting into the act? An examination of emotion regulation in coworker exchanges.

Research on emotional labor-the process through which employees enact emotion regulation (i.e., surface and deep acting) to alter their emotional displays-has predominately focused on service-based exchanges between employees and customers where emotions are commoditized for wage. Yet, recent research has begun to focus on the outcomes of employees engaging in emotion regulation, and surface acting in particular, with coworkers. Given that coworker interactions are qualitatively distinct from those with customers, we build on the emotional labor and emotion regulation literatures to understand why such acts of emotion regulation occur in coworker-based exchanges, and whether there are well-being and social capital costs and/or benefits for doing so. Across 3 complementary studies spanning over 2,500 full-time employees, we adopt a person-centered approach and demonstrate that four distinct profiles of emotion regulation emerge in coworker exchanges: deep actors, nonactors, low actors, and regulators. Further, our results suggest that certain employees are driven to regulate their emotions with coworkers for prosocial reasons (deep actors), whereas others are more driven by impression management motives (regulators). Our results also suggest that while nonactors and deep actors similarly incur well-being benefits (i.e., lower emotional exhaustion and felt inauthenticity), deep actors alone experience social capital gains in the form of higher receipt of help from coworkers, as well as increased goal progress and trust in their coworkers. Combined, our research delineates the motives that drive emotion regulation with coworkers and identifies when such regulatory efforts yield social capital gains for employees. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

A Lifespan Perspective on Emotion Regulation Repertoires at the Workplace

Emotion regulation at work has received considerable attention in recent years. According to lifespan-psychological theory and research, aging is associated with improvements in emotion regulation. Nevertheless, results regarding better emotion regulation strategy use with age in the organizational aging literature have been inconsistent. In the present study, we aim to reconcile some of these divergent results by studying emotion regulation strategies at the repertoire level as opposed to investigating the use of single strategies, and by investigating the role of work conditions as contextual affordances of these emotion regulation strategies. Using a sample of 980 participants, we first identified five work-related emotion regulation latent profiles and examined their associations with well-being outcomes. Second, using configural frequency analysis, we found that overall, emotion regulation profiles that were positively associated with well-being were more (less) likely to be afforded in favorable (unfavorable) working conditions, which calls into question the hypothesis of emotion regulation as a buffer to occupational demands. Third, older workers were more likely to be members of emotion regulation profiles that were positively associated with well-being, thereby replicating the older-age advantage in emotion regulation in the work context. Interestingly, older workers’ emotion regulation strategy use seemed more stable across all work contexts than younger workers’ strategy use, which points to the need for more research regarding younger workers’ responses to work conditions. Keywords: Emotion regulation; age; latent profile analysis; well-being; job design

Emotion Regulation, Impulsivity, and Personality Profile Among Egyptian Patients With Substance Use Disorders

Objectives: Emotion regulation deficits and impulsivity and personality profile as well play a role in the development and maintenance of substance use disorder (SUD). We aimed to examine the emotion regulation and both impulsivity and personality profile among patients with SUDs and its correlates. Patients and Methods: One hundred male patients with SUDs were selected from the inpatient and outpatient departments compared with 100 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and education. Structured Clinical Interview for the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (SCID-I); Temperement and Character Inventory, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Version 11 (BIS-11); and Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS) were used. Results: Emotional repair was significantly lower in cases compared with control group (P<0.05). Novelty seeking was significantly higher in patients with substance use. Meanwhile, cases had significantly lower scores in harm avoidance and persistence (P<0.01). In addition, cases showed significantly higher total, motor, attention, and nonplan scores of BIS compared with the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between attention to feeling, clarity of feeling, and repair of mood, and motor, attention, nonplan, and total scores of BIS. Meanwhile, there was a negative correlation between emotional repair and novelty seeking, harm avoidance, persistence, and self-transcendence. Conclusion: Deficits in emotional repair correlated with certain personality traits and impulsiveness may place individuals at more risk for SUD and are important variables to attend for proper management of SUD patients.

Investigating the relationship between distinctive patterns of emotion regulation, trauma exposure and psychopathology among refugees resettled in Australia: a latent class analysis

ABSTRACT Background: Emotion regulation difficulties are common among individuals from refugee backgrounds. Little is known, however, about whether there are specific patterns relating to the types of emotion regulation strategies commonly employed by refugees, nor how this relates to psychopathology. Moreover, wider literature on emotion regulation has primarily focused on examining specific emotion regulation strategies in isolation, rather than patterns of emotion regulation across multiple strategies. Objective: The current study was the first to identify individual differences in patterns of habitual emotion regulation among refugees, and explore their unique associations with trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. Method: Levels of trait reappraisal and suppression were measured among 93 refugees, using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the White Bear Suppression Inventory. A latent class analysis was conducted to identify distinct classes of participants based on differing levels of habitual engagement in reappraisal and suppression. The association between class membership and key variables indexing refugee experiences (e.g. trauma exposure) and psychopathology (e.g. PTSD symptoms and emotion dysregulation) were also examined. Results: Latent class analysis revealed three distinct profiles of habitual emotion regulation: a high regulators class (55.7%; high trait reappraisal/high trait suppression), an adaptive regulators class (23.6%; high trait reappraisal/moderate trait suppression), and a maladaptive regulators class (20.6%; low trait reappraisal/high trait suppression). Each class evidenced unique relations with trauma exposure and psychopathology. Compared to adaptive regulators, maladaptive regulators had more PTSD symptoms, experienced greater emotion dysregulation, and were more likely to be female, while high regulators had experienced more types of traumatic events. Conclusions: This study identified distinct patterns of emotion regulation among refugees. Our findings demonstrate the importance of measuring multiple strategies to uncover patterns of emotion regulation and better understand the links between emotion regulation and psychopathology, which has important implications for the development of effective treatment with traumatized refugees.

Coping with stressful life events: Cognitive emotion regulation profiles and depressive symptoms in adolescents.

Cognitive strategies that adolescents use to cope with negative emotions might show distinct profiles of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, which could be differentially associated with depressive symptoms. In total, 411 Dutch adolescents who had experienced at least one stressful life event that required some coping strategy participated in this study, including 334 nonclinical and 77 clinically depressed adolescents (12-21 years). A person-centered approach with Latent Profile Analysis was used to identify underlying profiles of cognitive emotion regulation based on the adolescents' reports of their use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies when they were confronted with stressful life events. Nine different strategies, five adaptive and four maladaptive, were used as indicators. Four profiles with distinct features were found in the nonclinical sample, as well as in the combined sample of nonclinical and clinically depressed adolescents: Low Regulators, High Regulators, Maladaptive Regulators, and Adaptive Regulators. In both samples, the High Regulators profile was most commonly used, followed by the Adaptive, Maladaptive, and Low Regulators profile. Maladaptive Regulators endorsed higher levels of depressive symptoms relative to Low, High, and Adaptive Regulators. The findings underscore the utility of using a person-centered approach in order to identify patterns of cognitive emotion regulation deficits in psychopathology.

A Transdiagnostic Examination of Self-Regulation: Comparisons Across Preschoolers with ASD, ADHD, and Typically Developing Children

The purpose of the current study was to identify profiles of self-regulation across executive functioning (EF) and emotion regulation (ER) and examine profiles’s impact on treatment outcomes. Participants included 100 preschoolers (Mage = 4.73, 75% Male, 79% Hispanic) including 37 with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ASD+ADHD), 32 with ADHD-only, and 31 typically developing children. Parents and teachers reported on children’s EF, ER, ASD, and ADHD symptoms. Children were administered an EF battery and observed for ER during a frustration task. Children participated in an intensive behavioral summer treatment program (STP-PreK) aimed at improving school readiness across behavioral, academic, and self-regulation domains. Latent profile analyses produced 4 profiles: (a) Low ER and EF Deficits, (b) High ER Deficits, (c) High EF Deficits, and (d) Moderate ER and EF Deficits. ASD and ADHD symptoms predicted lower membership probability within the Low ER and EF Deficits Profile and higher membership probability within the Moderate ER and EF Deficits Profile. However, only ASD symptoms predicted membership within the High EF Deficits Profile. Only ADHD symptoms predicted membership within the High ER Deficits Profile. Even after accounting for diagnostic symptoms, profile membership was predictive of treatment response across behavioral and academic domains. Children in the High EF Deficits Profile experienced the largest gains. Results highlight the specificity of self-regulation deficits within and across diagnoses. Self-regulation profiles demonstrated clinical utility in predicting treatment response above traditional symptom based classifications, providing evidence for the use of transdiagnostic approaches.

Profiles of Cognitive Emotion Regulation and their Association with Emotional Traits

espanolRESUMEN Existe un creciente interes en la investigacion de las relaciones entre diferentes estrategias de regulacion de la emocion y sus sintomas u otros rasgos emocionales. Este estudio considera estos tipos de estrategias como disposiciones personales en relacion con otros factores, en un esfuerzo por identificar diferentes perfiles de regulacion de la emocion cognitiva y analizar su capacidad para predecir el impacto positivo y negativo, rasgos emocionales (ansiedad e ira) y sintomatologia depresiva. Los participantes fueron 350 individuos (50% hombres) con una edad media de 35.69 (SD = 7.5). Los metodos de analisis de datos empleados fueron cluster, analisis discriminante y comparacion de medias. Encontramos aspectos idiosincrasicos que sugieren la existencia de diversos estilos cognitivos de regulacion emocional. Estos estilos se diferencian por su mayor o menor frecuencia en el uso de estrategias consideradas en la literatura como “mas adaptativa” o “menos adaptativa” (los perfiles “protector” y “vulnerable”), siendo la reevaluacion positiva la estrategia que mejor distingue el perfil de regulacion emocional de cada persona. EnglishABSTRACT There is increasing research interest in the relationships between different emotion regulation strategies and symptoms or other emotional traits. This study considers these types of strategies as personal dispositions in relation to other factors, in an effort to identify different cognitive emotion regulation profiles and analyze their predictive capacity for positive and negative affect, emotional traits (anxiety and anger), and depressive symptomatology. Participants were 350 individuals (50% men) with a mean age of 35.69 (SD = 7.5). The data analysis methods employed were cluster, discriminant analyses, and comparison of means. We found idiosyncratic aspects suggesting the existence of diverse cognitive styles of emotional regulation. These styles would be differentiated by greater or lesser frequency in the use of strategies considered in the literature as “more adaptive” or “less adaptive” (the “protector” and “vulnerable” profiles), positive reappraisal being the strategy that best distinguishes between individuals as regards their emotional regulation profile.

Profiles of Emotion Regulation in Young People Accessing Youth Mental Health and Drug Treatment

Deficits regulating emotions are a core process underlying both substance use and mental health disorders. Research has focused on identifying one-to-one associations between individual emotion regulation (ER) strategies and mental health symptoms. Consequently, little is known about how patterns of ER relate to a broad range of psychopathology, in treatment seeking young people. Latent class analysis was used to examine patterns of ER strategies and their relationship with symptoms of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, substance use and borderline personality disorder, in a sample of young treatment seekers. Participants were young people (N = 306, M = 20.8 years) accessing youth advocacy and support or mental health services in Australia. Participants recalled an emotionally-arousing event experienced when on their own and indicated their use of 14 possible ER responses in an online questionnaire. Symptoms of mental health and substance use were measured. The LCA identified three distinct classes of ER responses: Ruminators/avoiders (n = 76), active regulators (n = 81), and low regulators (n = 129). The ruminators/avoiders endorsed the most severe symptom picture across all disorders except alcohol use. Within this cohort, distinct patterns of ER responding had unique relationships with symptoms of psychopathology. The deleterious impact of heightened maladaptive ER strategies (rumination and avoidance) in the absence of adaptive strategies was highlighted.

Establishment and replication of emotion regulation profiles: implications for psychological health

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives: A promising method of capturing the complex nature of emotion regulation is to assess composite profiles of regulation (i.e., default pattern of regulation across multiple strategies). However, it remains unclear whether regulatory profiles demonstrate consistency across samples and in relation to mental health. Design: Two studies are presented here. Both utilized a cross-sectional design, and the second study presents a replication of the first. Method: Both studies utilized self-report data from independent undergraduate samples to perform latent profile analyses of emotion regulation use. Results: Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated evidence for four replicable regulatory profiles: Adaptive, Accepting (with or without Suppression), Non-accepting, and Maladaptive. Profiles were also related to symptoms of depression and anxiety, such that those consistently relying on adaptive strategies reported lower symptoms than those relying more heavily on maladaptive strategies. Conclusions: These findings clarify previous work which tied regulatory profiles to psychological health by extending a person-centered approach to understanding the ways in which individuals regulate their emotions.

Two new brief versions of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and its relationships with depression and anxiety

The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) (Garnefski, et al., 2001) is a 36-item instrument for measuring cognitive strategies of emotional regulation. There is a brief, 18-item version that measures the same nine strategies as the full version (Garnefski and Kraaij, 2006a). The aim of this study was to develop a brief form of the CERQ, taking into account two different proposals: a 27-item and an 18-item instrument, the latter focusing solely on the assessment of the two general factors obtained in the second-order structure of the original CERQ model and identified in previous studies as adaptive strategies and less adaptive strategies. Participants in the study were 872 individuals aged 18-58 (mean 33.86, SD=8.43). The confirmatory factor analyses yield adequate overall indices in both versions, together with satisfactory validity. In the discussion, it is argued that the 27-item version is more appropriate for the specific rating of the nine regulation strategies people employ, and we propose the 18-item version as a suitable instrument in clinical context for an overall rating of an individual’s cognitive emotion regulation profile, furthermore, the criterion validity with depression and anxiety keeps similar to the larger versions.