Emotion-focused Coping Styles Research Articles

Work coping, stress appraisal, and psychological resilience: Reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic among health care providers.

Objective: This study examined the relationship between perceived stress appraisals and coping style during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting distress reaction and effects on work engagement. Method: The sample (N = 423) was 78.6% female with average age and education of 38.5 and 18.4 years, respectively. Most respondents reported working in psychology/neuropsychology (31.7%) and rehabilitation/other therapies (29.7%). Surveys were distributed via Qualtrics among health care providers via listservs and referral emails from medical providers. Measures included: the Brief COPE Inventory, Work and Well Being Survey (UWES), Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7), and the Screening Tool for Psychological Distress (STOP-D). Results: Health care workers endorsing problem-focused coping styles had lower levels of perceived threat and higher levels of perceived control in their response to the pandemic. Problem-focused coping was negatively associated with anxiety and depression in reaction to the pandemic when compared with health care workers who endorsed an emotion-focused coping style. Higher stress appraisal in response to perceived threat from the pandemic was not associated with lower work engagement or enthusiasm. Conclusions: Findings support the impact of coping style on psychological distress and work engagement during pandemic, with implications that these factors may be important considerations for mitigation of distress and burnout for health care workers during times of high stress. Initiatives to improve resiliency and wellness in health care workers may examine modifiable interventions for coping style. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement This study suggests that, among health care workers, using a problem focused coping style in response to COVID-19 pandemic stress mitigates experience of psychological distress and burnout. Initiatives that focus on modifiable interventions for coping styles may improve wellness in health care workers during environments of high stress, such as a chronic pandemic state. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

The relationship between coping styles and job stress with emotional maturity in student-athletes

Introduction: The study of psychological variables and factors and their role on mental health and emotional maturity may affect the mental health of individuals and society. Aim: This study examines the relationship between coping styles and job stress with emotional maturity in student-athletes. Method: The method was descriptive - correlational. The population includes all student-athletes of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2017-2018. Two hundred people were selected by the convenience sampling method. Subjects completed a questionnaire on coping styles, job stress, and emotional maturity. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient test and regression analysis using SPSS-19. Results: The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between emotional maturity and problem-focused coping style (0.31) and a significant positive relationship between emotional coping style (-0.16) and job stress (-0.37). The regression analysis results also showed that emotional maturity could positively predict problem-focused coping style and emotion-focused coping style, and job stress negatively in student-athletes (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that coping styles and job stress may be explained well by emotional maturity in student-athletes for. Therefore, it is suggested for researchers and health officials to consider these psychological components.

Coping with stress of mothers of children with disorders belonging to autism spectrum

AbstractIntroduction:The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between coping styles in mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the severity of their children’s symptoms.Material and method:The study included a group of 70 women raising children with a medical diagnosis of ASD. The children with the aforementioned pervasive developmental disorders were from 5 to 16 years old and were patients of the Mental Health Centre in Kielce, Poland. A study involved: our own survey; the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) by R. Goodman; the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) questionnaire by Endler and Parker; the Sense of Coherence Scale SOC-29 by Antonovsky; the Set of Questionnaires for the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASRS) by S. Goldstein and J. A. Naglieri.Results:The mothers’ preference for emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles was found to correlate significantly with their low sense of coherence and the severity of their child’s ASD symptoms measured with ASRS and SDQ.Conclusions:1. Emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles were associated with a low sense of coherence in the surveyed women. 2. The mothers’ preference for emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles was associated with increased ASD symptoms, more severe emotional and behavioral deficits and poorer peer interactions in their children. 3. The mothers’ preference for problem-focused coping correlated with a low severity of their children’s social and communication deficits.

Anxiety, attitudes-behaviors, coping styles, and social support among high-risk pregnant women in the late period of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anxiety among high-risk pregnant women in the late period of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and to evaluate the relationship between anxiety levels, attitudes-behaviors, coping styles, and other psychometric parameters. Pregnant women who were followed up in our gynecology outpatient clinic were evaluated during their admissions between November 15, 2020 and February 15, 2021. This cross-sectional study analyzes prospectively collected data from a university hospital. Inclusion criteria were those being at risk of pregnancy and between the age of 18 and 45 years, while exclusion criteria were mental retardation and the presence of serious psychiatric illness. The study included 140 participants. Sociodemographic and pregnant attitudes-behaviors data form, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Coping Styles Scale Brief Form (Brief-COPE), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were used to collect data. Participants had high anxiety levels (State-STAI: 40.32±9.88; Trait-STAI: 42.71±7.32) and high prevalence of probable clinical anxiety [State-STAI: 84 (60.0%); Trait-STAI: 92 (65.7%)]. The fact concerning the transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 to the baby during pregnancy/birth, extent to which coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic prevents regular pregnancy checkups, and family subgroup-Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support predicted state probable clinical anxiety. Use of disinfectants predicted trait probable clinical anxiety. Employment status predicted state/trait probable clinical anxiety. The existence of trait probable clinical anxiety was significantly associated with behavioral disengagement and substance use which are considered ineffective coping styles. Participants without trait probable clinical anxiety had significantly more adopted positive reinterpretation, one of emotion-focused coping styles. Based on our results, the concern of the transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 to the babies during pregnancy/birth may be the main factor influencing anxiety among high-risk pregnant women.

Effects of Self-esteem and Stress Coping Styles on Resilience in Nursing Students according to the MBTI Personality Types

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the effects of self-esteem and stress coping styles on resilience in nursing students according to the Myers– Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).Methods: A descriptive study was conducted. Data were collected from 205 nursing senior students and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.Results: In terms of self-esteem, social support-seeking stress coping style, and resilience, extroversion was significantly higher than introversion in MBTI preference. Among all factors, selfesteem had the greatest effect on resilience (r = 0.53), followed by the emotion-focused coping style (r = -0.31) and the problem-focused coping style (r = 0.23), with an explanation power of 57.1%.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that self-esteem is an essential factor affecting resilience. Thus, nursing intervention programs for improvement of resilience in nursing students should be considered by the degree of self-esteem based on the MBTI personality preference.

Social Support Effectiveness of the Mental Health of Immigrants Living in Belgium

Abstract The increase in immigration has required social workers to focus more on this field and understand the social support systems of immigrants and the effects of their relationships with these systems to improve their effectiveness. Subsequently, this study examined the perceived social support, psychological resilience and coping strategies of immigrants living in Belgium, which has a significant immigrant population compared with its population. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 289 participants living in Belgium. According to our findings, immigrants with a high perceived level of social support also have high psychological resilience. However, immigrants’ high levels of perceived social support lead to more intense use of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping styles. These findings emphasise the functionality of the social support system for immigrants and shed light on the issues that social workers should focus on when working with immigrants.

Caring for a loved one with Parkinson's disease: the role of coping styles and relationship quality.

Informal carers play an essential role in the care of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). This role, however, is often fraught with difficulties, including emotional, physical, and financial. Coping styles and relationship quality have been hypothesized to influence the impact of stressors. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between carers' coping style, relationship quality, and carer burden. Cross-sectional. Thirty-nine PD patient carer dyads were included in the study. Participants completed self-rated questionnaires including the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Zarit Burden Interview, and Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory. Correlational analyses found significant and positive correlation between carer burden and all three coping styles (problem-focused, emotion-focused, and dysfunctional). There was also a moderate association between carers' perceived relationship quality and satisfaction and carer burden. Regression analyses found that carer's gender, severity of PD, relationship quality, emotion-focused, and dysfunctional coping styles did not predict carer burden. Conversely, problem-focused coping style predicted carer burden. The results highlight that there is no perfect way to react and care for a loved one and serves as important information for practitioners who design and implement interventions.

The Impact of Different Coping Styles on Psychological Distress during the COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stress.

The present study aimed to understand the impact of different coping methods endorsed by Chinese college students during COVID-19 through the examination of the mediating role of perceived stress. We recruited a total of 492 undergraduate students to complete an online survey from May to June 2020. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that perceived stress was a significant mediator in the association between different coping styles and psychological distress. Three coping styles, including problem-focused, adaptive emotion-focused, and maladaptive emotion-focused coping styles were all significantly correlated with psychological distress. Perceived stress significantly mediated the association between the three coping styles and psychological distress. The results indicated a full mediation model in which problem-focused coping and adaptive emotion-focused coping affected psychological distress entirely through the mediation of perceived stress. Maladaptive emotion-focused coping positively predicted perceived stress, which in turn positively predicted psychological distress through a partial mediation model. We discuss the implications of these findings and offer suggestions for future research.

Coping Strategies for Stress and Self-Efficacy in Patients With Cancer and Their Spouses: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Cancer is one of the most important diseases of the present century worldwide. Patients and their spouses can find more difficulty accepting the diagnosis of cancer than its phases of treatment. Both the physical health and mental health of the patient and spouse are important in the process of recovery from cancer and its treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between coping strategies for stress and self-efficacy in patients with cancer and that of their spouses. In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 91 patients and their 91 spouses completed the Endler and Parker Coping Inventory, the Sherer General Self-Efficacy Scale, and a demographic information questionnaire. The problem-oriented coping style was used more than the other strategies by patients with cancer and their spouses. The least used coping style by patients and their spouses was the avoidance style. The self-efficacy of patients and their spouses was above average. Self-efficacy was directly and moderately correlated with problem-oriented coping style (P < .001) and inversely and moderately correlated with emotion-oriented coping style (P < .001). Adoption of strategies like training and consulting may enhance the problem-focused coping style and reduce emotion-focused coping style and therefore lead to increased self-efficacy in patients and their spouses. Healthcare providers', especially nurses', knowledge and sensitivity about the coping strategies of patients with cancer and their spouses may help providers select more effective interventions for improving patients' and their spouses' effective coping styles and self-efficacy.

Buffering Effect of Spousal Support on Stress Levels in Mothers of Children with a Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Kerala, India.

Objectives Bringing up a child with the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be highly stressful. This study aimed to assess perceived stress, level of spousal support, emotion-focused coping styles, and other potentially associated factors among mothers accompanying children diagnosed with ASD for care from selected institutions in Kerala, India. Materials and Methods Consenting parents accompanying children to therapeutic programs in selected institutions were administered a semi structured interview schedule incorporating questions of the vernacular version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), emotion-based coping strategies, spousal support in care of the child diagnosed with ASD, and possible-associated factors. Since internal consistency of stress and coping questionnaires were low, principal component analysis was used to extract composite variables with reasonable psychometric characteristics for stress and coping. Statistical Analysis Ordinal logistic regression was performed with a three-level stress category as the outcome variable. Results High stress was significantly associated with low spousal support (adjusted odds ratio or AOR: 2.80; 95% confidence intervals or CI 1.28–6.11), having a completely dependent child (AOR 4.24 [95% CI 1.92–9.38]), and low acceptance levels (AOR 2.60 [95% CI 1.14–5.89]). Unlike mothers with high spousal support, mothers with low spousal support were likely to have difficulty in interacting with others ( p = 0.02) and a low level of acceptance ( p = 0.05). Conclusion Spousal support is important to preserve psychological health in mothers of children diagnosed with ASD. Mothers with low spousal support may need interventions that help increase acceptance levels or decrease avoidant behavior.

Predictors and Impact of Arts Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analyses of Data From 19,384 Adults in the COVID-19 Social Study.

ObjectivesThe global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 heavily affected the arts and creative industries due to the instigation of lockdown measures in the United Kingdom and closure of venues. However, it also provided new opportunities for arts and cultural engagement through virtual activities and streamed performances. Yet it remains unclear (i) who was likely to engage with the arts at home during lockdown, (ii) how this engagement differed from patterns of arts engagement prior to COVID-19, and (iii) whether home-based arts engagement was related to people’s ability to cope with their emotions during lockdown. This study was therefore designed to address these questions.MethodsWe used data collected in late May from the United Kingdom COVID-19 Social Study run by University College London. Multivariate regressions were used for the analysis (N = 19,384). Identified factors included demographic factors, socio-economic position, psychosocial wellbeing and health conditions, adverse events/worries, and coping styles.ResultsFour types of home-based arts engagement were identified during the COVID-19 pandemic: digital arts and writing, musical activities, crafts, and reading for pleasure. Our results show that the strongest predictors of the engagement were age, education attainment, social support, and emotion-focused or supportive coping styles. In particular, younger adults (aged 18–29), non-keyworkers, people with greater social support, people who had lost work, those who were worried about catching the virus, and those with an emotion-focused, problem-focused or supportive coping style were more likely to have increased arts engagement during lockdown. Arts activities were used as approach and avoidance strategies to help cope with emotions, as well as to help improve self-development.ConclusionOverall, our study suggests that while some people who engaged in the arts during the COVID-19 pandemic were those who typically engage under normal circumstances, the pandemic has also created new incentives and opportunities for others to engage virtually. Additionally, this study highlights the value of the arts as coping tools during stressful situations.

Relationship between coping/attachment styles and infertility-specific distress in Iranian infertile individuals: A cross-sectional study.

Background Infertility has been recognized as a stressful clinical condition, significantly affecting couples' emotional functioning.Objective To investigate the relationship between coping/attachment styles and infertility-specific distress (ISD) in infertile participants.Materials and MethodsAtotal number of 240 infertile participants (120 women and 120 men) who attend the Outpatient Infertility Clinic in Sari, Iran between February and October 2017 were selected using the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic variables. In addition, coping and attachment styles were evaluated via the Coping Strategies Questionnaire and the Revised Adult Attachment Scale by Collins and Read (1990); respectively. Ultimately, the Infertility Distress Scale was used to assess ISD.ResultsThe mean ISD score was 42.53 9.63. Secure and insecure attachment styles were observed in 37.9% and 62.1% of the cases, respectively. There was a significant difference among ISD and different groups of attachment styles (p = 0.001) and emotion-focused coping style (p = 0.021). However, no significant relationship was found between problem-focused coping style and ISD (p = 0.985).Conclusion Considering the relationship between coping/attachment styles and ISD, it was recommended to implement stress prevention and coping education within the framework of coping/attachment theories for infertile individuals.

Postawy rodzicielskie a wypalenie rodzicielskie. Mediacyjna rola aleksytymii, depresji i podejmowanych strategii radzenia sobie ze stresem

Cel: Celem badania była analiza związku między wypaleniem rodzicielskim a postawami rodzicielskimi z uwzględnieniem mediacyjnej roli aleksytymii, depresji oraz podejmowanych strategii radzenia sobie ze stresem. Postawy rodzicielskie określone na wymiarach: akceptacja, autonomia, wymagania i niekonsekwencja mają związek z poziomem wypalenia rodzicielskiego wobec własnych dzieci. Przyjęto, iż ważnym czynnikiem sprzyjającym jest aleksytymia, depresja oraz styl radzenia sobie ze stresem skoncentrowany na emocjach.&#x0D; Metoda: Badanie przeprowadzono z udziałem 112 rodziców (M = 39,16; SD = 5,39) posiadających dzieci w wieku od 3 do 15 lat. W celu weryfikacji hipotez badawczych użyto następujących kwestionariuszy: Kwestionariusz Wypalenia Rodzicielskiego (Parental Bournout Assessment, PBA); Kwestionariusz do pomiaru aleksytymii (Toronto Alexithymia Scale, TAS-20); Kwestionariusz Retrospektywnej Oceny Postaw Rodziców (Parental Bonding Questionnaire, KPR-Roc), Skala Depresji Becka (Beck Depression Scale, BDI), Kwestionariusz Radzenia Sobie w Sytuacjach Stresowych (Coping Inventory for Stessful Situations, CISS).&#x0D; Rezultaty: W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz statystycznych wykazano związek pomiędzy postawą rodzicielską matki a wypaleniem rodzicielskim. Ponadto stwierdzono istotną zależność aleksytymii, depresji oraz stylów radzenia sobie ze stresem z wypaleniem rodzicielskim. Czego następstwem była analiza mediacyjnego wpływu wspomnianych zmiennych na relację pomiędzy retrospektywnymi postawami rodzicielskimi ze strony matek a wypaleniem rodzicielskim. Analizę mediacji wielokrotnej wykonano przy pomocy niestandardowego makro do SPSS PROCESS (Hayes, 2018), która okazała się być istotna statystycznie dla wymagań, niekonsekwencji, a także autonomii i akceptacji ze strony Matki. Istotnymi mediatorami w każdym modelu były aleksytymia, depresja oraz styl radzenia sobie ze stresem skoncentrowany na emocjach. Podobnych zależności nie wykazano w odniesieniu do relacji z ojcem.&#x0D; Konkluzje: Przeprowadzone badanie wskazuje na istnienie silnych związków między postawą rodzicielską matki a wypaleniem rodzicielskim wobec własnych dzieci. Aleksytymia, depresja i styl radzenia sobie ze stresem skoncentrowany na emocjach zwiększają ryzyko wystąpienia wypalenia rodzicielskiego.

The Role of Psychological Factors in Non-suicidal Self-injury of Female Adolescents

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as inflicting damage to one’s own body. It begins in adolescence and tends to become chronic. Objectives: Considering the high prevalence and chronicity of NSSI among girls, the present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the prevalence of NSSI in female adolescents from their perspective. Methods: The participants consisted of 604 female high-school students in Saveh, aged 14 - 17 years (14.29 ± 1.11), who were selected via random cluster sampling from November 2018 to January 2019. They answered six questionnaires, including the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS), Ways of Coping questionnaire (WCQ), Child Abuse Self-report scale (CASRS), Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism scale (FEICS), Emotion Reactivity scale (ERS), and Aggression questionnaire (AQ). Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results: The predictor variables of child abuse, emotion reactivity, perceived parental criticism, family emotional involvement, and problem- and emotion-focused coping styles could successfully distinguish NSSI individuals from those without NSSI (P &lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences between minor and moderate groups. Conclusions: Family emotional support is a protective factor, while criticism, child abuse, and emotion-focused coping style are risk factors for NSSI.

Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Pain Intensity and Stress Coping Styles in Patients With Gastric Wound

Background and Aim: Patients with the symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases and ulcers constitute a large number of patients referring to general and internal clinics. Furthermore, preliminary studies on gastric ulcers highlighted the role of psychological factors in the development of a susceptible gastric ulcer. The current study aimed to determine the effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on pain intensity and stress coping styles in patients with gastric ulcers. Methods &amp; Materials: This was an experimental study with a pretest-posttest-follow-up and a control group design. The statistical population included all patients with a gastric ulcer who were referred to public health centers in Tehran City, Iran, in the winter of 2018. Among the volunteers participating in the study, 30 patients with gastric ulcers were selected by the convenience sampling method. Next, they were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (n=15/group). Measurement tools included the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS; Endler &amp; Parker, 1990). The experimental group subjects participated in eight 90-minute sessions of CBT. However, the controls received no psychological treatment in this period. For data analysis, repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests were applied. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch (Code: IR.IAU.K.REC.1397.85). Results: The present research results signified that CBT improved problem-oriented coping styles (P&lt;0.01) and decreased emotion-focused coping styles (P&lt;0.01) and avoidance (P&lt;0.01) in the test group. Besides, the mean scores of pain intensity decreased in the experimental group, compared to the controls (P&lt;0.01). Conclusion: The provided CBT was effective on pain intensity and stress coping styles in patients with gastric ulcers.

Relationship between psychosocial elements and medical adherence in patients diagnosed with type II diabetes: Mediating role of illness perception

Context: Self-care plays a vital role in the management of diabetes. Commitment to medical adherence in diabetes care is linked with lower morbidity, mortality, and treatment cost.Aim: This study aimed on investigating the mediating role of illness perception concerning the relationship between psychosocial elements and medical adherence among patients with type II diabetes.Setting and Design: This is a correlational study that is conducted based on a well-framed equation modeling path analysis method. The study's statistical population consisted of all patients diagnosed with diabetes who referred to the International Iranian Diabetes Control and Prevention Foundation located in the Milad Clinic, in Mashhad during the first half of 2018 (n = 5600).Material ans Methods: Using the convenience sampling method, 392 eligible cases were selected among 5600 patients. Participants assessed with illness perception questionnaire, Lazarus and Folkman stress coping inventory, Tangney's self-Control scale, the multidimensional scale of perceived social support, patient–doctor relationship questionnaire-9, and the medication adherence rating scale-5.Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS20 and AMOS software were used to process and analyze the gathered data using structural equation modeling path analysis and the Sobel test.Results: Findings confirmed the mediating role of illness perception concerning the relationship between psychosocial factors and medical adherence in patients diagnosed with type II diabetes (P < 0.05). Social support can positively impact patients' illness perception (β = 0.2). The emotion-focused coping style has a significant, negative, and direct effect on illness perception (β = 0.13). It was found that self-control, problem-focused style, and the doctor-patient relationship had no significant effect on illness perception (P > 0.05).Conclusion: This study's findings suggest psychosocial factors including stress coping styles, social support, the patient–doctor relationship, and self-control associated with medical adherence. Moreover, the impact of psychological factors on medical adherence increases with higher illness perception.

Relationship Between the Needs of Turkish Relatives of Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit and Their Coping Styles.

Admission to an intensive care unit is a traumatic event for many patients' relatives. Also, the relatives may be subject to many requirements to during this process. Therefore, it is very important to determine their requirements and coping styles. This study used a descriptive, relational design. The sample of the research consisted of 247 relatives of patients staying in six intensive care units. It was found that, 65.2% of the patients' relatives were women, and their mean age was 37.25 ± 12.7 years. What they mostly needed was support, proximity, information, assurance and comfort. In that order; among the coping styles it was found that they usually used the following approaches: self-confident approach, an problem-focused coping method; was found to be used by relatives most frequently, followed by helpless approach, an emotion-focused coping style. Requirements: Assurance, information, support and comfort sub-dimension scores and problem-focused coping style; self-confident approach and social support search approach sub-dimension scores between statistically positive, significant relationship was found. Information, proximity, support and comfort sub-dimension scores and emotion-focused coping style; helpless approach and submissive sub-dimension scores between statistically positive, significant relationship was found (p<0.05). It was found that patients' relatives used the helpless approach and submissive approach to cope with stres: during this process their information needs increased and upon fulfillment of requirements, they started using self-confident approach and the social support approach, which are problem-focused coping styles.

Emotions matter: The role of emotional approach coping in chronic pain.

Emotional approach coping (EAC) is a potentially adaptive emotion-focused coping style that involves understanding or processing one's emotions and expressing them appropriately. Although EAC has been studied in various populations, little is known about this construct among people with chronic pain, including potential mediators such as negative affect, which might link EAC to pain-related variables, and moderators of these relationships. Participants (N=670; 76% women; 30% older adults-age 60 or over) with chronic pain completed online the Emotional Approach Coping Scale and measures of pain severity, pain interference and negative affect. Analyses correlated EAC to pain severity and interference and tested whether gender and age group (older adults versus young/middle-age adults) moderated the mediated relationships of EAC with pain-related variables through negative affect. Findings reveal that higher EAC was associated with lower pain intensity through lower negative affect in the young/middle-age portion of the sample, but not older adults. Also, higher EAC was associated with lower pain interference through lower negative affect among women in the sample, but not men. The associations of EAC to pain intensity and interference are small in magnitude, however, and should be considered preliminary. EAC is associated with lower pain intensity in young/middle-age adults and lower pain interference in women, and lower negative affect mediates these relationships. These results suggest the potential value of assessing and bolstering emotional approach coping processes in some people with chronic pain.

An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19

The sudden outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a dramatic effect on the mental health of the public. In the present study, we demonstrated the psychological effects on children and adolescents associated with the epidemic . By using convenience sampling method, questionnaires, such as Spence Child Anxiety Scale, Child Depression Inventory and Coping style Scale, were distributed to participating 359 children and 3254 adolescents online. The anxiety levels of children and adolescents were (23.87 ± 15.79) and (29.27 ± 19.79), respectively. 22.28% respondents were suffering from depressive symptoms. Seven significant factors associated with increased levels of anxiety, including female, resident in urban regions, emotion-focused coping style. Nine factors associated with increased levels of depression, such as smartphone addiction (OR 1.411, 95% CI 1.099-1.180), Internet addiction (OR 1.844, 95% CI 1.209-2.811), and resident in Hubei province (OR 3.107, 95% CI 1.252-7.708). Two additional factors associated with decreased levels of depressive symptoms: hours spend on Internet per day before the epidemic (OR 0.652, 95% CI 0.609-0.697) and tendency to apply problem-focused coping style (OR 0.937, 95% CI 0.923-0.951). Our findings indicate that the COVID-19 outbreak has had a significant psychosocial impact on children and adolescents. Findings of current levels of anxiety and depression not only highlight the need to address emotional distress for children and adolescents during the epidemic but also provide researchers with scientific fundamentals to formulate targeted interventions based on the significant influencing factors.

Well-being in parents of children with cancer: The impact of parental personality, coping, and the child's quality of life.

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of parental personality, coping, and the child's quality of life on the well-being of parents of children treated for cancer. The study included 99 parents (63 mothers and 36 fathers), 41 parents during child's intensive treatment, 23 parents whose child completed intensive treatment, and 25 parents of children who completed treatment at least five years ago. The results of multivariate study have confirmed the predictive role of parental personality (especially Neuroticism); emotion-focused coping styles, and the child's quality of life (especially physical functioning) on parental well-being. About 60% of the variance in parental well-being can be attributed to the predictors. Assessing parental personality functioning and coping styles can help us identify those parents who are less emotionally stable, more prone to emotionally focused coping styles, and most likely to experience poorer well-being. Improved assessment may contribute to the development of further psychological interventions.