Emotion Regulation In Patients Research Articles

Emotional regulation through second language use in dementia

AbstractBackgroundCognitive reserve has been linked to bilingualism, yet the mechanisms are still unknown. Older bilinguals have been shown to benefit from cognitive advantages (Bak et al., 2014), but could dual language use affect emotional processing? Second language use has been shown to facilitate implicit emotional regulation (Morawetz 2017), and thus be a therapeutic tool in treating trauma (Dewaele and Costa 2013), and diminishing levels of distress associated with memories encoded in one’s mother tongue (Dylman and Bjarta 2018). As some dementia patients are unable to control the intensity of their affects, could a second language be employed as a means of emotional continence?MethodWe had three participants with dementia take the Thematic Apperception Test (T.A.T.), a projective personality test, in French, their mother tongue, and in English, their second language. The T.A.T involves telling stories about emotionally charged images, and responses are measured in terms of rigidity, emotional flexibility, conflict avoidance, and primary processes. The participants’ stories were recorded and transcribed, and scored by calculating the percentage of neurotic, borderline, and psychotic defense mechanisms employed.ResultAs a function of the language used, the participants’ scores differed. Most strikingly, the stories told for some of the images were more complex in English than in French. In their non‐dominant tongue, two participants were able to express more disturbing themes such as rivalry, crime, and sexuality, while these topics were avoided in their mother tongue. Finally, for two participants, a more positive interpretation was given to the last card, a blank white image, when described in English as opposed to its description in French.ConclusionThis exploratory study provides some support for the use of a second language as a means of emotional regulation in patients living with dementia. It is interesting in the light of cognitive reserve in older adults, as the use of a second language could potentially have a beneficial effect on cognition and delay the onset of dementia (Bialystok et al., 2004). Moreover, using a second language could also be advantageous from a psychological standpoint, facilitating the verbalization of negative emotions, and changing one’s perspective.

Prefrontal Lobe and Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder by Using Standardized Weighted Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography.

Background: The differences in brain activity between patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy adults have been confirmed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG). The prefrontal lobe and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) are related to emotional regulation in patients with MDD. However, the high cost and poor time resolution of fMRI and PET limit their clinical application. Recently, researchers have used high time resolution of standardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (swLORETA) to investigate deep brain activity. This study aimed to convert raw EEG signals into swLORETA images and explore deep brain activity in patients with MDD and healthy adults. Methods: BrainMaster EEG equipment with a 19-channel EEG cap was used to collect resting EEG data with eyes closed for 5 min. NeuroGuide software was used to remove the EEG artifacts, and the swLORETA software was used to analyze 12,700 voxels of current source density (CSD) for 139 patients with MDD and co-morbid anxiety symptoms (mean age = 43.08, SD = 13.76; 28.78% were male) and 134 healthy adults (mean age = 40.60, SD = 13.52; 34.33% were male). Deep brain activity in the frontal lobe and PCC at different frequency bands was analyzed, including delta (1–4 Hz), theta (5–7 Hz), alpha (8–11 Hz), beta (12–24 Hz), beta1 (12–14 Hz), beta2 (15–17 Hz), beta3 (18–24 Hz), and high beta (25–29 Hz). Results: There was lower delta and theta and higher beta, beta1, beta2, beta3, and high-beta activity at the prefrontal lobe (dorsal medial prefrontal cortex [dmPFC], ventral medial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC], and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex [dlPFC], ventral lateral prefrontal cortex [vlPFC], orbital frontal cortex [OFC]) and PCC in MDD patients compared with healthy adults. There was no significant difference in alpha activity between the two groups. Conclusion: This study indicates brain hyperactivity in the right prefrontal lobe (dlPFC and vmPFC) and PCC in patients with MDD with co-morbid anxiety symptoms, and the dlPFC and PCC were also related to emotion regulation in MDD. Inhibiting high-beta activity or restoring delta and theta activity to the normal range in the right frontal lobe and PCC may be possible in z-score neurofeedback protocols for patients with MDD in future studies.

Neuroimaging of emotional dysregulation in multiple sclerosis: relationship with alexithymia

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) often show alexithymia, but the brain mechanisms underlying this emotional disorder remains unknown. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate alterations of emotion processing and emotion regulation in patients with MS, and their relationships with alexithymia. Nineteen MS patients with minimal disability and twenty healthy control (HC) participants took part in this cross-sectional study. During fMRI, participants viewed scenes conveying negative or positive emotions, and were asked to rate the intensity of their emotional state (1) after spontaneous viewing and (2) after emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal). Self-reported questionnaires targeting alexithymia and other affective disorders were collected, in addition to functional and anatomical MRI. We compared brain activity and functional connectivity between each group during emotion processing and reappraisal. Moreover, we performed correlation analyses between affective questionnaire scores, subjective emotion ratings, brain activity, and structural integrity. Results showed a higher rate of alexithymia in MS patients. Globally, subjective ratings of emotional state were similar between MS and HC during both spontaneous perception and reappraisal. However, in both task conditions, the MS group showed increased responses to emotional scenes in the orbital inferior frontal gyrus, compared with controls. Moreover, during the reappraisal of negative scenes, these regions displayed increased functional connectivity with the amygdala, whose activity was positively correlated with alexithymia severity in MS. Our findings suggest a direct relationship between alexithymia and a lack of down-regulation of amygdala activity in response to negative emotions during reappraisal in MS. Moreover, they highlight compensatory mechanisms in minimally disabled MS patients, recruiting fronto-striatal circuits, which may serve to preserve homeostasis of amygdala activity and affective state.

The association between pragmatic language impairment, social cognition and emotion regulation skills in adolescents with ADHD

Objective Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with significant pragmatic language impairment and theory of mind deficits, but there are only a handful of studies have investigated the relationship between them in these conditions. This study aimed that investigate two different aspects of Theory of Mind (ToM) (ToM decoding and reasoning), pragmatic language impairment, and emotion regulation in patients with ADHD. Method Seventy adolescents with ADHD were compared to matched 64 healthy controls. We administered Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Kiddie-SADS, Conners Parent Rating Scale, Children’s Communication Checklist-2 (CCC-2), Faux Pas, Comprehension Test, and Reading Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) to all study participants. Results The CCC-2 scores were found to be statistically significantly higher in the ADHD group than in healthy controls. ADHD group had lower performance in the Faces Test and RMET compared to healthy controls, which did not survive from false discovery rate correction. We also found that CCC-2 performance and Conners scores were significant predictors of social responsiveness. Conclusion Our results point to widespread impairment in pragmatic language use and communication from many perspectives. These results might be important to understand the difficulties in social functioning and interpersonal relationship in adolescents with ADHD. Key points ADHD is associated with significant impairment in pragmatic language use and social cognitive functions. ToM-Decoding (RMET) is impaired much more than ToM-Reasoning (Faux Pas) in ADHD. Pragmatic language skills and severity of ADHD may be significant predictors of social responsiveness. Emotion regulation problems may affect communication and pragmatic language use.

Effects of Mindfulness Training on Emotion Regulation in Patients With Depression: Reduced Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation Indexes Early Beneficial Changes.

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been found to be a promising approach for the treatment of recurrent courses of depression. However, little is known about their neural mechanisms. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study set out to investigate activation changes in corticolimbic regions during implicit emotion regulation. Depressed patients with a recurrent lifetime history were randomized to receive a 2-week MBI (n = 16 completers) or psychoeducation and resting (PER; n = 22 completers). Before and after, patients underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while labeling the affect of angry, happy, and neutral facial expressions and completed questionnaires assessing ruminative brooding, the ability to decenter from such thinking, and depressive symptoms. Activation decreased in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in response to angry faces after MBI (p < .01, voxel-wise family-wise error rate correction, T > 3.282; 56 mm3; Montreal Neurological Institute peak coordinate: 32, 24, 40), but not after PER. This change was highly correlated with increased decentring (r = -0.52, p = .033), decreased brooding (r = 0.60, p = .010), and decreased symptoms (r = 0.82, p = .005). Amygdala activation in response to happy faces decreased after PER (p < .01, family-wise error rate corrected; 392 mm3; Montreal Neurological Institute peak coordinate: 28, -4, -16), whereas the MBI group showed no significant change. The dlPFC is involved in emotion regulation, namely, reappraisal or suppression of negative emotions. Decreased right dlPFC activation might indicate that, after the MBI, patients abstained from engaging in elaboration or suppression of negative affective stimuli; a putatively important mechanism for preventing the escalation of negative mood.Trial Registration: The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02801513; 16/06/2016).

The Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Psychological Flexibility and Emotional Regulation in Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Patients with spinal cord injuries suffer from some psychological problems, such as inadequate emotional regulation and flexibility for adapting to the post-injury condition. In this regard, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) can improve psychological flexibility and emotional regulation. Objectives: The main goal of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of ACT in improving psychological flexibility and emotional regulation in patients with spinal cord injuries. Methods: This quasi-experimental design study was based on a pretest-posttest method with a control group. The study population consisted of all patients with spinal cord injury referred to Jalaeipour Rehabilitation Center in Tehran. The study sample included 30 patients with spinal cord injury selected by the purposive sampling method. The inclusion criteria were patients aged 20 to 55 years, residing in Tehran, and with at least a high school diploma. The injury duration varied between one and five years, and the injuries were thoracic and lumbar injuries and an intermediate score of psychological flexibility and emotion regulation. The exclusion criteria were patients with cervical spinal cord injuries, as well as patients who were simultaneously receiving another psychological treatment together with the subjects who suffered from brain damage. Patients were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups based on random numbers. There were 15 patients in each group. The intervention group received ACT during eight sessions (1.5-hour group therapy) held once a week at Jalaeipour Rehabilitation Center in Tehran (2018), while the control group received routine care. Dennis and Vander Wal’s cognitive flexibility inventory (CFI) and Gross and John’s emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) were completed before and one week after the intervention. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: There was a significant difference in demographic indicators between the two groups. Based on MANCOVA with the baseline score, the mean scores of psychological flexibility and emotion regulation had a significant difference regarding the results of ACT between the experimental and control groups (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: According to the findings, ACT can improve psychological flexibility and emotional regulation in patients with spinal cord injuries.

Biological Stress Indicators based on Perceived Stress mediated by Emotional Regulation among Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Structural Equation Modeling

Background: Cancer is a disorder in the rate of cell proliferation and differentiation that can occur in any tissue of the body and at any age, and attacking healthy tissues of the body causes severe disease and consequently death.Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the structural equations of biological indicators of stress based on perceived stress mediated by emotional regulation in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.Methods: In terms of research method, this research is descriptive-correlational research of structural equation type. The statistical population of the present study included all patients with gastrointestinal cancer who were referred to Reza Medical Center-Mashhad and Ibn Sina Hospital-Tehran and were diagnosed with this disease based on the patient's file. The sample of this study included 250 people from the mentioned community, which was done using a non-random and available sampling method. Data in this study were obtained using the Perceived Stress Scale, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Biological Indicators of Stress. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling and Pearson correlation using SPSS.22 and AMOS.22 software. Results: The results showed that perceived stress (β=-0.37, p <0.001) directly emotional regulation. Also, emotional regulation (β=0.54, p <0.001) had a direct effect on biological stress indices. Emotional regulation played a mediating role in the relationship between perceived stress and biological stress indices (RMSEA:0.001; AGFI:0.93).Conclusion: It can be concluded that the structural model of biological indicators of stress in patients with gastrointestinal cancer based on perceived stress mediated by emotional regulation has a good fit.

A Serious Game to Improve Emotion Regulation in Treatment-Seeking Individuals With Gambling Disorder: A Usability Study.

Background: Serious games have shown positive results in increasing motivation, adherence to treatment and strengthening the therapeutic alliance in multiple psychiatric disorders. In particular, patients with impulse control disorders and other disorders in which the patient suffers from inhibitory control deficits (e.g., behavioral addictions) have been shown to benefit from serious games.Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and to evaluate the usability of a new serious videogame, e-Estesia. This serious videogame was designed to improve emotion regulation in patients with gambling disorder (GD). Preliminary results from a pilot sample are also reported.Method: A pilot sample of 26 patients undergoing treatment for GD was recruited (ranging from 22 to 74 years, mean = 41.2 and SD = 12.9; 80.8% men). Participants used e-Estesia on a tablet, which was connected to a thoracic band that sent heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) data to the videogame platform in order to provide biofeedback. The System Usability Scale was completed by patients to determine the usability of e-Estesia.Results and Discussion: e-Estesia performed comparatively well for all the explored groups (i.e., sex, age, and online vs. offline gambling: mean usability score = 83.8, SD = 13.1). Around 84.6% of the patients endorsed that it was easy to use. Female patients with GD presented higher HRV during the use of the serious videogame compared to men.

Acute Effects of a Single Bout of Walking on Affective Responses in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder.

Exercise programs are considered an effective (add-on) treatment option for depressive disorders. However, little is known about the acute effects of exercise on affective responses in in-patient settings. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a single 30-min bout of walking on affective responses to a passive control condition in patients with major depressive disorder during treatment in a mental health center. In total, 23 in-patients were exposed to two conditions (duration: 30 min) using a within-subject design: an exercise (light–moderate walking outdoors) and a passive control condition (sitting and reading). Affective responses were assessed based on the Circumplex Model in four phases: pre, during, post, and two hours following the conditions. The main results include a significantly larger pre–post increase in energetic arousal in the exercise condition compared to the control condition, p = 0.012, ηp² = 0.25, but no significantly different pre–follow-up change between conditions, p = 0.093, ηp² = 0.12. Negatively valenced affective responses showed significantly stronger pre–post decreases after the exercise condition compared to the passive control condition, p < 0.036, ηp² > 0.18. Positively valenced affective response activity showed a pre–post increase in the exercise condition and a pre–post decrease in the passive control condition, p = 0.017, ηp² = 0.23. The higher-activated, positively valenced immediate response of light- to moderate-intensity walking may serve as an acute emotion regulation in patients with major depressive disorder and provide a favorable state for adherence to exercise programs.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Emotional Schema Therapy on Emotion Regulation of Individuals with Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms

Abstract Introduction: Due to the prevalence of Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms (OCS), it seems that actions should be taken to prevent its recurrence. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Schema Therapy (ST) and Emotional Schema Therapy (EST) on the emotion regulation of patients with OCS. Method: This semi-experimental study was carried out on 24 patients with OSC in three groups of ST (n=8), EST (n=8) and control (n=8) in Mashhad, Iran. The intervention groups received individual EST and ST Sessions. The data were collected by Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (MOCAI) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) in four stages of pre-test, post-test, one and three months follow up. The MANOVA test was utilized to analyze data. Results: During the above stages, the mean score of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal subscales fell and soared significantly in the EST group, respectively (p <0.05). There was a significant difference between the groups of intervention and control in terms of the average total obsessive-compulsive score and its sub-scales except for the slow sub-scales during all three stages after the intervention, one month later and three months later (p <0.05). Conclusion: Although both ST and EST methods had an effect on the improvement of emotion regulation and OCS, the EST was more effective on improving emotion regulation. Therefore, it is recommended to consider EST with a larger sample size in people with OCS.

An experimental study on the effectiveness of emotion regulation in patients with acute delusions

BackgroundPatients with psychotic disorders report to apply more maladaptive and less adaptive emotion-regulation (ER) strategies compared to healthy controls. However, few studies have used experimental designs to investigate the success in ER and the results of those at hand are equivocal. AimThis study investigated whether patients with delusions show problems in downregulating negative affect via cognitive ER-strategies. MethodPatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and acute delusions (n = 78) and healthy controls (n = 41) took part in an ER-experiment, in which they were instructed to downregulate anxiety and sadness via three ER-strategies (reappraisal, distraction, acceptance) or not to regulate their emotions (control-condition). ER-success was measured as the change in subjective emotion-intensity and physiological indicators (skin conductance and heart rate) from before to after regulation and was analyzed with mixed-repeated-measures ANOVAs. ResultsWe found a significant effect of the ER-strategy in the sense that the subjective emotion-intensity was significantly lower after applying the reappraisal- and distraction-strategies than after the just view-condition (p's < .001). This effect was not found for the acceptance strategy (p = .060). There was no ER-strategy ∗ time ∗ group interaction-effect F(4.918, 575.416) = 0.778, p = .564, ƞ2partial = 0.007. In all conditions, skin conductance decreased from pre- to post regulation (p < .001). ConclusionOur results indicate that patients with acute delusions can successfully apply cognitive ER-strategies. Before pursuing the relevant clinical implications of this finding, further research is needed to explore the role that the type of instruction has on ER-success and the extent to which the findings can be generalized to real life settings.

The Effect of Quantitative Electroencephalography-Based Neurofeedback Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, and Emotion Regulation in People with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

Introduction:Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders that has significant adverse effects on social functioning, occupational/academic performance, and daily living. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Quantitative Electroencephalography (QEEG)-based Neurofeedback (NFB) therapy on anxiety, depression, and emotion regulation of people with GAD.Methods:This research is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test/follow-up design and a control group. The study participants were 29 college students with GAD living in Zanjan City, Iran, who were selected using a convenience sampling method. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n=15) and control (n=14). The protocol of NFB therapy was designed based on the QEEG method. The intervention group received QEEG-based NFB therapy for 8 weeks (20 sessions, 2 sessions per week, each session for 45 min), while the control group received no intervention. The samples were surveyed and measured by using a 7-item GAD scale, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS), and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID) before and after the intervention and then at a 3-month follow-up. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software V. 22 using univariate ANCOVA and repeated measures ANOVA.Results:The within-subjects effect of time (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up) was statistically significant (P=0.031). The intervention group showed significant changes in the post-test and follow-up phases in comparison with the control group. The anxiety and depression levels of patients reduced significantly (P=0.001), and their emotion regulation improved (P=0.001) after the intervention, and they remained unchanged in the follow-up period.Conclusion:QEEG-based NFB therapy can reduce anxiety and depression and improve emotion regulation in patients with GAD.

Emotion regulation in patients with cardiovascular disease: development and validation of the stress and anxiety regulation strategies scale (STARTS)

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: Anxiety and stress influence the onset and prognosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but little is known about what CVD patients do when experiencing stress/anxiety. This study aimed to identify the behavioral strategies CVD patients use to regulate these emotions. Design: Instrumental and longitudinal. Methods: A theoretically-guided scale, the Stress and Anxiety Regulation Strategies (STARTS), was developed considering the target population’s characteristics. CVD patients were recruited at three different points (N T1 = 721, N T2 = 566, N T3 = 311). Results: At T1 exploratory factor analysis was conducted (random sample 1). The validity of the most parsimonious three-factor solution was subsequently found via confirmatory factor analysis at T1 (random sample 2), T2, and T3, revealing good and stable model fit. The factors represented strategies differentiated by the type and level of activity required (passive, intellectual, and physical strategies). The scale showed good test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Correlation and regression analyses with positive and negative affect, psychological wellbeing (stress, anxiety, depression), and cardiac self-efficacy provided evidence for the validity of STARTS score. Physical and passive strategies showed opposite patterns. Conclusions: The scale shows adequate psychometric properties for assessing the strategies used by CVD patients to regulate stress and anxiety.

P.048 Alterations of emotional regulation in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and cyclothymia: differential characteristics and clinical implications

P.048 Alterations of emotional regulation in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and cyclothymia: differential characteristics and clinical implications

Difficulties in Emotional Regulation in Patients After Traumatic Brain Injury

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on individuals’ ability to regulate emotions.

A randomized clinical trial of metacognitive therapy and nortriptyline for anxiety, depression, and difficulties in emotion regulation of patients with functional dyspepsia.

Functional Dyspepsia (FD) as a psychosomatic disorder is an upper gastrointestinal tract disease without organic pathogenesis causes. The psychopathological nature of this disease and its high correlation with anxiety and depression implies the need for psychological interventions. The purpose of the present study is to compare the efficacy of Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) and medication for the symptoms of anxiety, depression, and difficulties in emotion regulation in patients with FD. In a randomized clinical trial, 65 patients with FD were recruited during their visit to gastroenterology clinics. These patients were randomly assigned to three groups to receive MCT, nortriptyline treatment, and controls. They were treated for 10 weeks and followed up three months later. The instruments used in this study were Hamilton anxiety and Depression Rating Scale (HAM-A and HDRS) and difficulties in emotion regulation scale. The results were analyzed using repeated measure analysis by SPSS (19- IBM). Data analysis showed statistically significant differences in the variables of depression, anxiety among MCT, nortriptyline treatment, and controls at pre-test, post-test and follow-up phases. Moreover, MCT had a better and more persistent effect on anxiety compared to nortriptyline treatment, as well as a better efficacy in treating anxiety and depression symptoms compared to the controls. MCT demonstrated better efficacy in treating anxiety symptoms compared to nortriptyline treatment and controls.

Impact of Emotion Regulation in Patients Suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Objective: To investigate the impact of self-management intervention on the effectiveness of emotional regulation in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Pulmonology Department of Jinnah hospital Lahore in Collaboration with community medicine department for Six months duration from March 2018 to August 2018. 86 consecutive chronic COPD patients were diagnosed in the stable phase. 43 patients in each group were divided into a control group and a randomized observation group. In the control group, the continuous feeding mode outside of a conventional hospital and an enhanced guide to self-care programs in the observation group (information about the disease, breathing exercises, emotions, home oxygen therapy, medication technique, healthy life behaviors and deteriorating action plans) were used to compare differences in results.&#x0D; Results: For six-month follow-up visits, personal hygiene behavior, physical education, cognitive symptoms and management of medical care results, and observation groups in both groups were more visible and the differences were statistically significant (p &lt;0.05); Self-regulation of emotions regulation in two groups was increased, including positive effect, deterrence / anguish, anger / irritation and total results. In addition, the extent of growth in the observation group was clearer and the differences were statistically significant (p &lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: intervention of the self-monitoring program can improve the self-control behavior of patients with COPD and is important for improving the effectiveness of regulation and prediction of emotions.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Music Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Quality of Life, Craving and Emotion Regulation in Patients Under Methadone Maintenance Therapy

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Music Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Quality of Life (QoL), craving, and emotional regulation in patients under methadone maintenance therapy. Methods: The method of the study was quasi-experimental and multi-group pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population consisted of all clients treated with methadone maintenance therapy in addiction treatment clinics affiliated with Tehran Health Organization in 2018. Then 54 people of whom (18 in each group) were selected through purposeful sampling in two experimental groups (Music-Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) and a control group was included. The data was collected using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Quality of Life Questionnaire, and Craving Questionnaire. The ANCOVA was used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that both Music Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Improved the QoL, emotion regulation in the experimental group compared to the control group and significantly reduced craving (P&lt;0.01). The results of the follow-up test showed that the mean scores of the experimental groups in the study variables were significantly different from the control group. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between the treatment groups in terms of their effect on the QoL and negative cognitive emotion regulation so that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was more effective in regulating negative emotions and enhancing the QoL but there was no significant difference in regulating for positive emotions and reducing craving. These results suggest that both treatments significantly increase the QoL, emotional regulation, and it reduces craving.

Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Components of Cognitive Emotion Regulation among Patients with Anxiety Disorder

Introduction: Health anxiety is a broad cognitive disorder that is formed as a misconception about the symptoms and physical changes resulting from a personchr('39')s beliefs about illness or health. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in cognitive emotion regulation components in patients with an anxiety disorder. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out with a three-group pretest-posttest design. The study population included individuals referring to Bavar and Bamdad counseling centers located in Sari, Iran, in 2019. A sample size of 45 participants was selected using nonrandom sampling (i.e., targeted and voluntary sampling). The measurement tool used was Emotional Cognitive Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefsky and Craig; 2006). Multivariate analysis of covariance and univariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data by SPSS software (version 22). Results: The obtained results of the present study showed that schema therapy and ACT were effective in cognitive emotion regulation in patients with an anxiety disorder (P&lt;0.001). The ACT was more effective than schema therapy in the reduction of blaming others (P&lt;0.0001) and focus on catastrophe (P&lt;0.010) and increase of positive refocus (P&lt;0.012). There was no significant difference in other emotional regulation components between the groups (P&gt;0.05). Conclusions: Considering the role of beliefs and thoughts in the anxiety disorder, it is suggested that therapists consider schema therapy and ACT in psychological interventions, including cognitive emotion regulation, for this group of patients.

The Comparison of Emotional Dysregulation and Experiential Avoidance in Patients with Insomnia and Non-Clinical Population.

Introduction: Given the harmful effects of insomnia and the need for a better understanding of the disorder as well as providing proper care, the present study aimed to compare the emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance in patients with insomnia and non-clinical individuals.Methods: To conduct the present cross-sectional study, two sample groups were selected randomly. The first group consisted of 100 patients with insomnia who visited the Sleep Disorders Research Center at Farabi hospital in Kermanshah, Iran. The second group consisted of 100 administrative staff of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) without sleep problems. For data collection, three questionnaires were used: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (EAQ). The data were analyzed through the analysis of variance, using the SPSS version 13Results: The total mean score of difficulties in emotion regulation in patients with insomnia and non-clinical people measured 101.18 (45.60) and 86.77 (21.88), respectively, and the mean scores of experiential avoidance measured 37.53 (12.33) and 28.74 (21.88) in patients with insomnia and non-clinical people, respectively. The results of the present study revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance.Conclusion: According to the current results, it is suggested that therapists consider the role of emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance in the treatment and care of chronic insomnia. To solve these problems, it is recommended third-wave therapies be used, especially acceptance and commitment therapy.