Emotion-focused Coping Research Articles

Psychological status and related factors of resident physicians during the release of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions in China.

Resident physicians at the standardized training stage had undergone significant physical and mental stress during the release of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions at the end of 2022 in China. This study aimed to investigate the psychological status (including anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, job burnout, and vicarious trauma) of resident physicians and identify its influencing factors under these special periods. Survey was conducted one month after the release of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on resident training physicians from a tertiary first-class hospital in Zhejiang, China. Resident physicians completed the psychological status questionnaire. Chi-square tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the group differences and variable associations. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and somatic discomfort in this study was 20.88, 28.53, and 41.47%, respectively. Female resident physicians were more likely to experience somatic symptoms [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33-4.18]. Resident physicians with problem-focused coping styles were less prone to psychological health issues [depression (adjusted OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88-0.96), anxiety (adjusted OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90-0.98), somatic symptoms (adjusted OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.89-0.97), job burnout (adjusted OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.87-0.96) and vicarious trauma (adjusted OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90-0.98)]. Inversely, resident physicians with emotion-focused coping styles and experienced negative life events were more prone to psychological health issues. Resident training physicians had a high risk of anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms under the special COVID-19 pandemic restriction release period. Females, with lower training stages, degrees, negative life events, and emotion-focused coping styles had a disadvantaged effect on psychological status. The medical teaching management department needs to monitor and reduce the workload and working hours of resident physicians, ensure sufficient sleep time, and pay attention to the psychological status of resident physicians. By strengthening regular communication and mental health education or intervention, which can help them improve their ability to cope with complex tasks.

Identifying Stroke Caregivers’ Coping Strategies: The Smile that has Struggled through the Tears-A Mixed-Method Research Approach

Background: Sudden stroke had caused the caregivers minimal time to prepare for their role as carers. Some stroke caregivers were overwhelmed to adjust and accept new responsibilities. They need to reorganise their functions and establish new daily life routines in response to the chronic illness that happens with stroke survivors.
 Objective: This study aimed to determine and explore coping strategies employed by stroke caregivers.
 Methods: This mixed-method study involved 32 stroke caregivers from a community-based stroke rehabilitation centre in Kuching, Sarawak. Results: From quantitative analysis, most stroke caregivers employed problem-focused coping strategies (mean=56.66, SD=10.79), followed by emotion-focused coping strategies (mean=55.63, SD=10.29) in confronting the challenges of caring for stroke survivors. Data from qualitative findings revealed eight themes of coping strategies: adjustment to daily life, selfmotivation, sharing with other people, acceptance, avoiding thinking about the problem, hoping stroke survivors will get better, emotion suppression and self-blame.
 Conclusion: This study’s outcomes provide crucial information about the burdens held by stroke caregivers when taking care of stroke survivors. Stroke caregivers need to adapt better and suitable coping strategies. This will prevent them from becoming overwhelmed by the accumulated stress from caring burdens. The long-term effect of coping strategies should positively assist stroke caregivers in managing the burdens effectively and fostering satisfaction in their life.
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 01 January’24 Page : 130-140

The Role of Job Control and Coping Strategies as Moderators in the Effect of Emotional Demands on Burnout in Health Workers

Health workers have jobs that have a heavy burden. Long and uncertain working hours and patients with various characteristics and diseases cause health workers to have high burnout levels. This study aims to see the role of job control and coping strategies as a moderator in the effect of emotional job demands on burnout. This research is a cross-sectional quantitative study with a sample of 142 health workers. This study uses instruments from the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire II (COPSOQ II), Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire, and Brief COPE Inventory (Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced). Data processing uses process macro moderation analysis by Andrew F. Hayes through the SPSS Program. The study results show that job control moderates emotional job demands and the exhaustion dimension of burnout. Meanwhile, coping strategies, problem-focused or emotion-focused coping moderates between emotional job demands and the burnout dimension of disengagement. The workplace of health workers can provide job control by the position and work of the workers, which are still within the limits of their authority and responsibility. Health workers can also be given activities or programs that can improve their coping skills, either those that focus on behavior or those that focus on emotions.

Tweeting through troubles: Exploring the connection between self-disclosure on the autobase Twitter account and emotion-focused coping strategies

Social media Twitter, especially autobase @Jogjamnfs account should be used to inquire about things related to Yogyakarta. However, the followers of this account use it to do self-disclosure. In connection with that the sender cannot show his capability in managing this emotion that comes to the tweet that they send. Therefore, this research aims to find out the relations between self disclosure that is conducted through social media twitter on @Jogjamnfs account with senders' emotion focused coping. Participants of this research are 392 followers of @Jogjamnfs account. The method used in this research is a quantitative research method with correlational design. The sampling of this research used accidental sampling. The result of this research shows that there is a significant positive relationship between self disclosure and senders' emotion focused coping (p=0.000 and r=0.33). It means that if there is an increase of self disclosure than related to emotion focused coping increasing and vice versa. The followers of @Jogjamnfs account on average have self disclosure behavior at medium level with high emotion focused coping.

The mediating role of coping between Alexithymia and mental health problems among women with PCOS

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) serves as a challenge for women globally, with a never-ending struggle with Alexithymia and mental health problems. To assess Alexithymia in women diagnosed with PCOS and the mediating effect of coping strategies emotion-focused coping (EFC), problem-focused coping (PFC), and dysfunctional coping (DC) between Alexithymia and mental health problems (anxiety, depression, behavior control, and positive affect) among women diagnosed with PCOS living in Islamabad, Pakistan. This mediation study was conducted in Islamabad. A hundred women with PCOS were approached for this study through various OB/Gynae clinics and fertility groups on social media. Participants completed the Perth Alexithymia Scale, Brief Cope Inventory, and Mental Health Inventory. The results suggest that significant mediation exists of EFC (p = .09) between Alexithymia and anxiety, EFC (p = .02) between Alexithymia and depression, EFC (p = .01) between alexithymia and behavior control in addition, significant mediation of EFC (p = .04) exists between Alexithymia and positive affect. Coping (EFC, PFC, and DC) partially mediates between Alexithymia and mental health problems (anxiety, depression, behavior control, and positive affect) among women diagnosed with PCOS. Further analysis suggests that DCS has a negative mediating effect between Alexithymia and mental health problems (M-anxiety = -.0465; p = .13, M-depression = -.0461; p < .01, M-behavior control = -.0431; p < .01 and M-positive affect = .0333; p = .02). The mediating result is significant for EFC between alexithymia and mental health problems whereas, PFC partially mediates and DC has a significant negative mediating effect between Alexithymia and mental health problems among women with PCOS.

JURNAL REHSOS VOL 5 NO 2 2023

This research is motivated by the problems of the elderly, who have difficulty fulfilling their daily needs properly. This study aims to obtain an overview of the coping strategies carried out by the elderly in meeting their basic needs, namely clothing, housing, and food, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sindangkasih Village, Purwakarta District, Purwakarta Regenc. A coping strategy has two aspects, namely emotional-focused coping and problem- focused coping. The research method used is qualitative, with data collection techniques being interviews, observation, and documentation studies. The informants in this study were three elderly people in Sindangkasih Village, Purwakarta District, Purwakarta Regency. The results showed that the coping strategies carried out by the elderly in the sub-aspects of accepting responsibility and planned problem solving have not been carried out properly. Acceptance that is too high for the problems faced by the elderly has an impact on the absence of efforts made by the elderly to solve the problem in a planned manner.

Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğunda Aleksitiminin Başa Çıkma Tutumları İle İlişkisi

Among anxiety disorders, the incidence of alexithymic features is found in a wide range of 12.5-58%, and it is a personality trait that can also be seen in healthy individuals. Our study investigated the relationship between alexithymic features and coping attitudes in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Forty patients diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and 39 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Participants were divided into groups using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Coping Attitudes Scale were applied to all participants. Nineteen patients with alexithymia and Generalized anxiety disorder, 21 patients with Generalized anxiety disorder without alexithymia, and 39 healthy volunteers participated in this study. Statistically significant differences were observed between the problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping subscale scores, but there was no difference in dysfunctional coping styles between the three groups. In the correlation analysis performed to determine the relationship between the total alexithymia and Coping attitudes subscale scores, there was a moderate negative correlation between the alexithymia scores and problem-focused (r=-0.442) and emotion-focused coping (r=-0.425) subscale scores. Alexithymia is often accompanied by generalized anxiety disorder and negatively affects coping attitudes.

Navigating Wellbeing and Coping: Quantitative Analysis of The Experiences of Teenager of Infidel Parents in Ibadan

Infidelity has a pervasive impact on social systems, but none is more affected than the nuclear family. However, existing studies have not explicitly focused on the experience of teenagers in low and middle-income countries like Nigeria. Hence, this study explored the psychosocial wellbeing and coping mechanism of teenagers with infidel parents in Ibadan. The study used descriptive survey research; 200 teenagers were selected through purposive sampling technique in secondary schools in Ibadan metropolis. A validated questionnaire (parental Infidelity, and psychosocial Wellbeing Questionnaire) was used. Data was analyzed at 0.05 level of significance, using inferential statistics. The study indicated that parental infidelity negatively affects the psychosocial wellbeing of teenagers in Ibadan Metropolis (F (2/196) = 26.3 < 0.05); the multiple regression indicates that coping skills such as problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping affects wellbeing of teenagers who have experienced parental infidelity in Ibadan Metropolis (P< 0.05). In conclusion, children experiencing parental infidelity utilize problem-focused coping skills, while there was a negative wellbeing among teenage from infidel parents. Hence, social workers should help teenagers with infidel parents to cope while navigating live stressors through innovative social work skills.

Mediating Roles of Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping Styles Between Adverse Life Events and Aggression

Stressful or adverse life events play a role in the development of concurrent or subsequent aggressive behavior. Moreover, coping strategies determine how to react when faced with adverse events. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating roles of coping styles in the relationship between adverse life events and aggression among university students. Three hundred sixteen university students, 213 (67%) female, and 103 (33%) male, participated in this study. The Demographic Information Form, Life Experiences Survey, Coping Style Scale, and Aggression Inventory were applied for data collection. The results showed that males had higher aggression scores than females. Individuals who experienced more adverse life events were more likely to use an emotion-focused coping style and had higher aggression levels than those who experienced more positive life events. When the effects of age and gender were controlled, both emotion-focused and problem-focused coping styles had partial parallel mediating roles in the relationship between adverse life events and aggression. The findings reveal that experiencing adverse life events and using more emotion-focused coping style had a role in increasing aggression, while using problem-focused coping style had a role in reducing aggression. Overall, the findings of this study have important implications for guiding mental health professionals working with university students by showing that the development of effective coping styles for those who experience adverse life events should be supported.

LITERATUR REVIEW: STRES DAN KOPING PASIEN KANKER PAYUDARA SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19

COVID-19 has had an impact on various health services, one of which has decreased the utilization of cancer health services, especially breast cancer. Breast cancer can have an impact on several dimensions for its patients, namely the physical dimension, the psychological dimension, and the social dimension. The impact of chemotherapy experienced by patients can be in the form of physical and psychological impacts. There are two forms of coping strategies, namely problem-oriented (problem-focused coping) and emotion-oriented (emotion-focused coping). Purpose: To determine stress and coping in breast cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: The design used is literature review. Article search based on 3 databases. Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Pubmed, keywords in English are stress AND breast cancer OR pandemic, as well as in Indonesian include stress AND breast cancer OR the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: From the articles reviewed, 528 articles were carried out according to the inclusion criteria, 5 research articles were analyzed, namely 5 international articles. Literature review obtained the results of the age of respondents from 25-84 years as many as 528 respondents, marital status of 258 respondents (48.88%). Conclusion: The results showed that the COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected stress and coping in patients with breast cancer.

Content creators on Instagram—How users cope with stress on social media

Social media has become an integral part of society. However, with its increased usage, a dark side can emerge: social media as a stressor. In this study, we investigate the stress experienced by content creators on Instagram when providing posts and the strategies they use to cope. Our qualitative analysis of 19 German Instagram users reveals a strong focus on likes. When posting content, the main objective is to reach a particular threshold of likes, while receiving comments is considered an additional benefit. If the threshold of likes is not met, stress is induced. Furthermore, being linked to social media can also endanger offline relationships. The resulting stress leaks from social media into offline relationships and harms them. Finally, our analysis has identified emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies that social media content creators use to manage stress resulting from interactions.

Factors Influencing Distress and Coping Strategies Among Patients with Metastatic Spinal Tumor at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital

Background: Patients with metastatic spinal tumor are experiencing various symptoms, including neurological deficits that cause distress and affects their quality of life. The vulnerability to distress is influenced by coping strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate factors associated with distress and coping strategies in patients with metastatic spinal tumors at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital. Methods: In a cross-sectional study conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital from September 2021 to May 2022, factors associated with distress and coping strategies in patients with metastatic spinal tumors were investigated. The analysis included a total of 104 subjects from both outpatient and inpatient settings. Distress levels and areas of concern were assessed using the Distress Thermometer (DT) questionnaire while coping strategies were evaluated through the Coping Orientation to the Problem Experienced (COPE) instrument. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were carried out to assess the relationship between sociodemographic factors, spinal tumor characteristics, specific areas of concern, coping strategies, and distress.Results: The results showed that 57.7% of metastatic spinal tumor patients experienced distress. In the 18-59 age group, motor disorders, sensory disturbances, autonomic disorders, treatment status, problem-focused coping (PFC), emotion-focused coping (EFC), and avoidance coping had significant associations with distress. However, the multivariable analysis showed that EFC (OR = 1.156, 95% CI: 1.024–1.304, p=0.019), avoidance coping (OR = 1.154, 95% CI: 1.005–1.326, p=0.042), and sensory disturbance (OR = 16.001, 95% CI: 1.472–173.960, p=0.023) were identified as risk factors for distress.Conclusions: Patients with metastatic spinal tumors who used emotion-focused coping, avoidance coping, and sensory disturbance faced significant risk factors for distress

Efficacy of the “Feel Good - Think Positive”, a school-based positive psychology intervention targeting optimism and hope in children

ABSTRACT This study examined the effectiveness of the ‘Feel Good – Think Positive’, a school-based, multi-component, positive psychology intervention (PPI) for elementary school children, designed to enhance optimism and hope. Participants were 361 elementary school children (8–12 years old, M = 9.91, SD = 1.26, 158 boys and 203 girls), assigned to an intervention group (n = 229) or to a control group (n = 132), who completed several measures at baseline and after the intervention’s completion. Children in the intervention group exhibited increased optimism, hope, diverse coping strategies, social skills, and self-esteem, and decreased pessimism and anxiety, compared to children in the control group who only showed a significant decrease in anxiety. Mediator analyses revealed that gender had a significant effect on anxiety, age on pessimism, emotion-focused coping, seeking social support, and likeability, and parental educational level had no effect. Results are discussed in relevance to positive psychology literature.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Academic Stress, Coping Strategies, Academic Self-Motivation, on Adaptation among University Students

The objective of the research is to develop a structural model that illustrates the direct and indirect causal effects between academic stress, academic coping strategies, academic motivation, and academic adaptation among university students. Additionally, the study aims to identify gender differences in the four research variables. The study was conducted on a sample of 191 students, consisting of 100 males and 91 females, selected from the College of Education at King Khalid University. The participants had an average age of 19.82 years with a standard deviation of 1.013.
 Four scales were administered to the participants: 
 The Academic Stress Scale, Academic Coping Strategies Scale, Academic Motivation Scale, and Academic Adaptation Scale. The research findings indicated that the empirical data supported the validity of the proposed structural model, which represents the direct and indirect relationships and effects between academic stress, coping strategies, academic motivation, and academic adaptation. The results also revealed that students were more likely to use problem-focused coping strategies, while females were more likely to use emotion-focused coping strategies. Furthermore, male students showed higher levels of academic self-motivation and academic adaptation compared to female students.

COPING STYLES AS MEDIATORS BETWEEN PURPOSE IN LIFE AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

Abstract This study tested the association between purpose in life and coping styles and whether coping styles mediate the association between purpose and cognitive function. Longitudinal data from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study were used to investigate associations between purpose assessed at MIDUS I (1996-1997) and coping assessed at MIDUS II (2004-2006) (N=2,386). Emotion-focused and problem-focused coping styles were then tested as mediators of the association between purpose and cognitive function (i.e., memory, executive function, and global cognition) assessed at MIDUS III (2013-2014). Higher purpose was associated with higher problem focused coping (β=.191, p<.001) and lower emotion-focused coping (β=-.227, p<.001). Coping style partially mediated the association between purpose and cognitive function about two decades later. Emotion-focused coping accounted for 14.3% of the total effect of purpose on cognitive function. Problem-focused coping mediated 16.7% of the total effect of the association of purpose on episodic memory, but did not mediate the associations between purpose with either executive function or total cognitive function. These findings provide new evidence for associations between purpose and coping, as well as links between coping and cognitive function in a large, longitudinal sample of adults. The results are consistent with the literature on purpose and better cognitive function in adulthood and suggest that coping is one mechanism linking purpose with better cognitive function.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEMENTIA CAREGIVER PERSONALITY, OUTCOMES, AND MANAGEMENT AND COPING STRATEGIES

Abstract Family caregivers of people living with dementia are at higher risk for negative outcomes such as depression and burden. However, the experiences of family caregivers are widely variable due to individual differences. Five-factor model personality traits have previously been connected to depression and burden. The current study seeks to expand this area by investigating the links between personality, caregiver management and coping, and outcomes (burden and depression). The sample consisted of 100 dementia family caregivers ranging from 20-90 years old (X̅=63.7, SD=16.1) who participated in the STYLE study on caregiving. Sample demographics consisted of 76% females, 80% White, 12% Black, 6% other, and 2% declined to report. Multiple regression models revealed significant relationships while controlling for caregiver age, gender, hours of care provided per week, months of providing care, and relationship to care receiver, though burden did not reveal any significant relationships. Higher conscientiousness (β=.226, p=.014) and higher neuroticism (β=.446, p<.001) were associated with higher depression. Higher agreeableness (β=-.367, p<.001) was associated with lower use of criticism-based management strategies, while higher neuroticism (β=.211, p=.023) was associated with higher use of criticism-based management strategies. High openness (β=.230, p=.020) was associated with higher problem-focused coping. Higher agreeableness (β=.201, p=.048) was associated with higher acceptance-focused coping, while higher neuroticism (β=-.254, p=.013) was associated with lower use of acceptance-focused coping. Higher neuroticism (β=.247, p=.020) was associated with higher emotion-focused coping. These analyses demonstrate links between dementia family caregiver personality, the management and coping strategies they use, and caregiver mental health.

Coping Strategies with Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder: A Qualitative Study.

Genital/pelvic pain penetration disorder (GPPPD) decreased mental and physical functioning, reduced quality of life, and reduced feelings of inadequacy and worthlessness, all of which impair the ability of women with GPPPD to enjoy sex. This qualitative study was conducted to identify which factors can reduce sexual stress and help Iranian women cope with GPPPD. This qualitative study was conducted through the participation of 18 women with GPPPD diagnosed by a sexologist and using DSM-IV diagnostic criteria from March to July 2022, Iran. The samples were selected using the purposive sampling method and considering the maximum variation. The semistructured question guide was used as a data collection tool and data collection continued until data saturation was reached. The collected data were analyzed using conventional content analysis approach. Data analysis led to the emergence of three main themes: "problem-focused coping" which included the three categories of received social support, problem self-control, and penetration replacement; "emotion-focused coping" which included three categories: a couple's negative reaction to the problem, attachment disorder, and surrendering the problem; and "treatment-seeking" which consisted of searching and choosing a therapist to solve the problem, ineffective medical approaches, and ineffective nonmedical approaches. Coping strategies in women with GPPPD were classified as "problem-focused coping," "emotion-focused coping," and "treatment-seeking." These findings indicate a need for GPPPD information and education, as well as a need for healthcare professionals to actively inquire about sexual problems and commit to serious treatment efforts. Cultural interventions that promote sexual pleasure can aid in the management of GPPPD.

Studi Fenomenologi: Coping Stress Guru Pendamping Khusus Wanita di Sekolah Kristen Kalam Kudus Pontianak

A special education assistant (teacher's aide) is responsible for supporting the main teacher in all aspects of teaching and learning activities, from planning to evaluation. Teaching children with special needs is more complex and risky, leading to higher levels of stress compared to teaching typical children. Therefore, an effective regulatory system is needed, along with the implementation of stress coping mechanisms, to reduce these stress levels. The research objective is to understand stress coping mechanisms among female special education assistants at Kalam Kudus Christian School in Pontianak. This study employs a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Data collection will be conducted through interviews and observations with six female special education assistant subjects. The data collection technique used is purposive sampling, and data analysis employs content analysis. Research validity will be tested using triangulation and member checking. The research results show that the study subjects use two types of stress coping mechanisms: emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping. The emotion-based coping results include seeking social emotional support, escape avoidance, and accepting responsibility. Additionally, the problem-based coping results include seeking informational support and confrontive coping, which influence their approach to reducing stress levels.

Return as the Idea of Creating Surrealist Paintings

Returning is interpreted as a return to the origin with the essence of a taste that reevaluates and reinterprets experiences, as well as an education and learning for the future. Creates complex emotions such as comfort, tranquility, sentimentality, sadness, and relief, serving as a method of emotion-focused coping in facing life's dynamics. The feeling of returning becomes an inspiration for creating works of art, serving as documentation of the journey and a trigger for awareness of the importance of each process and experience. These artworks take on a figurative form with distortions and transformations on canvas using the plaque technique, depicting human anatomy, gestures, and facial expressions. The creation process involves observing the subject, reflecting on the feeling of return, visual strategies, sketching, sketch selection, preparing tools and materials, transferring the sketch to the canvas medium, the painting process, finishing, and presenting the work in five paintings titled istirahat, sendu, dekap, obat, dan sebentar saja.

Influence of gender identity on the adoption of religious-spiritual, preventive and emotion-focused coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan

Background Academic research has highlighted the gendered impacts and amplifications of gender disparities of COVID-19. Traditionally, Pakistan is a patriarchal society, where it is a parenthood norm to socialize specific gender social roles. Objectives The current research asserts that these normative gender roles may influence individuals throughout their life course, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the present study explored the influence of gender identity in adopting different coping strategies such as religious-spiritual, preventive, emotion-focused and non-constructive coping against the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Due to the lockdown in various areas of Pakistan, data were collected through an online questionnaire using Qualtrics. In a cross-sectional study, 955 respondents completed responses. Factors analysis and reliability analysis were run to ensure the scales’ reliability, validity and robustness for different coping strategies. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to find model fitness. Conclusions For theoretical explanation, the current study used social role theory that argues that each gender benefits differently from distinct coping behaviours. The findings highlighted that women were more likely to adopt most coping strategies, with the most significant difference in religious-spiritual coping and preventative coping strategies even in the presence of control variables such as level of education, household monthly income, family structure, marital status and family size. There was no gender difference in adopting non-constructive strategies. The empirical evidence suggested that females might be at an increased risk of stress due to the burden of unbalanced household-based social norms and care responsibilities. The current research also expanded the base of coping to religious-spiritual coping, emotion-focused coping and non-constructive coping.